i
MISPRONUNCIATION OF SOME ENGLISH CONSONANTS
BY JAVANESE STUDENTS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE OF
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
SUSI LUVIYA
Student Number: 104214103
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
2016
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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
MISPRONUNCIATION OF SOME ENGLISH CONSONANTS BY
JAVANESE STUDENTS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE IN SANATA
DHARMA UNIVERSITY
By
SUSI LUVIYA
Student number: 104214103
Approved by
July 12, 2016
July 12, 2016
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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
MISPRONUNCIATION OF SOME ENGLISH CONSONANTS BY
JAVANESE STUDENTS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE IN SANATA
DHARMA UNIVERSITY
By
SUSI LUVIYA
Student number: 104214103
Defended before the Board of Examiners
On July, 2016
and Declared Acceptable
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DO NOT COMPARE YOURSELF WITH
ANYONE IN THIS WORLD.
IF YOU DO SO, YOU ARE INSULTING
YOURSELF.
~ Bill Gates ~
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FOR MY BELOVED PARENTS,
YOU ARE ALWAYS ON MY MIND
AND
FOREVER IN MY HEART
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I declare that the thesis I have written does not contain any works or parts
of the works of the other people, except those cited in the quotations as any
academic paper should.
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Susi Luviya
Nomor Mahasiswa : 104214103
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah yang berjudul
MISPRONUNCIATION OF SOME ENGLISH CONSONANTS BY
JAVANESE STUDENTS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE IN SANATA
DHARMA UNIVERSITY
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam
bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan
secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk
kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan
royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 25 Juli 2016
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise and great gratitude to God for blessings and help to complete this
thesis entitled ‘Mispronunciation of Some English Consonants by Javanese
Students in English Literature of Sanata Dharma University.
I want to express my sincere thanks to to Dr. B. Ria Lestari, MS as my
advisor in completing this thesis through the guidance and direction as well as the
encouragement that are very useful for the preparation and writing of this thesis. I
also want to say thanks to my co-advisor Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. who
have given me help and guidance so that this thesis can be finished.
Next is to Javanese students of English Letters Department in Sanata
Dharma University thanks for being my respondents.
My truly thanks to my beloved parents. It is truly undoubted that love,
care, spirit, motivation, patience, and willingness to wait for my graduation and
prayers during days and nights are everything for me.
My sincere thanks and love are also dedicated to my beloved sister, Yuni
Mirani, thanks for supporting me.
I also address my appreciation to my beloved friends Meity Adelina
Kubuan, Febriana, Diana Fransiska, and Nensia Madeira thanks for being such a
great companion during our togetherness at campus.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………….. i
APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………………….. ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ………………………………………………….. iii
MOTTO PAGE ………………………………………………………….. iv
DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………….. v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ………………………………….. vi
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN ………………………………….. vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………….……………………........ viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………........ ix
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………….... xii
ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………... xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………....... 1
A. Background of the Study ………………………………………… 1
B. Problem formulation ………………………………………………… 3
C. Objectives of the Study ………………………………………… 4
D. Definition of Term ………………………………………… 4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ………………………… 6
A. Review of Related Studies ………………………………………… 6
B. Review of Related Theories ………………………………………… 8
1. English Phonetics ………………………………………… 8
2. Javanese Phonetics ………………………………………… 14
3. Consonant Features ………………………………………… 20
C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………… 25
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ………………………………… 26
A. Object of the Study ………………………………………………… 26
B. Approach of the Study ………………………………………… 26
C. Method of the Study ………………………………………………… 26
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1. Data Collections ………………………………………………… 26
2. Data Analysis ………………………………………………… 27
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION ………… 32
A. The Comparison between English and Javanese Consonants … 32
1. Manner of Articulation ………………………………………… 33
2. Place of Articulation ………………………………………… 34
B. Phonology Analysis of English Consonants Mispronunciation … 35
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ………………………………………… 50
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………… 54
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………… 56
Appendix 1 ………………………………………………………… 56
Appendix 2 ………………………………………………………… 57
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 English consonant place and manner of articulation …………… 9
Table 2 Javanese consonant manner and place of articulation ………... 15
Table 3 Javanese Consonant Features ……………………………..… 21
Table 4 English Consonant Features ……………………………….. 22
Table 5 The Data Indicator Words ……………………………….. 28
Table 6 The Grade of Pronunciation Accuracy ………………………. 30
Table 7 Percentage of Mispronunciation of Consonant [v] ……………. 36
Table 8 Feature Similarity of [v] and [f] ……………………………… 37
Table 9 English and Indonesian Consonant [v] ……………………… 38
Table 10 Mispronounciation of Consonant [θ] ……………………… 39
Table 11 Features differences between [θ] and [ʈ] ……………… 40
Table 12 Mispronunciation of [ð] ……………………………………… 41
Table 13 Features contrast between [ð] and [d] ……………………… 41
Table 14 Mispronounciation of [ʃ] ……………………………………… 43
Table 15 Features consonant [ʃ] and [s] ……………………………… 43
Table 16 Mispronounced Conosnant [ʒ] ……………………………… 44
Table 17 Mispronunciation of [tʃ] ……………………………………… 46
Table 18 Features contrast of [tʃ] and [c] ……………………………… 47
Table 19 Mispronounciation of [dʒ], [j], and [d] ……………………… 48
Table 20 Features Contrast of Consonant [dʒ], [j], and [ɖ] ……… 49
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ABSTRACT
LUVIYA, SUSI. Mispronunciation of Some English Consonants by Javanese
Students in English Literature of Sanata Dharma University. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University,
2016.
This undergraduate thesis discusses mispronunciation of English
consonants by students in English Literature of Sanata Dharma University. The
subject are Javanese students. They actively speak Javanese. The respondents read
the words on the list. The words contain some English consonants which are
absent in Javanese feature inventories. The consideration is, in general, Javanese
students find difficulty in pronouncing those consonants. Then, they usually
change those English consonants with Javanese consonants which sound similar.
There are two problems to be discussed in this undergraduate thesis. The
first is comparing consonants in two different languages, Javanese and English.
The aim is to know English consonants which are predicted to be mispronounced.
The second problem is dedicated to observe consonant features change through
the differences.
There are two steps applied in this research. The first step is comparison
step that is comparing English and Javanese consonants. The aim is to describe
similarities and differences between both languages. The second step is used to
answer second problem formulation which is analyzing consonant features change
through the differences.
This research has found seven (7) consonants which are predicted to be
mispronounced by the respondents. The consonants are [v, θ, ð, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ].
Besides, there are seventeen (17) similar consonants from both. They are [b, d, ɡ,
m, n, ŋ, z, w, l, r, p, t, k, ʡ, f, s, h]. Nevertheless, the fact in the field shows that
mispronunciation often happened to labiodental voiced fricative [v] changes into
labiodental voiceless fricative [f], interdental voiced fricative [ð] into palatal
voiced stop [ɖ], palatal voiced fricative [ʒ] pronounce as spelling pronunciation,
and palatal voiced affricate [ʤ] into mediopalatal voiced stop [j] which has
indicated by the accuracy score under 60%. Mispronunciation happened because
of the absent of English in Javanese inventories. Then, the other consonants,
interdental voiceless fricative [θ], palatal voiceless fricative[ʃ], and palatal
voiceless affricate [ʧ] are not difficult enough to be articulated by the respondents
as shown by the accuracy score above 60%.
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ABSTRAK
LUVIYA, SUSI. Mispronunciation of Some English Consonants by Javanese Students in English Literature of Sanata Dharma University. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.
Skripsi ini membahas kesalahan pengucapan huruf konsonan bahasa inggris oleh mahasiswa jurusan sastra inggris di Universitas Sanata Dharma. Mahasiswa yang dijadikan subyek pengamatan adalah mahasiswa asli orang jawa dan aktif menggunakan bahasa jawa. Mahasiswa melafalkan kata-kata tertera di kertas. Kata-kata dipilih berdasarkan hasil perbedaan dari konsonan bahasa jawa dan bahasa inggris. Pertimbangannya adalah karena pada umumnya mahasiswa jawa mengalami kesulitan melafalkan beberapa konsonan tertentu sehingga mereka mengganti dengan konsonan bahasa jawa yang mempunyai bunyi hampir sama.
Di dalam skripsi ini ada dua permasalahan yang dibahas. Permasalahan pertama adalah mencari tahu konsonan apa saja yang gagal diucapkan oleh responden. Berdasarkan perbedaan tersebut, permasalahan kedua adalah meneliti perubahan fitur konsonan yang dilakukan oleh responden.
Ada dua langkah yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Langkah pertama yang diterapkan yaitu metode perbandingan, yakni membandingkan konsonan bahasa jawa dan bahasa inggris. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan persamaan dan perbedaan dari kedua bahasa. Langkah kedua yang digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua yaitu dengan menganalisa perubahan fitur konsonan melalui perbedaan.
Penelitian telah menemukan bahwa terdapat tujuh (7) konsonan yang diprediksi salah ucap sebagai hasil perbandingan dari dua bahasa yaitu bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Jawa. Konsonan tersebut adalah [v, θ, ð, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ]. Disamping itu, ada tujuh belas (17) konsonan yang sama dari kedua bahasa, [b, d, ɡ, m, n, ŋ, z, w, l, r, p, t, k, , f, s, h]. Meskipun demikian, fakta di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa kesalahan pengucapan sering terjadi pada konsonan labiodental voiced fricative [v] menjadi labiodental voiceless fricative [f], interdental voiced fricative [ð] menjadi palatal voiced stop [ɖ], palatal voiced fricative [ʒ] dilafalkan seperti penulisannya, dan palatal voiced affricate [ʤ] menjadi mediopalatal voiced stop [j] yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai akurasi dibawah 60%. Kesalahan pengucapan terjadi karena tidak adanya konsonan bahasa Inggris tersebut dalam system fonetik bahasa Jawa. Konsonan lainn, yaitu interdental voiceless fricative [θ], palatal voiceless fricative[ʃ], dan palatal voiceless affricate [ʧ] tidak terlalu sulit diucapkan oleh penutur bahasa Jawa asli sebagaimana ditunjukkan dengan nilai akurasi diatas 60%.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Language is a tool for communication. There are so many languages
which are spoken all over the world including English. English is considered as a
foreign language in several countries. Nowadays, English has become popular in
the world. Everybody can speak English well. With the ability to speak English,
people can communicate with other people from a different part of the world.
In Indonesia itself, each region has its own local languages. Javanese is the
biggest local spoken language. It is about 72,5 million people who speak Javanese
language. Elinor C. Horne states that Javanese belongs to Malayo-Polynesian
group which has members such as, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese
(Horne, 1961: xxi). Although it is not an official language of Indonesia, Javanese
is recognized as a regional language in the three provinces of Java with the largest
concentrations of speakers of Javanese, namely, Central Java, East Java, and
Yogyakarta.
When Javanese people speak Javanese, they do not find difficulties. They
speak fluently because it is their own language. But, when they speak other
languages, it means that they are learning to produce a new sound. Horne says
that:
Some Javanese sounds are very much like English sounds, and some are
only a little different; a few are entirely dissimilar. Every speech sound is a
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complex action involving simultaneous movements of the vocal equipment
(lips, teeth, tongue, top of the mouth, nasal passages, back of the throat,
larynx or vocal cords, and lungs), so that two sounds may be alike in some
respects but unlike in others (Horne, 1961: xxi).
The differences of English and Javanese are the member of alphabets
which have different members from each other. Javanese also lacks of accent
which means that Javanese does not have any stresses in the certain syllables. All
the words pronounce the same.
While speaking English, Javanese find difficulties, especially in certain
consonants. It can be noticed when they say ‘together’, it should be pronounced
/təˈgɛðə/ while Javanese pronounce /tu’geder/. Another word is ‘verb’ which has
phonetic transcription /vəːb/. Javanese cannot pronounce it well. Even, the
pronunciation of the word ‘verb’ changes into /fɛːb/. The initial consonant changes
from labiodental voiced fricative [v] changes into labiodental voiceless fricative
[f].
The phonetic transcriptions that Javanese produce are not the same as the
phonetic transcriptions of Standard English which are written in the dictionary.
Summarizing from Jones in 1962, the task of learning to remember what is the
appropriate sequence of sounds to use in any given word or sentence is greatly
facilitated by the use of phonetic transcription. Phonetic transcription may be
defined as an ambiguous system by means of writing, the basic principle being to
assign one and only one letter to each phoneme of the language (Jones, 1962: 6).
The production of sounds should be written. Based on the facts which
have been mentioned, the writer wants to observe what Javanese miss while
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pronouncing English words in certain consonants. The reason why this case is
chosen as the study is that sometimes, Javanese students miss some consonants
when they speak English words.
According to Indriani, English alphabet is divided into two; twenty four
consonants and twelve vowels (2001: 8-13). Besides, based on Tata Bahasa Jawa
Mutakhir book, there are twenty three consonants and nine vowels in Javanese
(Wedhawati, 2001: 41). It is really interesting to analyze English consonants
mispronounce by Javanese. They usually change the similar consonants e.g.
‘share’ which should be pronounced /ʃɛr/ becomes /sɛr/. They changed the /ʃ/ into
/s/.
The way Javanese students pronounce the English words and the sounds’
production of the words will be discussed in this research. There is also
identification of problem that may occur. Comparing English Javanese consonants
is needed in order to show what consonants disappear in both languages. The use
of phonetic alphabet is based on International Phonetic Association (IPA) as the
standard worldwide.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the difficulties occuring among Javanese students, the problems
can be formulated as:
1. What are the consonant features which are mispronounced by Javanese
students?
2. What cause feature changes through the differences?
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C. Objectives of the Study
From the problem formulations, there are two objectives of the study. The
first objective is to find English consonants which are potentionally to be
mispronounced. The second objective is to observe the feature changes through
the differences.
D. Definition of Term
The definition of terms is given in order to lead the writer to analyze these
objects of the study.
In 1957, Wise explains that Phonetics may be defined as a study of
muscular action of frequently very generalized nature, but typically centered in
what are called the organs of speech, the action of the vocal organs in speech, and
of nerve current to the brain, interpreted there as acoustic phenomena, speech
sounds as heard.
As Wise said in his book, a consonant is a speech sound which is used
marginally with a vowel or diphthong to constitute a syllable (Wise, 1957: 74).
According to Krashen, mispronunciation is the performance errors or
mistakes of pronunciation caused by fatigue and inattention, and also lack of
knowledge of the rules of the language (Krashen, 1982: 139).
In this research, the speakers are Javanese students. What the writer means
by Javanese students are the students of English Literature Department of Sanata
Dharma University who are Javanese from Central Java and Yogyakarta. They
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originally speak Javanese as the mother tongue. They speak English as a foreign
language.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter is divided into four parts: review of related studies, review of
related theories, review of related backgrounds, and theoretical framework. The
first part, review of related studies, is to review other researches which have done
by other researchers. The second part is to review the theories which are related to
this study. The third part is to review the background of the study including social
background or biographical background. The fourth part is to explain the theories
and the related studies in solving the problem formulations.
A. Review of Related Studies
Many studies have discussed about Javanese people mispronouncing
English words. For example, in the article ‘An Analysis of Javanese
Pronunciation Interference in Speech of the Fifth Semester English Students of
Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo in the Academic Year 2012/2013’ done
by Phopy Chandradewi from English Education Study Program, Teacher Training
and Education Sciences Faculty, Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo.
The study of Javanese pronunciation has been done by Phopy
Chandradewi recently. The study shows the Javanese pronunciation interference
in speech. She analyzed the data based on open questionnaire and interview. The
data were collected from the students of fifth semester of Muhammadiyah
University of Purworejo (Chandradewi, 2013: 1-2).
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Chandradewi has found vowel interference when Javanese people
pronounce /Λ/, /u:/, /I/, /ɑ:/ and /æ/ in the words; /blood/, /new/, /meal/, /prophet/,
/work/, and /bad/. Consonant interference when Javanese pronounce plosive
sounds; /p/, /t/, and /k/ as initial position of the words; /page /, /time/, and /knife/.
There is also diphthong which is the biggest problem of Javanese people
pronouncing English words (Chandradewi, 2013: 4).
Another research, which is similar, has been done by Aloysius Prianto
Raharjo in his thesis in 2010, The English Consonant Mispronunciation Produced
by Sundanese Native Speakers. He analyzed Sundanese mispronunciations in
producing English consonant. The aim is to know the differences between English
and Sundanese and also the English consonant mispronunciation produced by
Sundanese native speakers as the result of consonant differences (Prianto, 2010:
x).
He has predicted that nine consonants would be mispronounced by the
speakers such as [f, v, θ, ð, ʒ, ʃ, dʒ, tʃ, z]. After analyzing, he has found that [f, θ,
ð, ʒ, z] are the consonant mispronunciation which often occurred. Besides,
consonant [v, ʃ, dʒ, tʃ] were not difficult to be pronounced by Sundanese. The
mispronunciation was caused by their absence in the Sundanese phonological
system (Prianto, 2010: x).
Phopy Chandradewi has analyzed Javanese pronunciation interference in
speech including vowels, diphthongs, and consonants. However, in the term of
consonants, she just found consonants interfere when Javanese pronounce plosive
sounds especially /p, t, k/ in initial position (Chandradewi, 2003:4). In this paper,
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the writer wants to develope Phopy’s finding. It focuses only on analysing all
consonants that are potential to be mispronounced by Javanese.
Furthermore, the writer also uses the theory applied in Aloysius Prianto
Raharjo’s paper, which has similar objective, but the target is different. Aloysius
Prianto Raharjo analyzed Sundanese while the writer will analyze Javanese.
B. Review of Related Theories
In this part, the writer discusses the theories from some linguists to
analyze the problem formulations. The paper focuses on the consonant
mispronunciations produced by Javanese people. It is important to understand
both Javanese and English in order to find out the finding. Here are the theories
that will be applied
1. English Phonetics
Phonetics is the branch of linguistic that study speech sounds. Speech is a
complicated process. Schreuder, in English Phonetic and Pronunciation book,
states that the object of phonetics is to describe the way in which speech sounds
are produced by the organs of speech. It means that we should know how the
speech sounds are produced (Schreuder, 1948:9).
a. English Consonant
According to Dardjowidjojo, in the production of a consonant, the parts of
the mouth involved are the tongue, the lips, the teeth, the tooth ridge, the palate
and the velum, and the uvula. These are called the points of articulation
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(Dardjowidjojo, 2009: 23). There are two points of articulation; manner and place
of articulation. The table below shows category of each consonant:
1 Table of English consonant place and manner of articulation
Bil
abia
l
Lab
io-
den
tal
Inte
r-
den
tal
Alv
eola
r
Pal
atal
Vel
ar
Glo
ttal
Stop vl p t k Ɂ
vd b d ɡ
Nasal vd m n ŋ
Fricative vl f θ s ʃ h
vd v ð z ʒ
Affricate vl tʃ
vd dʒ
Glide vd j w
Liquid vd l, r
vl: voiceless vd: voiced source: (Sahulata, 1988:15)
i. Place of Articulation
In the production of speech sounds, the organs in the upper part of the
mouth may be described as place or points of articulation (Sahulata, 1988: 9).
Place of articulation is defined into seven types.
1. Bilabial
The consonants are pronounced by bringing the lips together. The
consonants are [p], [b], [m]. Here are the examples: ‘pat’ /pæt/, ‘bat’ /bæt/, ‘mat’
/bæt/ (Sahulata, 1988: 10).
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2. Labiodental
Labio- refers to lips while dental is referring to teeth. The sounds are
articulated in a way the upper teeth touching the bottom lip. The consonants
belong to labiodental are [f] and [v] (Fromkin, 2003:242). For example: ‘fat’ /fæt/,
‘vat’ /væt/.
3. Interdental
The sounds are formed with the tongue insert between the bottom lip and
the upper lip. The sounds are represented by the [θ] and [ð]. The examples: ‘think’
/θɪŋk/ dan ‘these’ /ðiːz/ (Fromkin, 2003:242).
4. Alveolar
The alveolar consonants are produced by the front part of tongue rising on
the alveolar ridge. The consonants are [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l], and [r] (Sahulata,
1988: 10). For examples: ‘top’ /tɑːp/, ‘dip’ /dɪp/, ‘nut’ /nʌt/, ‘sit’ /sɪt/, ‘zoo’ /zuː/,
‘lap’ /læp/, ‘right’ /raɪt/.
When we pronounce the consonant [l] and [r], we can feel our tongue
touching the bony tooth ridge. We can feel it through pronouncing consonant [l]
in a word ‘lap’ /læp/. The tip of the tongue rises to the alveolar ridge leaving the
rest of the tongue down. According to An Introduction to Language book, [r] is
pronounced in a variety ways. But, many English speakers pronounced it by
curling the tip of the tongue back behind the alveolar ridge (Fromkin, 2003: 197).
5. Palatal
In producing consonants [j], [ʒ], [ʃ], [dʒ], and [tʃ], the front part of tongue
rise to the palate just behind the alveolar ridge. These are called palatal. For
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examples: ‘you’ /juː/, ‘azure’ /æz.jʊər/, ‘sure’ /ʃʊr/, ‘judge’ /dʒʌdʒ/, ‘church’
/tʃɝːtʃ/ (Sahulata, 1988: 11).
6. Velar
Sounds produced with the back of the tongue touches the palate is called
velar. The sounds are represented by the symbols: [k], [ɡ], [ŋ] and [w]. Here are
the examples: ‘kite’ /kaɪt/, ‘guy’ /ɡaɪ/, ‘sing’ /sɪŋ/, and ‘wipe’ /waɪp/. The [w] in
the word ‘wipe’ is velar; when it is formed with the back of the tongue is raised
toward the velum (Sahulata, 1988: 11).
7. Glottal
The glottal sound is articulated in the glottis. The sounds are represented
by [?] and [h]. The glottis is the space between the vocal cords in the larynx.
When the glottis is open and the air flows, it produced [h]. For example: ‘house’
/haʊs/. But, when the glottis is closed completely, and then released, the resulting
sound is called glottal stop. The symbol of phonetic transcription is [?]. For
example, we try to pronounce the words ‘butter’ /ˈbʌtɁ.ɚ/ and ‘bottle’ /ˈbɑː.t Ɂl ̩/
without pronouncing the –tt (Sahulata, 1988: 11-12).
ii. Manner of Articulation
Based on An Introduction to Sounds and Sounds Systems of English book;
manner of articulations describe consonant sounds of how they are articulated.
That is how the airstream is modified by the vocal tract to produce the sound
(Sahulata, 1988: 12). The types of manner of articulation are as follows:
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1. Voiced and Voiceless sound
If the vocal cords are together, the air flows through its way and cause a
vibration called voiced. A simply way to identify whether the consonant is voiced
or not can be noticed by the existence of the vibration in the vocal cords. The
voiced consonants are [b, d, ɡ, m, n, ŋ, v, z, ʒ, w, dʒ, ð] (Fromkin, 2003:244).
Voiceless sound can be articulated if the vocal cords are separated, the air
flows freely through the glottis and supraglottal cavities. There is no vibration
while pronouncing voiceless consonant. The consonants are [p, t, k, f, , s, ʃ, h, tʃ]
(Fromkin, 2003:244).
2. Stop
The English consonants stop forms when the breath is either stopped
completely at some point and bursts through the stoppage with a slight explosion
(Ripman, 1957: 21). Thus, it is formed with stopping the airflow and then letting
it go abruptly. The sounds are also called plosive because a complete closure in
the vocal tract is made behind which the air pressure builds up and can be released
explosively. The sounds are [p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, Ɂ]. For example: ‘play’ /pleɪ/, ‘bed’
/bed/, ‘ten’ /ten/, ‘die’ /daɪ/, ‘keen’ /kiːn/, ‘go’ /goʊ/, ‘bottle’ /bɑː.tɁl /.
3. Nasals
Most sounds are articulated orally with the velum raised, preventing
airflow from entering the nasal cavity. However, when the velum is lowered and
the airflow is allowed to flow out through the nose to produce [m, n, ŋ] sounds
(Sahulata, 1988: 13). Thus, the sounds are voiced sounds. For example: ‘my’
/maɪ/, ‘nine’ /naɪn/, ‘sink’ /sɪŋk/.
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4. Fricatives
The manner of articulation used in producing the set of sounds [f, v, , ð,
s, z, ʒ, ʃ, h], involves almost blocking the airstream, and having the air push
through the narrow opening. As the air is pushed through, a type of friction is
produced and the resulting sounds are called fricatives (Sahulata, 1988: 13). Here
are the examples: ‘fish’ /fɪʃ/, ‘veal’ /viːl/, ‘thin’ /θɪn/, ‘this’ /ðɪs/, ‘send’ /send/,
‘zinc’ /zɪŋk/, ‘vision’ /vɪʒ. ə n/, ‘share’ /ʃer/, ‘high’ /haɪ/. The [h] is classified as a
fricative because of the hissing sound produced by air or noise at the glottis.
5. Affricates
There are two consonants belong to this manner; [tʃ] and [dʒ]. They are
articulated by stopping the airstream completely and causing the effect of fricative
when it is pronounced (Sahulata, 1988: 13). The consonants of affricates can be
seen in the words: ‘chair’ /tʃer/, ‘join’ /dʒɔɪn/.
6. Glide
The glide sounds are produced with the tongue moving or gliding to or
from a position associated with a neighboring vowel sound. Glides are traditional
sounds which sometimes are called semivowels. The sounds are [w] and [j]. They
are usually followed by a vowel (Sahulata, 1988: 14).
The [w] is formed by both raising the back of the tongue towards the
velum simultaneously rounding the lips. For example: ‘we’ /wiː/. While the [j] is
formed by the blade of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate in a position
almost identical to that in producing the vowel sound [i] in the word ‘beat’ /biːt/
(Fromkin, 2003: 250).
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7. Liquid
When we pronounced liquid sounds, there is some obstruction of the
airstream in the mouth. But, it is not enough to cause any real friction. Words like
‘please’ /pliːz/ and ‘price’ /praɪs/ consist liquid sounds which are [l] and [r]
(Fromkin, 2003: 250).
2. Javanese Phonetics
According to Tata Bahasa Jawa Mutakhir book, there are twenty three
consonants. They are [p, b, m, f, w, t, d, n, l, r, ṭ, ḍ, s, z, c, j, h, y, ň, g, k, ŋ, Ɂ]
(Wedhawati, 2001:65).
a. Javanese Consonant
Similar to English consonant, the Javanese consonants can be classified
into two classes, place of articulation and manner of articulation. Each class has
similar definition with English place and manner of articulation. Thus, it is
skipped to provide the same definition of each type of place and manner of
articulation. This only gives a definition of the different type and brings an
example from each type of place and manner of articulations. The table below
shows category of each consonant:
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2 Table of Javanese consonant manner and place of articulation
Bil
abia
l
Lab
io-
den
tal
Apik
o-
den
tal
Alv
eola
r
Lam
ino
-
alveo
lar
Pal
atal
Med
io-
pal
atal
Vel
ar
Glo
ttal
Stop vl p t ʈ ʧ k Ɂ
vd b d ɖ ʤ ɡ
Nasal vd m n ɲ ŋ
Fricative vl f s h
vd z
Affricate vd r
Glide vd w j
Liquid vd l
vl: voiceless vd: voiced source: (Wedhawati, 2001:42)
i. Place of Articulation
Based on Tata Bahasa Jawa Mutakhir, place of articulation in Javanese is
divided into nine. They are bilabial, labiodental, apiko-dental, alveolar, palatal,
lamino-alviolar, medio-palatal, dorso-velar, glottal/laryngeal (Wedhawati, 2001:43-
64). The explanation of each category is explained below
1. Billabial
The sound of Javanese bilabials are [p, b, m]. The examples of phoneme
[p] are sapi [sapi] ‘cow’ and pitik [pitIʡ] ‘chicken’, …ora ganep. [… ora ghanəp]
‘…incomplete’, …isih tetep [… isɪh tətəp] ‘… same’, madhep mantep [madhəpm
mantəp] ‘faithful and obedient’, kerep lunga [kərəpl luŋͻ] ‘often go’, ganep
[ghanəp] ‘complete’ (Wedhawati, 2001:44).
The distribution of [b] is on initial word or initial syllable. It is pronounced
by obstructing the airstream from lungs completely and then releasing it in order
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to come up the explosion. The examples are bali [bhali] ‘go home’, sabar [sabhar]
‘patient’, …bab pitu […bhap pitu] ‘…chapter VII’, …sepuluh bab […səpulUh
bhap-#] ‘…ten chapters’ (Wedhawati, 2001:45-46).
The examples of phoneme /m/ are mara [mͻrͻ] ‘come’ and mata [mͻtͻ]
‘eye’, …woh pelem […wͻh pələm-#] ‘mango’ (Wedhawati, 2001:47).
2. Labiodental
The labiodental sounds are [f] and [w]. The examples of [f] are foto [foto]
‘photo’ and pasif [pasif] ‘passive’, universitas [univərsitas] ‘university’
(Wedhawati, 2001:48).
Phoneme /w/ is only distributed on initial word or syllable. The /w/ cannot
be placed as a final word. The examples are wani [wani] ‘brave’ and tawa [tɔwɔ]
‘bargain’ (Wedhawati, 2001:49).
3. Apiko-dental
The members of apiko-dental are [t, d. The examples of [t] are tali [tali]
‘rope’ and buta [bhutɔ] ‘giant’, ...ora luput [ora lupʊt-#] ‘...not wrong’, papat nem
[papatn nəm] ‘four six’, kawat listrik [kawatl lIstrIk] ‘electrical wire’, lepat sanget
[ləpats saŋət] ‘really wrong’ (Wedhawati, 2001:49).
According to Tata Bahasa Jawa Mutakhir book, The examples of
phoneme [d] are dina [dhinɔ] ‘day’ and padu [padhu] ‘quarrel’, driji [drijhi] ‘,
...murid pinter [murIt pintər] ‘clever student’, ...dadi murid [dhadhi murIt-#]
‘become a student’ (Wedhawati, 2001:51-53).
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4. Alveolar
The alveolar consonants are [n, l, r]. The examples of phoneme /n/ are
naga [nɔghɔ] ‘dragon’ and nama [nɔmɔ] ‘name’, ...ana dalan [...ɔnɔ dhalan-#] ‘on
the way’, tandha [tͻɳɖhͻ] ‘mark’ (Wedhawati, 2001:53-54).
Phoneme /l/ only has one allophone, [l]. The examples are lali [lali]
‘forget’ and gula [ghulɔ] ‘sugar’ (Wedhawati, 2001:55).
Phoneme /r/ has allophone [r]. The examples are raga [rɔghɔ] ‘body’ and
kabar [kabhar] ‘news’ (Wedhawati, 2001:55).
5. Lamino-alveolar
Lamino-Alviolar consonants in Javanese are articulated in a way the
tongue touches the alveolar ridge. The consonants are [s] and [z]. Phoneme /s/ has
allophone [s]. The example is salah [salah] ‘wrong’ (Wedhawati, 2001:57).
Phoneme /z/ is adoption of foreign language, especially Arabic. The
example are zakat [zakat] ‘charity’ and ziarah [ziyarah] ‘pilgrimage’ (Wedhawati,
2001:57).
6. Palatal
The palatal consonants are /ʈ, ɖ/. The example are thukul [ʈukUl] ‘grow’
and thimik [ʈimi?] ‘slow’ (Wedhawati, 2001:55-56).
Phoneme /ɖ/ has two allophones. The example are dhadha [ɖhɔɖhɔ] ‘chest’
and dhudha [ɖhuɖhɔ] ‘widower’, ndherdheg [nɖrədhək] ‘tremble’ (Wedhawati,
2001:56).
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7. Medio-palatal
These sounds are formed with the middle part of tongue and palate. The
consonants are [ʧ, ʤ, j, ŋ]. Phoneme /ʧ/ cannot be distributed on the final word or
syllable. The example are coba [ʧobhɔ] ‘try’ and waca [wɔʧɔ] ‘read’ (Wedhawati,
2001:57).
The examples of phoneme [ʤ] are aja [ɔʤɔ] ‘do not’, ajrih [aʤrIh]
‘affraid’ (Wedhawati, 2001:58).
Phoneme /ɲ/ has distribution on initial or middle of word. It cannot be
placed in the final word. The examples are banyu [bha ɲu] ‘water’ and nyawa
[ɲɔwɔ] ‘soul’ (Wedhawati, 2001:59).
Phoneme [j] cannot be distributed on final word, the example are yuto
[yutͻ] ‘million’ and ayu [ayu] ‘beautiful’ (Wedhawati, 2001:59).
8. Velar
The consonants of velar are /ɡ/, /k/ and /ŋ/. The examples of phoneme [k]
are kuku [kuku] ‘nail’, …ing kretek […Iŋ krətək-#] ‘…on bridge’, ikhtiyar
[Ixtiyar] ‘effort’ (Wedhawati, 2001:60).
Phoneme /ɡ/ has examples gula [ghulͻ] ‘sugar’, gliyer [gliyər] ‘headache’,
…ndableg tenan […ndhablək tənan] ‘…really stubborn’, bocahe ndableg
[bhocahe ndhablək-#] ‘the child is really stubborn’ (Wedhawati, 2001:61-63).
The distribution of phoneme /ŋ/ is on initial, middle or final of word. The
example is ngarep [ŋarəp] ‘front’ (Wedhawati, 2001:63).
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9. Glottal
Javanese glottal/laryngeal sound is pronounced by producing the
consonant in larynx. The consonant is [h]. Phoneme /h/ has allophone [h]. The
distribution is on initial, middle or final of word. The example is adoh [adhͻh]
‘far’ (Wedhawati, 2001:63-64).
There is also glottal stop. The member is represented by [ʡ]. It is produced
with obstruction in the vocal cord. The vocal cord purses, so glottis will be closed.
It can be distributed only on final syllable or word and initial word. For examples;
galak [ghala?] ‘vicious’ and apik [?apI?] ‘good’ (Wedhawati, 2001:64).
ii. Manner of Articulation
Javanese manner of articulation is classified into seven types. Here are just
the examples of each type.
1. Voiced and Voiceless sound
Voiced sounds are [b, d, ɖ, ʤ, g, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, l, z, r, w, j]. Voiceless sounds
are [p, t, ṭ, c, k, Ɂ, f, s, h] (Wedhawati, 2001:42).
2. Stop and Nasal
Based on Tata Bahasa Jawa Mutakhir, stop consonants are represented by
[p, b, t, d, ʈ, ɖ, ʧ, y, k, g, ʡ]. They are called stop because when it is formed, the
airstream stops for a moment (Wedhawati, 2001:42).
Nasal sounds can be classified as continuant. The consonants are [m, n, ɲ,
ŋ] (Wedhawati, 2001:42).
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3. Fricative
There are four consonants of fricative. They are [f, s, z, h] (Wedhawati,
2001:42).
4. Affricate
The sound is only [r]. The example is ‘raga’ /rhᴐghᴐ/ ‘body’ (Wedhawati,
2001:42).
5. Glide
Javanese glide sounds are [w, j]. There is a little airstream in the mouth
when it is produced (Wedhawati, 2001:42).
6. Liquid
Liquid sound is [l], as can be seen through the word ‘lara’ /lᴐrᴐ/ ‘sick’
(Wedhawati, 2001:42).
3. Theory of Consonant Features
All consonants are classified as distinctive features to distinguish the
sounds of a language from one another (Sahulata, 1988: 76). Table below shows
consonants feature of English:
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3 Table of Javanese Consonant Features
p b m f w t d n l r s z ʈ ɖ ʧ ʤ ɲ j k ɡ ŋ h Ɂ
[Son] - - + - + - - + + + - - - - - + + + - - + - -
[Cont] - - - + + - - - + + + + - - - + + + - - - + -
[Cons] + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + - + - + + + + +
[Syll] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
[Nasal] - - + - - - - + - - - - - - - - + - - - + - -
[Ant] + + + + - + + + + - + + + + - - - - - - - - -
[Cor] - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - + - - - - - -
[Strd] - - - + - - - - - - + + - - + - - - - - - - -
[Vd] - + + - + - + + + + - + - - - + + + - + + - -
[Lat] - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
[Obst] + + - + - + + - - - + + + + + - - - + + - + +
[Del
rel]
- - + + + - - + + + + + + + + + - + - - + + -
Source: (Fromkin, 2003: 300)
The table below shows consonants feature of Javanese:
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4 Table of English Consonant Features
p b m w f v θ ð t d n s z l r ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ j k g ŋ h
[Son] - - + + - - - - - - + - - + + - - - - + - - + -
[Cont] - - - + + + + + - - - + + + + + + - - + - - - +
[Cons] + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + +
[Syll] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
[Nasal] - - + - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - + -
[Ant] + + + - + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - -
[Cor] - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - -
[Strd] - - - - + + - - - - - + + - - + + + + - - - - -
[Vd] - + + + - + - + - + + - + + + - + - + + - + + -
[Lat] - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - -
[Obst] + + - - + + + + + + - + + - - + + + + - + + - +
[Del
rel]
- - + + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + - - + +
Source: ((Wedhawati, 2001:65)
a. Sonorant
A sonorant is a sound whose phonetic content is predominantly made up
by the sound waves associated with voicing (Giegerich, 1992: 93). The member of
[+son] are approximants and nasals; [m n ŋ ɲ l r w j]. The [-son] cover up
fricatives and oral stops. They are [p t k b d ɡ f v s z θ ð ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ].
b. Continuant:
A continuant is a sound during whose production the air stream is not
blocked in the oral cavity (Giegerich, 1992: 93). The approximants and fricatives
are [+cont]. They are [l r w j ɲ f v s z ʃ ʒ θ ð]. The opposite is [-cont] which covers
nasal and oral stops (that is, ‘stop’ in general). They are [m n ŋ p t k b d ɡ tʃ dʒ].
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c. Consonantal:
Consonantal sounds are produced with a radical obstruction in the vocal
tract (Giegerich, 1992: 94). This feature describes all sounds made with closure in
the vocal tract greater than that needed for glides. All consonants except certain
semivowel (liquid approximants) are [+cons], and all vowels are [-cons]
(Giegerich, 1992: 94).
d. Syllabic
Traditionally it has been difficult to provide such a definition, although the
speakers seem to be able to determine the syllabic vowel of a word. Liquids and
naslas can be also be syllabic – function as a syllable – as shown by the words
‘Rachel’ [reʃl], ‘faker’ [fekr], ‘rhythm’ [rɪðm], and ‘button’ [bʌtn] (Fromkin,
2003: 258).
e. Nasal
Nasal sounds are produced with a lowered velum, which allows the air
stream to escape through the nose. Non-nasal sounds are produced with a raised
velum, so that the air stream can only escape through the mouth (Giegerich, 1992:
124). They are [m n ŋ ɲ].
f. Anterior
Anterior sounds are produced with an obstruction that is located in front of
the palate-alveolar region of the mouth (Giegerich, 1992: 116). Non-anterior
sounds are produced without such an obstruction. [+ant] cover term for bilabial,
labiodental, dental and alveolar place of articulation. [-ant] is the post-alveolar
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category (with /r/ as the only member) together with palate-alveolar, palatal, velar
and glottal sounds.
g. Coronal
Coronal sounds are produced with the blade of the tongue raised above its
neutral position (Giegerich, 1992: 116). Non-coronal sounds are produced with
the blade of the tongue in the neutral position. Fromkin and Rodman say that the
consonants whose [+cor] cover alveolars, palatals, affricates and liquid. They are
[t d n l tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ s z]. The [-cor] is bilabials, dentals, labiodentals, velar, glottal and
glides. They are [p b m f v ɲ j k ɡ ŋ w].
h. Strident
Strident sounds are marked acoustically by greater noisiness than their
non-strident counterparts are (Giegerich, 1992: 118).
i. Lateral
Lateral sounds are characterized by a lowering of one side of the tongue
(or both sides, but not the middle) so that the air moves through the side of the
oral cavity (Sahulata, 1988: 78). Consonant /l/ is normally lateral.
j. Voiced
Voiced sounds are produced with a vibration of the vocal cords in the
larynx, while voiceless are produced without such vibration (Fromkin, 2003: 244).
k. Obstruent
The nonnasal stop, affricates, and fricatives form a major class of sounds
called obstruents. The airstream may be fully obstructed, as in nonnasal stops and
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affricates, or partially obstructed, as in the production of fricatives. Otherwise, the
obstruent is the opposite of the sonorant (Fromkin, 2003: 257).
l. Delayed release
Sahulata said that delayed release specified the manner in which
consonants are released. Stops are released instantaneously; affricates, fricatives,
and other sounds are released gradually (Sahulata, 1988: 78).
C. Theoretical Framework
English and Javanese phonetics are fundamental to be used to answer the
problems. The first problem can be answered by contrasting both consonant. The
tables provided before show the absence of both consonants. The absences of
Javanese in English represent the consonants which are mispronounced by the
Javanese students of seventh semester of English Letters’ Sanata Dharma
University.
The second problem can be answered by using the English and Javanese
phonetics, consonant features and error analysis theory. Those theories are to
identify what sounds the speakers use to replace the similar consonants that they
mispronunce.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of Study
The objective of the study is mispronunciation of some English
consonants. This study is supported by the recorded data spoken by
Javanese which contains the predicted mispronunciation of English words
from phonetics differences. The predicted mispronunciation English
consonants are listed based on the English sounds which are absent in
Javanese. The result will be analyzed.
B. Approach of the Study
Since this paper analyzes the mispronunciation of English
consonants by Javanese students, it used the approaches of English
Phonetics and Phonology. These theories were used to answer the
problems formulated.
C. Method of the Study
There are two section of this subchapter.
1. Data Collection
This study applied a sample study. The writer chose some samples
of the whole data in order to reach the goal of the study which was to
describe what consonants that Javanese failed to be produced.
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The primary data were recorded speech sounds by the speakers.
The data listed were given to the speaker to be articulated. The writer
would just listen and record the speech. The next step was the writer chose
some samples and analyzed them. After that, the samples should be listed.
Up to this level, the writer had already completed the data and had been
ready to go on the analysis.
2. Data Analysis
There were several steps of analysis for finding the answer for
problems. The first step was to contrast English and Javanese consonants
to find out the consonants which caused mispronunciation. The second
step was to list English words that contained some English consonants in
which they did not appear in Javanese. The third step was to search twenty
Javanese students of English Letters Department who ever took
pronunciation class in Sanata Dharma University. The consideration is
students had understood how to pronounce English words well. The fourth
step was to record their speech and file them in order to listen to it many
times and to check their pronunciation. The fifth step was to analyze the
recorded sound data. The last step was to identify what make consonants
feature change through the differences.
There were some equipments used to support the data recording
and analysis. The main equipment was a Xtech xh-338 headset with a
microphone and a laptop Sony Vaio VPCEA43FX as the data storage, and
the recording software used the Windows Seven 32 bit sound recorder.
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There were total forty two (42) words listed. The words listed at
the table below:
5 Table of The Data Indicator Words Phoneme Initial Medial Final
[v] value /vælju:/ average /ævərɪdʒ/ remove /rɪmu:v/
vacation /vəkeɪʃn/ oval /əʊvl/ above /əbʌv/
[θ] thank /θæŋk/ birthday /bɜ:θdeɪ/ bath /bɑ:θ/
think /θɪŋk/ nothing /nʌθɪŋ/ breath /breθ/
[ð] these /ði:z/ brother /brʌðə(r)/ breathe /bri:ð/
them /ðem:/ father /fɑ:ðə(r)/ teethe /ti:ð/
[ʃ] shine /ʃaɪn/ fashion /fæʃn/ finish /fɪnɪʃ/
shore /ʃɔ:(r)/ precious /preʃəs/ flash /flæʃ/
[ʒ] genre /ʒɑ:nrə/ meisure /mi:ʒə/ rouge /ru:ʒ/
gigolo /ʒɪgələʊ/ leisure /leɪʒə/ beige /beɪʒ/
[tʃ] choice /tʃɔɪs/ capture /kæptʃə/ crunch /krʌntʃ/
church /tʃɜ:tʃ/ mature /mətʃʊə(r) march /mɑ:tʃ/
[dʒ] jealous /dʒeləs/ soldier /səʊdʒɪə/ bridge /brɪdʒ/
join /dʒɔɪn/ subject /sʌbdʒekt/ page /peɪdʒ/
The words at the table above were going to be read by the
speakers. Therefore, to make the production of English consonants sound
naturally, they were arranged randomize.
There were nine consonants, which are [v, θ, ð, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ], that
were considered to be mispronounced by Javanese students. The score of
each consonant was maximum six (6) because there were two (2) words in
each position; initial (2 words), medium (2 words), and final (2 words).
The speakers were twenty (20) who were going to read the words. Each
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consonant had a total score one hundred and twenty (120) from the
multiplier of six (6) and twenty (20). It is formulated below:
x= ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐭
∑ 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐭 x 100%
That formula was used to look for the grade of pronunciation
accuracy of each position and total accuracy which total score for each
position is forty (40). It came from the multiplier of the number of words
at each position (2) and the sum of twenty (20) speakers. To find out the
pronunciation acuracy at each position, the ∑ (means sum) correct score of
each position was divided by the ∑ total score, that was forty (40). To find
out the average of the consonants pronunciation accuracy, the ∑ correct
score of all position (score of initial+medium+final position) was divided
by the ∑ total score in a consonant, that was one hundred and twenty
(120).
After finding out the percentage, it could be stated that if the
percentage was more than 50%, the English consonant was able to be
pronounced by the Javanese speakers. The opposite, the consonant was not
able to be articulated if the percentage was less than 50%. The following
table explained for the details:
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6 Table of The Grade of Pronunciation Accuracy
Range grade
90%-100% excellent
80%-90% very good
70%-80% good
60%-70% above average
50%-60% average
40%-50% below average
30%-40% poor
20%-30% very poor
10%-20% bad
0%-10% worst
The function of the table above was to show the indication of the
speakers’ accuracy grade, at the each position and each consonant. For
example, the correct score of [v] at the initial position was 15, medial
position was 10, and final position was 20. The result of [v] must be:
[v] initial = 15
40 x 100% = 37,5%
[v] medial = 10
40 x 100% = 25%
[v] final = 20
40 x 100% = 50%
[v] average = 15+10+20
40+40+40 x 100% = 37,5%
It means that consonant [v] failed to be articulated by the Javanese
speakers in initial and medial position. However, they were able to
pronounce the [v] in final position. While the grade of the accuracy
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pronunciation of consonant [v] in initial position was poor, medial position
was very poor, and final position was average.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The total data were eight hundred and forty (840) recorded words speech
analyzed. It were counted from the multiplier of the word lists, forty two (42), and
the total respondents, twenty (20). The most of respondents were female students,
sixteen students were female and the rest were male students which are four. The
gender of the respondents does not make any difference speaking in this research.
It is only an information. The focus is only the result of English mispronunciation.
A. The Comparison between English and Javanese Consonants
This part is going to discuss the similarities and differences between
English and Javanese consonants. The aim is to find out the differences and
similarities between both. The finding will be analyzed in order to answer the first
problem formulation as formulated in Chapter I. The differences show the
consonants that are mispronounced by Javanese students. While the similarities
show the ability to produce the same consonants.
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1. Manner of Articulation
a. Similarities
The similarities on the Manner of Articulation between English and
Javanese are about the classification of consonant sound based on Manner of
Articulation, the articulation and the sound itself.
Based on Manner of Articulation, both English and Javanese have two
main similar categories which are voiced or voiceless. Besides, there are five
specific categories that are stop, nasal, fricative, glide and liquid.
The voiced consonants consist of [b, d, ɡ, m, n, ŋ, z, w, l, r]. There are
seven consonants of voiceless sounds. They are [p, t, k, Ɂ, f s, h]. The English and
Javanese stop consonants are [p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, Ɂ]. Nasal consonants covers [m, n,
ŋ]. Fricative consonants are [f, s, z, h]. Glide consonant is [w]. The last categories
is liquid that has a similar sound, [l].
b. Differences
Both English and Javanese affricates sound, but differ in some
characteristics that are voiceless and voiced sound and the sound itself. In English,
it consists of two sounds which are [tʃ] as a voiceless sound and [dʒ] as a voiced
sound. However, Javanese has only one sound, [r] as a voiced sound. In Javanese
stop sounds, there are four sounds that do not exist in English. They are [ʈ, ɖ, ʧ,
ʤ]. Moreover, sound [ɲ] appears in Javanese. It can also be written as ‘ny’. In
fricative sounds, English has five more sounds, [v, θ, ð, ʃ, ʒ], rather than Javanese.
Consonant [j], in Javanese, is a member of stop sounds while in English, it is a
glide sound. But, Javanese has one additional member in glide sound that is [y].
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Then, liquid sounds of English are [l and r], but Javanese only has [l]. It is
because the [r] belongs to affricate sound.
2. Place of Articulation
a. Similarities
Based on Place of Articulation, there are six categories which are similar.
They are bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal. Both languages,
English and Javanese have similar members of bilabial position, [p, b, m]. In
labiodental position, there is only one similar sound. It is [f]. Besides, alveolar
position has three same sounds. They are [n, l, r]. Even though sound [l] and [r] in
a different manner of articulation, they are in the same place of articulation.
Moreover, both languages have a same category in place of articulation, velar
sound. The English consonants have same inventory with Javanese consonants
except only [w]. In glottal position, they both have same inventory that are [Ɂ and
h].
b. Differences
English and Javanese have some differences in category and the inventory
of same category of place of articulation. Both have labiodental, but Javanese
does not have a [v] sound. On the other hand, Javanese has [w] sound. The [w]
does not appear in labiodental of English. The [w] exists in velar position.
Moreover, both languages have a same category that is palatal. However, there is
no similar consonants between both. The English inventory of palatal position are
[ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, j]. While Javanese inventory are [ʈ and ɖ]. Javanese has some
additional categories which are apiko-dental, lamino-alveolar, and medio-palatal.
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Apiko-dental has two consonants that are [t and d]. In English, those words appear
in alveolar position. Then, lamino-alveolar category consists of two sounds which
are [s and z]. Both languages have these words, but they are placed in a different
category. Javanese has them in lamino-alveolar and English has them in alveolar.
In Medio-palatal position, it has four consonants. They are [ʧ, ʤ, ɲ, j]. The [ʤ]
sound, in English, it belongs to palatal position.
From both theories manner and place of articulation, it can be seen that
there are seven English consonants which are absent in Javanese consonants. They
are [v, θ, ð, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ]. Based on consonant feature theory, it can be stated that
these seven consonants cause pronunciation problem, mispronunciation, for
Javanese speakers.
B. Phonological Analysis of English Consonants Mispronunciation
As it has been explained on the preceding part there are seven consonants
which are mispronounced by the respondents. In this subchapter the discussion is
focused on the consonants contribution of predicted English consonants
mispronounced by Javanese students. It will examine the consonants features and
manner and place of articulation of both languages. Basically, English consonants
can transform into more than one consonant as the result of respondents’ mother
tongue, which is Javanese.
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1. Labiodental Fricative
There is only one consonant that Javanese mispronounced.
a. English consonant [v]
After the research has been done in the field, this English consonant [v]
was not successfully pronounced by the respondents. It can be noticed that the
score of [v] was 46,67%. This means that the accuracy of the respondent to
produce this sound is below average. There are 53,33% respondents who failed to
pronounce this sound. They produced this sound as [f]. It can be seen from the
pronunciation of the words ‘value’ /vælju:/ as /fælju/ and ‘average’ /ævərɪdʒ/ as
/æfərɪdʒ/.
In initial position, the [v] had score 37,5%. It means that the respondents’
accuracy who pronounced English consonant [v] is poor in the words ‘value’ and
‘vacation’. In medial position, it scored 62,5%. The accuracy of respondents were
above average in producing sound [v] in medial position of the words ‘average’ and
‘oval’. Thus, final position of [v] had percentage 40%. It means the respondents’
accuracy who produce this sound in the final position was good in the words
‘remove’ and ‘above’. Table below shows the percentage of each position
Table 7 Percentage of Mispronunciation of Consonant [v]
Words English
Pronunciation
Javanese
Pronunciation
Percentage
(%) of
Correct
Pronunciation
Total Score
Value /vælju:/ /fælju/ 37,5
46,67%
Vacation /vəkeɪʃn/ /fəkeɪʃn/
Average /ævərɪdʒ/ /æfərɪdʒ/ 62,5
Oval /əʊvl/ /əʊfl/
Remove /rɪmu:v/ /rɪmu:f/ 40
Above /əbʌv/ /əbʌf/
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Even though English consonant [v] is absent in Javanese consonant’s
inventory, it is able to be produced by Javanese students at medial. It can be seen
through the accuracy of medial position is above average. On the other side, there
is only 53,33% from the total respondents who are fail to pronounce this
consonant.
However, they mispronounce English consonant [v] at initial position in
the words ‘value’ and ‘vacation’. The percentage is very small. The respondents
mispronounce labiodental voiced fricative [v] with labiodental voiceless fricative
[f]. It is the result of interference of Javanese phonetics that there is no labiodental
voiced fricative sound. The sound [v] and [f] have similarity each other in
consonant features, except in voiced category, as presented below:
Table 8 Feature Similarity of [v] and [f]
[v] [f]
- sonorant
+ continuant
+ anterior
+ voiced
+ strident
- sonorant
+ continuant
+ anterior
- voiced
+ strident
Javanese phonetics system does not have consonant [v] in every inventory.
A problem will appear when they learn English and misinterpret and
misunderstand when they speak English. It is because the consonant contribution
between [v] and [f] occur at all position
At the previous chapter, the background of the speakers was clear that why
these consonants distribution occur. Indonesian loan words which consist of
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consonant [v] in initial and medial from English words, but they are pronounced it
as [f]. It can be seen at a table below:
Table 9 English and Indonesian Consonant [v]
English Indonesian Javanese
Variation
/vɛːrɪˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
Variasi /fariasi/ Variasi (fariasi)
Variable /vɛːrɪəb(ə)l/ Variabel /fariabel/ Variable /fariabel/
Provocation /
/prɒvəˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/
Provokasi /profokasi/ Provokasi /profokasi/
Evaluasi
/ɪvaljʊˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
Evaluasi /efaluasi/ Evaluasi /efaluasi/
Active /aktɪv/ Aktif /aktif/ Aktif /aktif/
Creative /kriːeɪtɪv/ Kreatif /kreatif/ Kreatif /kreatif/
The table showed that consonant [v] changed into consonant [f] in all
position. This process was called devoicing, that is a voiced sound turned into
voiceless but it did not change other feature. It is noted that Indonesian does not
have words followed by [v] at the final positions. The consonant [v] directly
changed into consonant [f]. That is why Javanese could not good produce voiced
fricative sound.
2. Interdental Fricative
a. English consonant [θ]
Javanese students are good enough to produce consonant [θ]. It has total
percentage 63,3%. It means that the accuracy of the respondents is above average.
Most of them exchange the English phoneme [θ] as appears in the words ‘think’
/θɪŋk/, ‘thank’ /θæŋk/, ‘nothing’ /nʌɪŋk/, ‘birthday’ /bɜ:θdeɪ/, ‘bath’ /bɑ:θ/ and
‘breath’ /breθ/.
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At the initial position, the score is 67,5% which means the accuracy of the
respondents who produce consonant [θ] is above average at the initial position in
the words such as ‘think’ /θɪŋk/ and ‘thank’ /θæŋk/. Then, in the madial position,
they are fail to pronunce consonant [θ]. The score is only 45% which means
below average as seen in the words ‘nothing’ /nʌɪŋk/ and ‘birthday’ /bɜ:θdeɪ/.
Next, the final position of consonant [θ] has score 77,5%. It means the Javanese
students are able to produce this consonant in the words like ‘bath’ /bɑ:θ/ and
‘breath’ /breθ/. See the table below:
Table 10 Mispronounciation of Consonant [θ]
They change consonant [θ] into [ʈ] because there is no interdental
fricative. Most of them replace [θ] with [ʈ] only at the initial and medial position.
Meanwhile in final position, they change [θ] into [t] which applied spelling
pronunciation. Basically, they have distinguised features. The conosnant [θ] are
[+fricative], [-voiced], [+interdental], [+continuant]. The features of consonant [ʈ]
are [-fricative], [-voiced], [-interdental], [-continuant]. The differences of those
three consonants are contrast at the table below:
Words English
Pronunciation
Javanese
Pronunciation
Percentage
(%) of correct
pronunciation
Total score
thank /θæŋk/ /ʈæŋk/ 67,5
63,3% think /θɪŋk/ /ʈiŋk/
birthday /bɜ:θdeɪ/ /beʈdey/ 45
nothing /nʌɪŋk/ /natiŋ/
bath /bɑ:θ/ /bɑʈ/ 77,5
breath /breθ/ /breʈ/
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Table 11 Features differences between [θ] and [ʈ] [θ] [ʈ]
+fricative
-voiced
-palatal
+continuant
+anterior
+coronal
-strident
+obstruent
-fricative
-voiced
+palatal
-continuant
+anterior
+coronal
-strident
+obstruent
As it can be seen at the table above, consonant [θ] and [ʈ] are in fricative,
place of articulation and continunat. Besides, they are similar in features voceless,
coronal, anterior, strident and obstruent. The place of articulation of both are close
enough that [θ] is interdental and [ʈ] is palatal.
b. English consonant [ð]
English voiced fricative [ð] was failed to be pronounced by the speakers. It
can be seen from the total score, 30%. It means that the accuracy of the speakers
who pronounce consonant [ð] is poor. They change consonant [ð] into consonant
[ɖ] as appear in the words like ‘them’ /ðem:/, ‘father’ /fɑ:ðə(r)/, and ‘breathe’
/bri:ð/. See the table below:
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Table 12 Mispronunciation of [ð]
Words English
Pronunciation
Javanese
Pronunciation
Percentage
(%) of
Correct
Pronunciation
Total Score
these /ði:z/ /ɖi:z/ 22,5
30% them /ðem:/ /ɖem:/
brother /brʌðə(r)/ /brʌɖə(r)/ 17,5
father /fɑ:ðə(r)/ /fɑ:ɖə(r)/
breathe /bri:ð/ /bri:ɖ/ 50
teethe /ti:ð/ /ti:ɖ/
The score of initial position is 22,5% that means the speakers are very
poor in producing consonant [ð] in initial. The examples are like in the words
‘these’ and ‘them’. On the other hand, they can only reach 17,5% score in medial
position. The accuracy of the speakers is bad at the medial position in the words
such as ‘brother’ and ‘father’. Then, the final position have score 50%. This
means that the accuracy is below average at the final position in the word such as
‘breathe’ and ‘teethe’.
Table 13 Features contrast between [ð] and [d]
[ð] [ɖ]
+voiced
+continuant
-palatal
-stop
+coronal
+anterior
-strident
+obstruent
-voiced
-continuant
+palatal
+stop
+coronal
+anterior
-strident
+obstruent
Table above shows that Javanese mispronounce the English consonant [ð]
with [ɖ] in all positions. The consonant [ð] sounds similar with [ɖ] for Javanese
speakers. The contrast features is applied to find out the answer of this anomaly.
The features of consonant [ð] are [+interdental], [+obstruent], [+continuant], [-
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strident], and [-stop]. The features of consonant [ɖ] are [-voiced], [+palatal],
[+obstruent], [-continuant], [-strident], [+stop], and [+coronal].
From the table above, it can be seen that [ð] and [ɖ] are contrast in stop,
continuant and their manner of place. It is the reason why they change consonant
[ð] into [ɖ] because they share similar features in [-voiced], [+coronal],
[+anterior], [-strident], and [+obstruent].
3. Palatal Fricative
a. English Consonant [ʃ]
Javanese students are good at pronuncing English consonant [ʃ]. It was
shown by the total score that got 75,83%. It means that they are good. They
exchange [ʃ] into [s] as can be seen in the words like ‘shine’ /ʃaɪn/, ‘shore’ /ʃɔ:(r)/,
precious’ /preʃəs/, ‘fashion’ /fæʃn/, ‘finish’ /fɪnɪʃ/, and ‘flash’ /flæʃ/.
In the initial position, the score is 80% which means the accuracy of the
respondents are good like in the words such ‘shine’ /ʃaɪn/ and ‘shore’ /ʃɔ:(r)/. At
the medial position, the respondents are able to reach 85%. It is very good. It can
be seen in the words ‘precious’ /preʃəs/ and ‘fashion’ /fæʃn/. At the final position,
the accuracy of the respondents who pronounce consonant [ʃ] are above average at
the final position in the words such as ‘finish’ /fɪnɪʃ/ and ‘flash’ /flæʃ/. They get
score 62,5%. Table below shows the percentage of each position:
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Table 14 Mispronounciation of [ʃ] Words English
Pronunciation
Javanese
Pronunciation
Percentage
(%) of Correct
Pronunciation
Total Score
shine /ʃaɪn/ /saɪn/ 80
75,83 shore /ʃͻ:(r)/ /sͻ:r/
fashion /fæʃn/ /fæsen/ 85
precious /preʃəs/ /presiəs/
finish /fɪnɪʃ/ /fɪnɪs/ 62,5
flash /flæʃ/ /flæs/
Some of respondents got confusion when they pronounced [ʃ] as an initial
and medial position. It can be seen from the table above. The research found that
all of the speakers replaced [ʃ] into [s] in all positions. Consonant [ʃ] has
consonant features [-voiced], [+coronal], [+strident], [+palatal], and [+fricative].
On the other hand, [s] has [-voiced], [+coronal], [+strident], [+laminoalveolar]
and [+fricative].
Table 15 Features consonant [ʃ] and [s]
[ʃ] [s]
-voiced
+coronal
+strident
+fricative
-anterior
-voiced
+coronal
+strident
+fricative
+anterior
From the table above, it is clear that palatal fricative [ʃ] and lamino-
alveolar fricative [s] are contrast in anterior which means they are different in
place of articutalion. On the other side, they both have several same inventories
such as [-voiced], [+coronal], [+strident] and [+fricative].
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b. English Consonant [ʒ]
The table shows that the speakers are able to produce English consonant
[ʒ] as shown by the result is 54,17%. It means that the accuracy of the speakers is
average as shown in the words like ‘genre’ /ʒɑ:nrə/, ‘gigolo’ /ʒɪgələʊ/, ‘measure’
/mi:ʒə/, ‘leisure’ /leɪʒə/, ‘rouge’ /ru:ʒ/ and ‘beige’ /beɪʒ/. Most of the respondents
are fail to produce [ʒ] in initial and final position.
Initial position only gets 35% that is poor such as in the words ‘genre’ and
‘gigolo’. The result of medial position is 95%. It means the speakers are excellent
when they produce English consonant [ʒ] like in the words ‘measure’ and
‘leisure’. The final position’s percentage is 32,5% that means the accuracy of the
speakers are poor in the words ‘rouge’ and ‘beige’.
Table 16 Mispronounced Conosnant [ʒ]
Words English
Pronunciation
Javanese
Pronunciation
Percentage
(%) of
Correct
Pronunciation
Total Score
genre ʒɑ:nrə ɡenre 35
54,17 gigolo ʒɪgələʊ ɡɪɡolo
measure mi:ʒə mi:sə 95
leisure leɪʒə leɪsə
rouge ru:ʒ ru: ɡ 32,5
beige beɪʒ beɪɡ
The table is clear to prove that the respondents are excellent to produce
English consonant [ʒ] in medial position rather than initial and final position. It
was shown by the accuracy which is higest from other consonants. In inital
position, the distribution always occurs before vowel, and it is changed to [ɡ].
Then, in medial position, some of speakers change [ʒ] into [s]. It occurs only in
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medial position between the vowels. They apply as spelling pronunciation. Thus,
the final position there is only distribution of [ʒ] and [ɡ] after the vowel.
From the table above, it can be seen that the respondents pronounce these words
similar with their spelling in all position. It is not valid to apply contrasting
method to find out the distribution process.
4. Palatal Affricate
a. English Consonant [tʃ]
Consonant [tʃ] is able to be articulated by the speakers. The total accuracy of [tʃ]
is 71,6% that means good. The words which are used as the indicator are ‘choice’
/tʃɔɪs/, ‘church’ / tʃɜ:tʃ/, ‘capture’ /kæptʃə/, ‘mature’ /mətʃʊə(r)/, ‘crunch’ /krʌntʃ/,
and ‘march’ /mɑ:tʃ/.
The result for initial position is 37,5% that means the speakers are poor
while producing this consonant such in the words ‘choice’ and ‘church’. The
medial position gets score bigger than initial. The score is 87,5% means that the
accuracy of the respondents are very good at the medial position in the words like
‘capture’ and ‘mature’. The total score of final position is 90% means that the
accuracy of the respondents are excellent at final position in the words like
‘crunch’ and ‘march’.
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Table 17 Mispronunciation of [tʃ]
Words English
Pronunciation
Javanese
Pronunciation
Percentage
(%) of
Correct
Pronunciation
Total Score
choice [tʃɔɪs] [ʧɔɪs] 37,5
71,6% church [tʃɜ:tʃ] [ʧɜ:ch]
capture [kæptʃə] [kæpchər] 87,5
mature [mətʃʊə(r)] [məchʊər]
crunch [krʌntʃ] [krʌn ch] 90
march [mɑ:tʃ] [mɑ:ch]
From the table above, it can be seen that the most of respondents are
unable to produce consonant [tʃ] at initial position rather than another position.
They articulated [tʃ] as Javanese consonant [ʧ] because of the initial alphabet of
the word. In fact, most of them pronounce it as [ʧ] with ommiting consonant [h].
On the other hand, the respondents are very good in producing [tʃ] at medial
position. The distribution is between vowels. While in final position they are
excellent.
Javanese respondents pronounce the words as their spelling with
ommitting the second cnsonant at the innitial position. In medial and final
position, they change palatal affricate [tʃ] into medio-palatal stop [ʧ] followed by
glotal fricative consonant [h] because there is no voiceless palatal affricate [tʃ] in
Javanese consonants inventories.
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18 Features contrast of [tʃ] and [ʧ]
[tʃ] [ʧ]
+ obstruent + obstruent
- continuant - continuant
- anterior - anterior
+ delayed release + delayed release
+ coronal - coronal
+ strident + strident
- voiced - voiced
Consonant [tʃ] and [ʧ] are same almost in every inventor. But, they are
only different in coronal. On the other side, they share the same features of
obstruent, anterior, delayed release and voiced. Eventhogh they have many
similarities, the production sound of [tʃ] and aspirated [ʧ] are different.
b. English Consonant [dʒ]
Then, the next consonant is [dʒ]. The research result shows that the
respondents are able to produce English consonant [dʒ] as shown by the result is
55,8%. It means the accuracy of the speakers are above average. The words that is
used as the indicator are ‘jealous’ /dʒeləs/, ‘join’ /dʒɔɪn/, ‘soldier’ /səʊdʒɪə/,
‘subject’ /sʌbdʒekt/, ‘bridge’ /brɪdʒ/, and ‘page’ /peɪdʒ/. Some of the respondents
mispronounce it with [j] at all position. In a certain case, they replace it with either
[ɖ] or [g] at the middle and final position.
The initial position of consonant [dʒ] gets score 47,5% which means the
accuracy is below average. It can be seen in the words like ‘jealous’ and ‘join’.
The medial position gets result 50%. It means the respondents are average while
producing this consonant as appears in the words ‘soldier’ and ‘subject’. The final
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position gets total percentage 70% that means the speakers are good in pronuncing
[dʒ] as shown in the words like ‘bridge’ and ‘page’.
Table 19 Mispronounciation of [dʒ], [j], and [d]
Words English
Pronunciation
Javanese
Pronunciation
Percentage
(%) of Correct
Pronunciation
Total Score
jealous /dʒeləs/ /jeləs/ 47,5
55,8% join /dʒɔɪn/ /jɔɪn/
soldier /səʊdʒɪə/ /səʊɖɪr/ 50
subject /sʌbdʒekt/ /sʌbjekt/
bridge /brɪdʒ/ /brɪɖ/ 70
page /peɪdʒ/ /peɪg/
The table shows that Javanese respondents replace palatal voiced affricate
[dʒ] with [j] and [ɖ] sometimes. The distribution of consonant [j] is at all position
such in the words ‘jealous’, ‘join’, and ‘subject’. Otherwise, the other words
which do not have consonant spelling [j] but pronunce as [dʒ], apply the spelling
pronunciation like in the words ‘ soldier’, ‘bridge’, and ‘page’.
In a certain case, the respondents subtitute palatal voiced affricates [dʒ]
with palatal voiced stop [ɖ]. They produce it because they pronounce the words
that contains consonant [d] as [ɖ] shown in the words ‘soldier’ and ‘bridge’. In
other case, a few of Javanese speakers replace [dʒ] with velar voiced stop [g] in
the word ‘page’. The English phoneme [dʒ] sounds similar with Javanese
phoneme [ɖ]. See the table below:
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20 Features Contrast of Consonant [dʒ], [j], and [ɖ]
[dʒ] [j] [ɖ]
+ obstruent - obstruent + obstruent
- continuant + continuant - continuant
- anterior - anterior + anterior
+ delayed release + delayed release + delayed release
+ strident - strident - strident
+ voiced + voiced + voiced
+ coronal - coronal + coronal
From the table above, it shows that palatal voiced stop [ɖ] is sound similar
with palatal voiced affricate [dʒ]. They have similarities in some inventories
which are obstruent, continuant, delayed release, voiced, and coronal. Both
consonants have same place of articulation that is palatal. Besides, they get
differences in features anterior and strident. They are also diffirent manner of
articulation, which are [dʒ] is affricate and [ɖ] is stop.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
After doing the research, the Javanese respondents have advance
pronunciation of some English consonants that can be seen through the grade of
accuracy. Based on the result of contrastive analysis, there are seven (7) English
consonants which are listed to be pronunciation problem for the Javanese
speakers.
Javanese and English consonants have features similarities in consonants
such as bilabial voiceless stop [p], bilabial voiced stop [b], voiced stop [d], velar
voiced stop [g], bilabial voiced nasal [m], alveolar voiced nasal [n], velar voice
nasal [ŋ], voiced fricative [z], voiced glide [w], alveolar voiced liquid [l], alveolar
voiced [r], voiceless stop [t], velar voiceless stop [k], glottal voiceless stop [?],
labiodental voiceless fricatives [f], voiceless fricatives [s], and glottal fricatives
[h]. The speakers are able to produce those consonants. It is because of the
features similarities.
Both English and Javanese also have differences in certain consonants.
The absence of Javanese consonants in English inventories are labiodental voiced
fricatives [v], bilabial voiceless fricatives [θ], bilabial voiced fricatives [ð], palatal
voiceless fricatives [ʃ], palatal voiced fricatives [ʒ], palatal voiced affricates [ʤ],
and palatal voiceless affricates [ʧ]. These English consonants are difficult to be
pronounced by the Javanese students.
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Actually, the Javanese speakers are very good at pronouncing English
consonants [ʃ] (75,8%) and [ʧ] (71,6%), above average in pronouncing [θ]
(63,3%), and average in pronouncing [ʤ] (55,8%) and [ʒ] (54,1%). The two
consonants are scored under 50%. There are [v] (46,6%) and [ð] (30%).
The accuracy of English labiodental voiced fricative [v] pronunciation
reached 46,6% in which 37,5% in initial position, 62,5% in medial position, and
40% in final position. It means that the accuracy of Javanese respondents’
pronunciation is below average. It caused devoicing mispronunciation. It happens
when voiced consonant becomes voiceless consonant. Noticed that the speakers
have Indonesian language as their national language and also learn Indonesian
language in school since elementery school. The examples of devoicing
pronunciation appear in English consonant [v] in the word ‘vacation’ /vəkeɪʃn/
which is articulated as /fəkeʃn/. The solution to prevent the devoicing
mispronunciation is exercising to vibrate the vocal cords when articulates the
voiced consonant [v]. It is to differ with voiceless [f]. Most of the Javanese
speakers change it into Javanese labiodental voiceless fricative [f] as the language
interference.
The accuarcy of English interdental voiceless fricative [θ] pronunciation
reached 63,3% in which 67,5% in initial position, 45% in medial position, and
77,5% in final position. The grade of pronunciation accuracy is above average.
Some of the Javanese speakers replace it with Javanese palatal voiceless stop [ʈ]
as the language interference.
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The accuracy of English interdental voiced fricative [ð] pronunciation
reached 30% in which 22,5% in initial position, 17,5% in medial position, and
50% in final position. The grade of pronunciation accuracy is poor. Many of the
respondents replaced [ð] with Javanese inventory apiko-dental voiced stop [ɖ] as
the language interference.
The accuracy of English palatal voiceless fricative [ʃ] pronunciation
reached 75,8% in which 80% in initial position, 85% in medial position, and
62,5% in final position. It means the Javanese respondents accuracy is good. Most
of Javanese speakers replace it with Javanese lamino-alveolar voiceless fricative
[s] as the language interference.
The accuracy of English palatal voiced fricative [ʒ] pronunciation reached
54,1% in which 35% in initial position, 95% in medial position, and 32,5% in
final position. It means the Javanese respondents accuracy is average. Most of
Javanese speakers replace it with Javanese velar voiced stop [ɡ] as the language
interference.
Most of the Javanese respondents are the spelling. It is because of the
language interference of mother tongue. There are some examples of the spelling
mispronunciation. Two of them are ‘genre’ /ʒɑ:nrə/ and ‘gigolo’ /ʒɪɡələʊ/. The
both are produced as /ɡiɡolo/ and /ɡenre/. The best ways to prevent are checking
the pronunciation of the words in the dictionariy like Oxford Dictionary or
Merriam Webster Dictionary and after that exercising the words use the correct
pronunciation.
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The accuracy of English palatal voiceless africate [tʃ] pronunciation
reached 71,6% in which 37,5% in initial position, 87,5% in medial position, and
90% in final position. The grade of pronunciation accuracy is good. Many of the
respondents replaced [tʃ] with Javanese medio-palatal voiceless stop [ʧ] as the
language interference.
The accuracy of English palatal voiceld africate [dʒ] pronunciation
reached 55,8% in which 47,5% in initial position, 50% in medial position, and
70% in final position. The grade of pronunciation accuracy is average. Many of
the respondents replaced [dʒ] with Javanese medio-palatal voiced stop [j] as the
language interference.
The last summary is the mispronunciation of two consonants which are
close in place of articulation. It occurs between two close places of articulation
such as alveolar [θ] is pronounced as palatal [ʈ]; interdental [ð] is produced as
palatal [ɖ]; palatal [ʃ] is articulated as laminoalveolar [s]; palatal [ʧ] is pronounced
as mediopalatal [ʧ]; and palatal [ʤ] is produced as mediopalatal [j].
After the research done, it could be concluded that the description of
Javanese mispronunciation occurred when some English consonants are absent in
Javanese inventories. The respondents got difficulties to pronounce those English
consonants. As the result, almost all of them changed the English consonants into
Javanese consonants which have close inventories with English consonants.
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APPENDIX 1
Data Percentage of each position from English consonants
mispronunciation by the native speakers of Javanese shows at the table below:
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APPENDIX 2
The Data Indicator Words
Phoneme Initial Medial Final
[v] value /vælju:/ average /ævərɪdʒ/ remove /rɪmu:v/
vacation /vəkeɪʃn/ oval /əʊvl/ above /əbʌv/
[θ] thank /θæŋk/ birthday /bɜ:θdeɪ/ bath /bɑ:θ/
think /θɪŋk/ nothing /nʌθɪŋ/ breath /breθ/
[ð] these /ði:z/ brother /brʌðə(r)/ breathe /bri:ð/
them /ðem:/ father /fɑ:ðə(r)/ teethe /ti:ð/
[ʃ] shine /ʃaɪn/ fashion /fæʃn/ finish /fɪnɪʃ/
shore /ʃɔ:(r)/ precious /preʃəs/ flash /flæʃ/
[ʒ] genre /ʒɑ:nrə/ meisure /mi:ʒə/ rouge /ru:ʒ/
gigolo /ʒɪgələʊ/ leisure /leɪʒə/ beige /beɪʒ/
[tʃ] choice /tʃɔɪs/ capture /kæptʃə/ crunch /krʌntʃ/
church /tʃɜ:tʃ/ mature /mətʃʊə(r) march /mɑ:tʃ/
[dʒ] jealous /dʒeləs/ soldier /səʊdʒɪə/ bridge /brɪdʒ/
join /dʒɔɪn/ subject /sʌbdʒekt/ page /peɪdʒ/
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