What is Mineral ?• Mineral is a homogenous ,
naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure .• It is found in varied forms in
natural, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc .
Importance of minerals • They are indispensable part of
our lives.• Life processes can’t occur
without minerals.• The food we eat contains
minerals.• Cars , buses are manufactured
from minerals.
Classification of minerals
Metallic
Ferrous Non-ferrous Precious(contain iron) e.g. copper , e.g. gold
, e.g. iron ore , lead & tin.
platinum , manganese. & silver.
Non-metallic Energy minerals
e.g. mica , salt , Coal petroleum
Granite , limestone . Natural gas .
Occurrence of minerals(i)Igneous & metamorphic
rocks(ii) Sedimentary rocks(iii) Weathered rocks(iv) Alluvial deposits(v) Ocean water
Ferrous minerals(i) Iron ore – - Backbone of industrial development.- Magnetite is the finest ore & has 70%
iron.- Hematite ore has 50 -60 % iron content .- Limonite ore has 40 -60 % iron content .- Siderite ore has 40 -50 % iron content .
Production of iron ore showing state wise
share
(ii) Manganese –- Used in manufacturing of steel &
ferro -manganese alloy , bleaching powder , insectides & paints .
- 10 kg manganese required to manufactured 1 tone of steel .
- Largest producer – Orissa .
Production of manganese showing state wise share
Non – ferrous minerals(i) Copper –- Production of cu is critically deficient in India .- Cu is malleable , ductile & a good conductor . - Used in electrical cables & chemical
industries .- Malghat mines in MP produce 52% of copper .- Khetri mines in Rajasthan is also famous for
cu production .
(ii) Bauxite –- It is a clay like substance .- Bauxite deposits formed by
decomposition of rocks rich in aluminium silicates .
- Aluminium combines the strength of metals with extreme lightness & with good conductivity & malleability.
- Largest producer – Orissa (45%)
Production of copper & bauxite
Non-metallic minerals(i)Mica –- Made up of a series of plates or
leaves.-It can be clear, black ,green or brown.- Mica deposits r found in the northern
edge of Chota nagpur plateau.-Koderma Gaya – Hazaribagh belt of
Jharkhand is the leading producer.
Rock mineral- Limestone- Found in association with rocks
composed of calcium carbonates or calcium & magnesium carbonates.
- Found in sedimentary rocks.-Raw material for cement industry.- Essential for smelting iron ore in the
blast furnace.
Production of limestone
Conservation of minerals-Minerals can be conserved in by the
following measures:· Use of improved technologies to allow use of low grade minerals at low costs· Using substitutes· Use of scrap metals· Recycling of metals is good way in which the mineral resources can be conserved.-They can be used in a judicious manner
Energy resourcesUnderstanding energy resources
involves considering all types of energy source from various scientific and technological standpoints, with a focus on the uses, limitations and consequences of using energy that is available to humanity.
Conventional sources of energy(i) Coal –
- Used for power generation , to supply energy- to industry as well as for domestic needs .
- India is highly dependent on coal .- Formed due the compression of plant
material over million of years .- Lignite is a low grade brown coal , which is
soft with high moisture content .- Coal that has been buried deep & subjected
to increased temperaturesis bituminous coal .
- Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal .
(ii) Petroleum –- Major energy source in India after coal .- Provides fuel for heat , lighting &
manufacturing industries .- Also found in fault traps between porous
& non-porous rocks .- 63% of India’s petroleum production is
from Mumbai High .- Assam is the oldest oil producing state .
(iii) Electricity –- It is mainly generated by 2 ways-~ Hydro electricity is generated by
fast flowing water .~ Thermal electricity is generated
by using coal, petroleum & natural gas. There r 310 power plants in India.
Non – conventional sources of energy
(i) Nuclear & atomic energy- Obtained by altering the structure of atoms.- Uranium & thorium r used for generating
atomic or nuclear energy .(ii) Solar energy-Solar Energy is the energy received from the
sun that sustains life on earth-For many decades solar energy has been
considered as a huge source of energy and also an economical source of energy because it is freely available.
(iii) Wind power -Wind power is produced by using wind
generators to harness the kinetic energy of wind.
- It is gaining worldwide popularity as a large scale energy source .
(iv) Biogas- It is a mixture of methane and carbon
dioxide it is a renewable fuel produced from waste treatment.
- Biogas is best used directly for cooking/heating, light or even absorption refrigeration rather than the complication and energy waste of trying to make electricity from biogas.
Conservation of energy resources
- Choose energy efficient appliances when making new purchases.
- Do not leave appliances on standby.- Cover your pots while cooking.- Recycle your organic waste.- Reduce the number of miles you
drive by walking, biking, carpooling or taking mass transit wherever possible.
The End
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