Module 24
Encoding: Getting Information In
Encoding: Getting Information In
Encoding
Effortful Automatic
Encoding Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information space time frequency
well-learned information word meanings
we can learn automatic processing reading backwards
Encoding
Effortful Processing requires attention and conscious
effort Rehearsal
conscious repetition of information to maintain it in consciousness to encode it for storage
Encoding
Activity - Song
The gifts are repeated, those at the beginning are repeated more often. The first gift is repeated 12 times.
Encoding
Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables TUV ZOF GEK WAV the more times practiced on Day 1,
the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
Spacing Effect distributed practice yields better
long- term retention than massed practice
Ebbinghaus forgetting curveMethod: Ebbinghaus taught himself nonsense syllables until he could recall perfectly. Then tested himself at various intervals to determine how much he forgot.
%sa
ving
s
What is the point? Cramming is a bad idea
Encoding
20
15
10
5
08 16 24 32 42 53 64
Time in minutestaken to relearnlist on day 2
Number of repetitions of list on day 1
Encoding: SPEffect
Activity – U.S. Presidents Star Spangled Banner
You will see a list of words displayed one at a time.
After you see the last word, you will be asked to write down as many of the words as you can recall.
You do not have to write down the words in the order you saw them.
*******
PLANT
SEA
WOODS
ARM
BABY
FUR
BLOOD
CHAIR
QUEEN
BAR
TOWN
COAST
SUGAR
MARKET
GRASS
GIRL
SKY
WOMAN
FENCE
WALLET
PANTRY
Write all the words you can recall in any order
STOP
First wordsPLANTSEAWOODSARMBABYFURBLOOD
Last wordsGRASSGIRLSKYWOMANFENCEWALLETPANTRY
Middle wordsCHAIRQUEEN BARTOWNCOASTSUGARMARKET
LIST 1: STANDARD PROCEDURE
You will see another list of words displayed one at a time.
After you see the last word, you see instructions to count backwards out loud by 3s from 999.
You will then be asked to write down as many of the words as you can recall.
You do not have to write down the words in the order you saw them.
*******
DRESS
MONKEY
BAKERY
QUART
APPLE
FLAG
LIP
HOUSE
DESK
PEARL
STREET
HILL
SHIP
ROCK
MEAT
COTTON
SEAT
FOREST
PAPER
STATUE
LEAF
Count backwards out loud by 3’s from 999
Write all the words you can recall in any order
STOP
First wordsDRESSMONKEYBAKERYQUARTAPPLEFLAGLIP
Middle wordsHOUSEDESKPEARLSTREETHILLSHIPROCK
Last wordsMEATCOTTONSEATFORESTPAPERSTATUELEAF
LIST 2: DISTRACTOR TASK
You will see one more list of words.
This time, the words will be displayed at a faster rate than before.
At the end of the list, you will be asked to write down as many of the words as you can recall.
You do not have to write down the words in the order you saw them.
*******
GOLD
FLOWER
ENGINE
TABLE
PAPER
DUST
CORN
MONEY
CAT
WIFE
DOLLAR
MATCH
CELLAR
WING
OCEAN
SHIRT
BUTLER
COFFEE
ANIMAL
STONE
GARDEN
Write all the words you can recall in any order
STOP
First wordsGOLDFLOWERENGINETABLEPAPERDUSTCORN
Last wordsOCEANSHIRTBUTLERCOFFEEANIMALSTONEGARDEN
Middle wordsMONEYCATWIFEDOLLARMATCHCELLARWING
LIST 3: FAST PRESENTATION RATE
Encoding: Serial Position Effect
12
Percentage of words
recalled
0
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Position of word in list
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Serial Position Effect-tendency to recall best the last items in a list
What Do We Encode?
Semantic Encoding encoding of meaning including meaning of words
Acoustic Encoding encoding of sound especially sound of words
Visual Encoding encoding of picture images
Encoding
Activity - Encoding or List
Why does this work? When you think about meaning you
remember better. It gives you a way of distinguishing the
material.
What Do We Encode?
Encoding Imagery
mental pictures a powerful aid to effortful processing,
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Is the heart of many memory aids like Mnemonics
memory aids especially those techniques that use
vivid imagery and organizational devices
Encoding
Chunking organizing items into familiar,
manageable units like horizontal organization--
1776149218121941
often occurs automatically use of acronyms
HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice Cream
Encoding: Chunking Organized information is more easily recalled
Encoding Hierarchies
complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories Encoding
(automatic or effortful)
Imagery(visualEncoding)
Meaning(semanticEncoding)
Organization
Chunks Hierarchies
Top Related