Modeling and Simulation
of
PFC Converter
1
PFC Converterby
Dr Sanjeev Singh
SLIET Longowal, Punjab, India
PFC Converter
• The PFC converter uses a DC-DC
converter topology amongst various
available topologies i.e. Buck, Boost
and Buck-boost;and Buck-boost;
• An average current control scheme
with current multiplier approach is
used in continuous conduction mode
(CCM) operation of the drive;2
PFC Converter PWM Control
3
Control Schemes of PFC Converters
• Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) with Current
Multiplier Average Current Control.
• Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) with Voltage
Follower Control.Follower Control.
These Control schemes are applied on various converter
configurations such as buck, boost and buck-boost DC-DC
Converters for control various drives.
4
Example 1
Switched Mode Power
5
Switched Mode Power
Supply (SMPS)
Power Supply
6
Linear Power Supply
7
Applications of SMPS
� Battery chargers
� Electronics ballast
� Measurement and testing equipments,
� Small rating motor drives in medical equipments,
� Small rating refrigeration units.
� Single stage with power-factor correction.
8
Battery Chargers
9
Electronic Ballast
10
Small Rating Motor Drives in Medical
Equipments
11
Operation of SMPS
The operation of SMPS involves,
� Rectification of available AC voltage from utility using
diode rectifiers and capacitive filter;
� The rectified DC voltage (unregulated) is converted to
high frequency AC by a suitable DC-DC converter
topology.topology.
� The high frequency transformers are used for isolation,
desired voltage ratio and multiple outputs, if required.
� The high frequency AC voltages are rectified using
diode rectifiers to achieve regulated DC output voltage.
� The regulated output voltage is applied to many
applications as discussed in the previous slides.12
Operation of SMPS
However, the rectification process results in many
problems at input AC mains in terms of
• poor power factor,
• High total harmonic distortion (THD) in AC mains
currentcurrent
• High crest factor (CF).
These problems are termed as power quality problems and
need to be addressed.
13
Power Quality� Power Quality (PQ) is the quality of the voltage, including
its frequency and the resulting current that are measured
in the input of any user System;
� Therefore, any power problem manifested in voltage,
current, or frequency deviation that results in failure or
mal-operation of utility or end-user equipment can be
14
mal-operation of utility or end-user equipment can be
treated as power quality problem;
� Non-linear loads (electronic devices, PE switch controlled
drives or switching converters for any electrical gadget)
are the major source of power quality problems.
Control of SPMS
• The control of SMPS is mainly a closed loop control in
which the output voltage is controlled using the DC-DC
Converter.
• The control of DC-DC Converter mainly modifies the duty• The control of DC-DC Converter mainly modifies the duty
cycle of the PWM signals applied to the converter switch.
• There are various control strategies for PWM control of
the DC-DC Converters.
• The schematic of SMPS Control and a general control
scheme are shown in next slides.15
Control Schemes
• Peak Current Control.
• Average Current Control.
• Hysteresis Current Control.
• Voltage Follower Control.
16
Peak current mode control
17
Average current mode control
18
Hysteresis current mode control
19
Voltage follower control
20
Complete Scheme of PFC ConverterCurrent Multiplier Control
21
Complete Scheme of PFC ConverterVoltage Follower Control
22
Modeling of PFC Controller
� The modeling of PFC Controller consists of
following:
� Modeling of Voltage Controller
� Modeling of Reference Current Generator
23
� Modeling of Reference Current Generator
� Modeling of PWM Current Controller
Modeling of Voltage Controller
� The voltage controller is a proportional and integral
(PI) controller which tracks the error voltage between
reference voltage and sensed voltage at DC link and
generates a control signal Ic based on the Kp and Ki
24
c p i
gains of the PI controller.
Ic (k) = Ic (k-1) + Kp{Ve(k) – Ve(k-1)} + KiVe(k)
where Ve(k) =V*dc(k)-Vdc(k)
� This controller is an essential part in Current multiplier
as well as voltage follower control schemes.
Modeling of
Reference Current Generator
� The reference current at input of the DC-DC converter
(idc*) is generated using the unit template of AC mains
voltage and output of the PI controller.
i* = I (k) u , u = v /V , v = |v |;
25
i*dc = Ic (k) uvs, uVs = vd/Vsm, vd = |vs|;
vs= Vsm sin ωt
� The reference current generator is not a part of voltage
follower control.
Modeling of PWM ControllerCurrent multiplier approach
� The PWM controller processes the current error (∆idc)
between the reference input current (idc*) of the DC-
DC converter and the DC current (idc) sensed after
DBR.
26
DBR.
� The PWM controller amplifies this current error (∆id)
by gain kd and compares with a fixed frequency (fs)
carrier waveforms md (t) to get the switching signal for
the MOSFET of PFC converter.
If kd ∆idc > md (t) then S = 1 (ON) else S = 0 (OFF),
where ∆idc=(idc* - idc)
Modeling of PWM ControllerVoltage follower approach
� The PWM controller processes the PI Controller output (Ic )after
amplification by gain kd and compares with a fixed frequency
(fs) carrier waveforms md (t) to get the switching signal for the
MOSFET of PFC converter.
If k I > m (t) then S = 1 (ON) else S = 0 (OFF),
27
If kd Ic > md (t) then S = 1 (ON) else S = 0 (OFF),
Design Equations of Isolated PFC
Topologies in CCM and DCM PFC Topology Design Equations
Forward buck Converter Vo = Vin D(N2/N1), with D(1+N3)/N1 < 1
Lo = (1-D) Vo/fs∆iLo
Lo min = {Vin(N2/N1)- Vo}DR/2fsVo (DCM)
Push pull buck Converter Vo = 2 Vin (N2/N1)D
28
Push pull buck Converter Vo = 2 Vin (N2/N1)D
Lo =Vo (0.5-D)/ fs ∆iLo
Lo min = (0.5-D) R/(2f) (DCM)
Half bridge buck Converter Vo = D (N21/N1) Vin, N21=N22
Lo =Vo (0.5-D)/ fs ∆iLo
Lo min = (0.5-D) R/(2f) (DCM)
Full bridge buck converter Vo = 2 (N21/N1) Vin D and N21=N22
Lo = Vo (0.5-D) / (fs ∆iLo)
Lo min = (0.5-D) R/(2f) (DCM)
Design Equations of Isolated PFC
Topologies in CCM and DCM
Forward boost Converter Vo = Vin (N2/N1) / (1-D)
Li= Vin D/ (∆ILi) fs
Lo = Vin D/(∆iLo fs)
Lo min = {Vin(N2/N1)- Vo}DR/2fsVo (DCM)
Push pull boost Converter Vo = Vin (N2/N1)/ {2 (1-D)}
L = V D/(f ∆i )
29
Li = Vin D/(fs ∆iLi)
Li min= (1-D)2 R/{2fs (N2/N1)2} (DCM)
Half bridge boost Converter Vo = Vin (N2/N1) / {2(1-D)}
Li = Vin D/(4fs ∆iLi)
Li min= (1-D)2 R/{2fs (N2/N1)2} (DCM)
Full bridge boost converter Vo = Vin (N2/N1)/{2(1-D)}
Li = (0.5- D) Vin/ (fs ∆iLi)
Li min= (1-D)2 R/{2fs (N2/N1)2} (DCM)
Design Equations of Isolated PFC
Topologies in CCM and DCM Flyback Converter Vo = Vin {D /(1-D)} (N2/N1)
Lm = Vin D/ (fs ∆iLm)
Lm min = {Vin(N2/N1)- Vo}DR/2fsVo (DCM)
Cuk Converter Vo = D (N2/N1) Vin / (1-D)
Li = Vin D/ (fs ∆iLi)
L = V (1-D) / (f ∆i )
30
Lo = Vo (1-D) / (fs∆iLo)
C1 =Vin (N2/N1)2 D2/{Rfs(1-D) ∆VC1}
C2 = VoD/(Rfs ∆VC2)
Li min = RL (1-D)2/ {2Dfs(N2/N1)2} (DCM)
SEPIC Converter Vo = Vin (N2/N1)D/(1-D)
Li = Vin D/(fs ∆iLi)
Lm = Vo (1-D) / (n fs ∆iLm)
C1 = (N2/N1)Vo D/(Rfs ∆VC1)
Li min = RL (1-D)2/ {2Dfs(N2/N1)2} (DCM)
Design Equations of Isolated PFC
Topologies in CCM and DCM Zeta Converter Vo = (N2/N1) Vin D/(1-D)
Lm = Vin D/(fs ∆iLm)
Lo = Vo (1-D)/ (fs ∆iLo)
C1 = Vo D/(R fs ∆VC1)
Li min = RL (1-D)2/ {2Dfs(N2/N1)2} (DCM)
DC Link Capacitor for C =I /2ω∆V
31
DC Link Capacitor for
all Converters
Co=Iav/2ω∆Vo
DC-DC Converters
There are mainly two types of DC-DC converter topologies
� Non-isolated converter
� Isolated converter
32
Non Isolated Converter
� Buck converter
� Boost converter
� Buck-Boost converter
� Cuk converter
� SEPIC converter� SEPIC converter
� Zeta converter
33
Buck Converter
34
Boost Converter
35
Buck-Boost Converter
36
Cuk Converter
37
SEPIC Converter
38
Zeta Converter
39
Simulation ResultsSimulation Results
40
Buck Converter
41
Boost Converter
42
Buck Boost Converter
43
SEPIC Converter
44
ZETA Converter
45
Isolated Converter
• Forward buck converter
• Forward boost converter
• Flyback converter
• Push-pull buck converter
• Push-pull boost converter
• Half bridge buck converter• Half bridge buck converter
• Half bridge boost converter
• Full bridge buck converter
• Full bridge boost converter
• Cuk converter
• SEPIC converter
• Zeta converter
46
Forward Buck Converter
47
Forward Boost Converter
48
Push-Pull Buck Converter
49
Push-Pull Boost Converter
50
Half-Bridge Buck Converter
51
Half-Bridge Boost Converter
52
Full-Bridge Buck Converter
53
Full-Bridge Boost Converter
54
Flyback Converter
55
Cuk Converter
56
SEPIC Converter
57
Zeta Converter
58
Simulation ResultsSimulation Results
59
Forward Buck Converter
Various Waveforms
60
Buck Push Pull Converter
61
Half Bridge Converter
62
Buck Full Bridge Converter
63
Boost Push-Pull Converter
64
Boost Half Bridge Converter
65
Flyback Converter
66
Cuk Converter
67
SEPIC Converter
68
ZETA Converter
69
MATLAB Model of Forward Buck
Converter CCM Operation
powergui
Discrete ,
Ts = 1e-006 s.
v+-A +
Sw pulse
Out1PF Measg1
2
Vdc 1
Is Vs
Gate
+
+VdcPulses
+
70
B -
Ism
Ia
Vdc
Vs
t
1
Idc
ILoad
Is
ILoad
Vdc1 Vdc
Idc
Vdc1
Is
ILoad
Vdc
Idr
Idr
Isw
Vs
Is
ILoad
Isw
Idc
Forward Buck
--Vdc
In RMS
In RMS
In Mean
In Mean
i+-
i+
-
AC Source
-
Simulation of Forward Buck Converter CCM Operation
Source current waveforms and its THD under CCM operation
71
MATLAB Model of Forward Buck
Converter DCM Operation
powergui
Discrete ,Ts = 1e-006 s.
v+-A +
Sw pulse
Out1
g1
2
Vdc 1
ILoad
Gate
+
+Vdc
i+
Pulses
+
72
B -
Ism
Ia
Vdc
Vs
t
PF Meas 2
ILoad
Is
ILoad
Vdc
Idc
Vdc1
Is
ILoad
Vdc
Vs
Is
Vs
Forward Buck
--Vdc
i+
-
AC Source
-
Simulation of Forward Buck Converter DCM Operation
Source current waveforms and its THD under DCM operation
73
PSIM Model of Flyback ConverterCCM Operation
Average current control of Flyback AC–DC converter under CCM operation
74
Simulation of Flyback ConverterCCM Operation
Source voltage and current waveforms and Current THD in Flyback converter
under CCM operation 75
PSIM Model of Flyback ConverterDCM Operation
Voltage Follower control of Flyback AC–DC converter for DCM operation
76
Simulation of Flyback ConverterDCM Operation
Source voltage and current waveforms and Current THD in Flyback
converter under DCM operation 77
PSIM Model of Cuk ConverterCCM Operation
Average current control of Cuk AC–DC converter under CCM operation
78
Simulation of Cuk ConverterCCM Operation
Source voltage and current waveforms and Current THD in Cuk converter under CCM
operation79
PSIM Model of Cuk ConverterDCM Operation
Voltage Follower control of Cuk AC–DC converter for DCM operation
80
Simulation of Cuk ConverterDCM Operation
Source voltage and current waveforms and Current THD in Cuk
converter under DCM operation81
PSIM Model of SEPIC ConverterCCM Operation
Average current control of SEPIC AC–DC converter under CCM
operation
82
PSIM Model of SEPIC ConverterDCM Operation
Voltage Follower control of SEPIC AC–DC converter under DCM operation
83
Simulation of SEPIC ConverterDCM Operation
Hardware Result of SEPIC AC–DC converter under DCM operation at 60
W Load
Simulation of SEPIC ConverterDCM Operation
Hardware Result of SEPIC AC–DC converter under DCM operation during
Load perturbation from 60 W to 200 W to 60 W
Implementation of SEPIC ConverterDCM Operation
The THD of source current for 200 W Load
Implementation of Zeta ConverterDCM Operation
Hardware Result under DCM operation at 60 W Load
Implementation of Zeta ConverterDCM Operation
Hardware Result under DCM operation during Load perturbation from 60
W to 200 W to 60 W
Implementation of Zeta ConverterDCM Operation
The THD of source current for 200 W Load
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References contd…
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References contd…
16. L.Huber, J. Zhang, M.M. Jovanovic and F.C. Lee, “Generalized topologies ofsingle-stage input-current-shaping circuits,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.16, pp. 508-513, July 2001.
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