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Module A2: Upper
Airway Anatomy &
Physiology
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Objectives
Classify epithelial tissue based on cell type andtissue layers.
Identify location of tissue epithelium in the
respiratory system. Describe the major structures and functions of the
upper and lower airways.
Contrast and compare mouth and nose breathing.
Explain how placing an endotracheal tube in theairway will affect the humidification and filteringprocess.
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The lung is for gas exchange.
John B. West
Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials
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Function of the Lungs/Heart
Provide Ventilation
Provide Respiration
Exchange of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen
Humidify and Protect
Pump oxygen to vital organs
Cellular metabolism
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Failure of the Lungs/Heart
Hypoxemia low oxygen level in the blood
Decreased PaO2
Hypoxia - low oxygen level at the tissuelevel
Decreased oxygen at the cellular level cancause death of the tissue
Presence of anaerobic respiration
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Ventilation
Brain
Muscles
Lungs
Inability of the lungs toremove carbon dioxide
leads to hypercarbia,which is an elevatedamount of carbon
dioxide in the bloodstream (PaCO2)
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ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS
INTUBATION
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ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS
INTUBATION
Tracheotomy with
tracheostomy tube:1 - Vocal cords2 - Thyroid cartilage
3 - Cricoid cartilage4 - Tracheal cartilages5 - Balloon cuff
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Intubation Insertion of anEndotracheal Tube
Extubation Removal of theEndotracheal Tube
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System Tissue Epithelium
Upper Airway
Lower Airway Site of Gas
Exchange
Pulmonary VascularSystem
Neural Control
Lungs
Mediastinum Thorax
Muscles of
Ventilation
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Four Tissue Types
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Bone, Cartilage, Blood, Fibrous
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Neurons conduct electrical impulses
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Epithelial Tissue
Epithelium
Covers and protects the body surface
Lines body cavities
Forms many glands
Specializes in moving substances into and
out of the blood
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Epithelial Cell Type
Squamous Cells
Cuboidal Cells
Columnar Cells
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Lots of Surface Area
aka Pavement, Sunny-side up egg
Great for Diffusion of
Gases
Lots of Volume
Volume = Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm meansmetabolism
Less diffusion
Height is 2x Width
Usually associated withsecretion or absorptionof material
Very little diffusion
HISTOLOGY 101
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Classification of Epithelium
by LayersSimple Epithelium Single LayerSimple squamous
Simple cuboidalSimple columnar
Stratified Epithelium Multiple Layers
Pseudostratified Single Layer butappears stratifiedPseudo means false
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G C
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Goblet Cells
Nose to LargeBronchioles
Secrete mucus
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Stratified Squamous
EpitheliumAssociated with PROTECTION
Anterior portion of nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
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Pseudostratified Columnar
EpitheliumSECRETION OF
AND SWEEPING OF
MUCUSPosterior 2/3 of nose
Tracheobronchial tree
Function of cilia
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
PRIMARY FUNCTION IS SECRETION,FILTRATION & ABSORPTION
BronchiolesClara CellsNon-ciliated cells that secrete surface-
active agents which prevent collapse.
Simple Cuboidal also found in alveoli(Type II cells that secrete surfactant)
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Simple Squamous
EpitheliumPRIMARY FUNCTION GAS
EXCHANGE
Alveoli (Type I pneumocytes)
Pulmonary capillaries
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Upper Airway
Anatomy
Nose
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Throat
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Upper Airway
Function of the Upper Airway
Conduct Air
To prevent foreign materials from enteringthe lower airway
Smell/Speech
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Nose
Function
Heat, Humidify and Filter the incoming gas
SmellSpeech
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Anatomy of the Nose
Bone and Cartilage
Partition in the nose is called the nasal septum
Air enters through the nostrils or nares
Two nasal passages are called choanae
Vibrissae filter the incoming gas
Whiskers
First 1/3 is stratified squamous epithelium (PROTECTION)
Posterior 2/3 is pseudostratified ciliated columnarepithelium (MUCUS SECRETION)
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Anatomy of the Nose
Mucous secreting glands are found inthe posterior 2/3 of nose
Bony Protrusions on the lateral wall arecalled nasal turbinates or conchae
Separate incoming gas into turbulent
airstreams more contactExtensive capillary network
Constrict or dilate to change blood flow
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Nasal Conchae
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Deviated Septum
The nasal septumcan be deviated to
the right or left More often to the
left
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Rhinitis: Inflammation ofthe nasal membrane
20% ofPopulation $5.3 Billion/Year
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Physiology of the Nose
Nose can filter particles down to 5 m(microns) in diameter
Two factors which decrease thehumidification and filtering ability of thenose is:
Mouth BreathingPlacement of an ET (endotracheal) tube
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Paranasal Sinuses
Empty air spaces found in the bones ofthe skull; Paired
FrontalEthmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary
They contain mucous secreting gobletcells which drain into the nasal cavity
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Nose and Nasal Cavities
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Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
Roof of the mouth is formed by the hardand soft palate
Hard Bony portionSoft Fleshy portion
Uvula is the soft fleshy structure
Epithelium is stratified squamousepithelium which is non-ciliated.
Palatine (faucial) tonsils are located oneach side of the oral cavity.
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TONSILS
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Pharynx - Throat
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
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Nasopharynx
Located posterior to nasalcavity
Pseudostratified ciliatedcolumnar epithelium
Includes pharyngeal tonsils oradenoids Eustachian Tubes (auditory
tubes)
Connects the middle ear andnasopharynxMiddle ear infection is called
otitis media Complication of ET tubes
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Oropharynx
Lies behind theoral cavity
Lingual tonsils lieat the root of thetongue
Statifiedsquamousepithelium
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Laryngopharynx
Lies between the base ofthe tongue and theentrance to the esophagus
Lies posterior to theepiglottis
Stratified squamousepithelium
aka Hypopharynx
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