Molecular Imaging
Alfred Song
National Science Foundation Integrative Graduate Education Research Traineeship Program
The University of Texas at Austin
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Gelovani’s Group
• Juri Gelovani – Department of Experimental Diagnostic
Imaging– Among the first to develop a PET reporter
gene for in vivo molecular imaging– Previously at Memorial Sloan-Kettering– Current: In vivo imaging, drug development,
molecular biology
• Research Group– ~30 people– Medicine, chemistry, biology, pharmacology,
computer science
www.mdanderson.org
Stains Are Useful for Imaging Biological Tissues
• Used because tissues, unless pigmented, are low in contrast.
• Dyes and vital stains are colored or fluorescent chemicals or antibodies that bind selectively to certain molecules and increase contrast.
• Vital stains keep the cell alive, most others kill the cell. They are rare.
www.neurostructural.org/services.htm
retina.umh.es/Webvision/VisualCortex.html
Reporter Genes: Another Way to Increase Contrast
• The reporter gene produces a protein product which is able to signal where, when, and in what quantity it is being translated.
• Reporter genes are inherently vital i.e. keeps your cells alive
• Reporter genes allow to image structure and function.
• Attach a reporter to your gene of interest. – Fusion Gene is your gene of interest fused to your reporter gene– Fusion Protein is the expression of your Fusion Gene
Fusion GenesGene or Regulatory Region of Interest ReporterFusion
Gene
life.nthu.edu.tw/~labwwc/ staff.science.uva.nl/~zoon/sms/pictures/gfp.jpg
Fusion Protein
Transcription
Translation
www.mshri.on.ca/nagy/gallery.htm
Reporter (GFP) Mouse
Electroporation,
Recombination,
Selection,
Mating,
$30,000.
GFP Driven by the Engrailed promoter
genetik.fu-berlin.de/institut/en_GFP_fly3.jpg
Commercially Available GFP Fish
www.beverlytang.com/photos/gfp_fish.jpg
Alba the GFP Bunny
bioephemera.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/albagreen.jpg
Aequorea victoria
www.conncoll.edu/ccacad/zimmer/GFP-ww/aequorea.jpg
Shimomura O, Johnson F, Saiga Y (1962). "Extraction, purification and properties of aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusan, Aequorea". J Cell Comp Physiol 59: 223-39
Fluorescence Reporters Come in Many Colors
Dunn 2006
Other Reporter Genes
• Bioluminescence reporter genes– Enzymes from fireflies catalyze a reaction that
produces light.
• PET reporter genes– Does not emit light, but traps radiopharmaceuticals
inside cells that possess the reporter gene.– This reporter is also an enzyme. It changes the
polarity of the radiopharmaceutical to trap it inside the cell.
Bioluminescence Reporter Gene
• Enzyme: Firefly Luciferase • Substrate: Luciferine
• Luciferase catalyzes the reaction of luciferin and ATP into Adenyl-luciferin. When this molecule degrades it produces light.
www.britannica.comwww.sigmaaldrich.com/img/assets/4201/Luciferase_Reaction_Scheme.gif
Transgenic Luciferase Tobacco Plant
www.answers.com/topic/glowing-tobacco-plant-jpg
•In vivo imaging is possible.
•Water the plant with a solution containing luciferin and it begins to glow.
Luciferase Complimentation Imaging (LCI)
• A method to image molecular interactions. • Break luciferase into two pieces, make two
fusion genes. • If fusion genes interact, luciferase pieces will
interaction and signal.
Luker et al., 2004
Luciferase Complimentation Imaging (LCI)
• Feed the cells or organism luciferin
• If the cell lights up, you know that the two proteins interact under the specified conditions
• If the cell does not light up, your conditions may not cause interaction
Positron Emissions Tomography (PET) Reporter Gene
• Enzyme: Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) is an enzyme that adds phosphates to thymidine.
• Substrate: Radioactive thymidine analogues (radiopharmaceuticals) are trapped within the cell when phosphorylated.
• Radioactivity is imaged in vivo via clinical or microPET.
Three Dimensional Cell Culture
• Classically cell culture has been on flat plates.
• 3D culture mimics the three dimensional environment in tissues of the body.
• 3D cell culture yields differing results for stress experiments than 2D cultures.– Cells are more resilient to insult– Possibly due to HSP expression in a hypoxic cores
and/or cell-cell signaling.
3D Culture: Spheroids
Gelovani et al., 2007
• Gelovani has a stream-lined spheroid culture technique, as well as an arsenal of reporter genes, and a full time, experienced molecular biologist (Najjar).
• Plans are in place to begin co-culturing cells with an endothelial cell line which they hope will produce a vascular network.
3D Culture: Spheroids
Multiphoton Microscopy (MPM)
• A technique that could combine enhanced fluorescence imaging, ablation by laser, and possibly in vivo optical imaging.
• Characteristics of MPM– Better depth penetration– Simultaneous imaging of multiple fluorescence
reporter genes– Cellular and subcellular laser surgery/ablation
• Currently, Gelovani is not able to image through the other side of the spheroid
Multiphoton Microscopy
www.aecom.yu.eduwww.childrensmrc.org/images/upload/multi1(1).JPG
photonics.light.utoronto.ca/img_fac/image025.jpg
Lasers: Ti:Sapphire
Pulsed N2
~$150K
100 fs pulse duration
Multiphoton Microscopy
www.loci.wisc.edu/multiphoton/mp.html Combination 2-photon (red and green) and 3-photon (blue) image of C.elegans embryo
Centonze,V.E and J.G.White. (1998) Biophysical J. 75:2015-2024 Images of acid fucsin stained monkey kidney taken at a depth of 60 µm by confocal (left) and multiphoton microscopy (right).
Benefits of Collaboration
• A combination Necrosis/Apoptosis reporter gene
• In vitro 3D cell culture and in vivo experiments to investigate the relative role of necrosis and apoptosis to thermal insult
Conditions for Collaboration
• Development of Necrosis/Apoptosis reporter gene
• Construction or access to MPM – Cost: ~$200,000 and a semester to build– Adela Ben-Yaker (ME dept) is an expert on
ultrafast lasers and has done MPM ablation in the past
– IGERT facilities have an MPM, but charges a fee
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