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Dewan VS Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGG
MICROWAVE
&
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION LAB
EEC-751(B.Tech VII Semester)
LAB TECHNICIAN Manual prepared by
Ms. Mohini Sagar Mr. SANDEEP KMA!
Assis"an" pro#essor
Depar"$en" o# ECE
MW& OC LAB0
8/11/2019 Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Mnaual
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Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Meerut(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. !e" #e$h% & A%$%'ted to ..T..L*c+,o")Meerut By Pass Road, Partaur Meerut!"#$%$,'.P.
1. REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS
AIM: To s"udy "he $ode %hara%"eris"i%s o# "he re#le& 'lys"ron "ube and "o de"er$ine i"s
Ele%"roni% "uning range.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
(. Klys"ron po)er supply * +SKPS * ,(-
/. Klys"ron "ube /'0/1 )i"h 'lys"ron $oun" * +2M0/1(
3. Isola"or +2(0,/1
4. 5re6uen%y $e"er +2507(-
1. De"e%"or $oun" +2D041(
,. 8ariable A""enua"or +2A01/-
7. 9a:e guide s"and +20131
;. 8S9! $e"er +S90/(1
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7. Por"able $i%ro )a:e lin's.
1. Pu$p os%illa"or in para$e"ri% a$pli#ier
Voltage Ca!a"te!#$t#"$: =s%illa"ions %an be ob"ained only #or spe%i#i% %o$bina"ions o# anode
and repeller :ol"ages "ha" gi:es #arable "ransi" "i$e.
Po%e! O&t'&t Ca!a"te!#$t#"$> The $ode %ur:es and #re6uen%y %hara%"eris"i%s. The #re6uen%y
o# resonan%e o# "he %a:i"y de%ides "he #re6uen%y o# os%illa"ion. A :aria"ion in repeller :ol"ages
sligh"ly %hanges "he #re6uen%y.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE>
CA!!IE! 9A8E =PE!ATI=N>
(. Conne%" "he e6uip$en"s and %o$ponen"s as sho)n in "he #igure.
/. Se" "he :ariable a""enua"or a" $a&i$u$ Posi"ion.
3. Se" "he M=D s)i"%h o# Klys"ron Po)er Supply a" C9 posi"ion@ bea$ :ol"age %on"rol 'nob "o
#ully an"i %lo%' )ise and repeller :ol"age %on"rol 'nob "o #ully %lo%' )ise and $e"er s)i"%h "o
=55 posi"ion.
4. !o"a"e "he Knob o# #re6uen%y $e"er a" one side #ully.
1. Conne%" "he DC $i%roa$pere $e"er a" de"e%"or.
,. S)i"%h =N "he Klys"ron po)er supply@ C!= and %ooling #an #or "he Klys"ron "ube..7. Pu" "he $e"er s)i"%h "o bea$ :ol"age posi"ion and ro"a"e "he bea$ :ol"age 'nob %lo%')ise
slo)ly up "o 3-- 8ol"s and obser:e "he bea$ %urren" on "he $e"er by %hanging $e"er s)i"%h
"o bea$ %urren" posi"ion. The bea$ %urren" should no" in%rease $ore "han 3- $A.
;. Change "he repeller :ol"age slo)ly and )a"%h "he %urren" $e"er@ se" "he $a&i$u$ :ol"age on
C!=.
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3. Se" "he range s)i"%h o# 8S9! $e"er a" 4- db posi"ion@ inpu" sele%"or s)i"%h "o %rys"al
i$pedan%e posi"ion@ $e"er s)i"%h "o narro) posi"ion.
4. Se" Mod0sele%"or s)i"%h "o AM0M=D posi"ion .bea$ :ol"age %on"rol 'nob "o #ully an"i
%lo%')ise posi"ion.
1. S)i"%h =N "he 'lys"ron po)er Supply@ 8S9! $e"er@ C!= and %ooling #an.
,. S)i"%h =N "he bea$ :ol"age. S)i"%h and ro"a"e "he bea$ :ol"age 'nob %lo%')ise up "o
3--8 in $e"er.
7. Keep "he AM * M=D a$pli"ude 'nob and AM * 5!EF 'nob a" "he $id posi"ion.
;. !o"a"e "he re#le%"or :ol"age 'nob "o ge" de#le%"ion in 8S9! $e"er or s6uare )a:e on C!=.
(. Se" up "he %o$ponen"s and e6uip$en"s as sho)n in 5ig.
/. Keep posi"ion o# :ariable a""enua"or a" $in a""enua"ion posi"ion.
3. Se" $ode sele%"or s)i"%h "o 5M0M=D posi"ion 5M a$pli"ude and 5M #re6uen%y 'nob a" $id
posi"ion 'eep bea$ :ol"age 'nob "o #ully an"i %lo%' )ise and re#le%"or :ol"age 'nob "o #ully
%lo%')ise posi"ion and bea$ s)i"%h "o =55 posi"ion.
4. Keep "he "i$eGdi:ision s%ale o# os%illos%ope around (-- H #re6uen%y $easure$en" and
:ol"Gdi:. "o lo)er s%ale.
1. S)i"%h =N "he 'lys"ron po)er supply and os%illos%ope.
,. Change "he $e"er s)i"%h o# 'lys"ron po)er supply "o Bea$ :ol"age posi"ion and se" bea$
:ol"age "o 3--8 by bea$ :ol"age %on"rol 'nob.
7. Keep a$pli"ude 'nob o# 5M $odula"or "o $a&. Posi"ion and ro"a"e "he re#le%"or :ol"age an"i
%lo%' )ise "o ge" "he $odes as sho)n in #igure on "he os%illos%ope. The horion"al a&is
represen"s re#le%"or :ol"age a&is and :er"i%al represen"s oGp po)er.
;. By %hanging "he re#le%"or :ol"age and a$pli"ude o# 5M $odula"ion in any $ode o# 'lys"ron
"ube %an be seen on os%illos%ope.
MW& OC LAB/
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=BSE!8ATI=N TA(LE>
Bea$ 8ol"age >8 JCons"an"
Bea$ Curren" >.$A
!epeller
8ol"age J8
Curren"
J$A
Po)er
J$9
Dip
5re6uen%y
JH
E2PECTED !APH>
!ESLT>
MW& OC LAB7
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Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Meerut(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. !e" #e$h% & A%$%'ted to ..T..L*c+,o")Meerut By Pass Road, Partaur Meerut!"#$%$,'.P.
). MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY AND *AVELEN+TH
AIM:To de"er$ine "he #re6uen%y and )a:eleng"h in a re%"angular )a:e guide )or'ing in TE(-
$ode.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
(. Klys"ron "ube/. Klys"ron po)er supply 1'ps * ,(-
3. Klys"ron $oun" 2M0/1(
4. Isola"or 2I0,/(
1. 5re6uen%y $e"er 2507(-
,. 8ariable a""enua"or 2A01/-
7. Slo""ed se%"ion 2S0,1(
;. Tunable probe 2P0,11
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THEORY:
The %u"0o## #re6uen%y rela"ionship sho)s "ha" "he physi%al sie o# "he )a:e guide )ill de"er$ine
"he propaga"ion o# "he par"i%ular $odes o# spe%i#i% orders de"er$ined by :alues o# $ and n. The
$ini$u$ %u"0o## #re6uen%y is ob"ained #or a re%"angular )a:e guide ha:ing di$ension ab@ #or
:alues o# $(@ n-@ i.e. TE(-$ode is "he do$inan" $ode sin%e #or TM$n $odes@ nO- or nO- "he
lo)es"0order $ode possible is TE(-@ %alled "he do$inan" $ode in a re%"angular )a:e guide #or
ab.
5or do$inan" TE(- $ode re%"angular )a:e guide o@ g and % are rela"ed as belo).
(GoQ (GgQ R (G%Q
9here o is #ree spa%e )a:e leng"h
g is guide )a:e leng"h
% is %u" o## )a:e leng"h
5or TE(-$ode % * /a )here a is broad di$ension o# )a:e guide.
PROCEDURE:
(. Se" up "he %o$ponen"s and e6uip$en"s as sho)n in #igure.
/. Se" up :ariable a""enua"or a" $ini$u$ a""enua"ion posi"ion.
3. Keep "he %on"rol 'nobs o# 'lys"ron po)er supply as belo)>
Bea$ :ol"age * =55
Mod0s)i"%h * AM
Bea$ :ol"age 'nob * 5ully an"i %lo%' )ise
!epeller :ol"age * 5ully %lo%' )ise
AM * A$pli"ude 'nob * Around #ully %lo%' )ise
AM * 5re6uen%y 'nob * Around $id posi"ion
4. S)i"%h =N "he 'lys"ron po)er supply@ C!= and %ooling #an s)i"%h.
1. S)i"%h =N "he bea$ :ol"age s)i"%h and se" bea$ :ol"age a" 3--8 )i"h help o# bea$
:ol"age 'nob.
,. Adus" "he repeller :ol"age "o ge" "he $a&i$u$ a$pli"ude in C!=
7. Ma&i$ie "he a$pli"ude )i"h AM a$pli"ude and #re6uen%y %on"rol 'nob o# po)er supply.
;. Tune "he plunger o# 'lys"ron $oun" #or $a&i$u$ A$pli"ude.
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(/. Mo:e "he probe along )i"h slo""ed line. The a$pli"ude in C!= )ill :ary .No"e and re%ord
"he probe posi"ion @ Le" i" be d(.
(3. Mo:e "he probe "o ne&" $ini$u$ posi"ion and re%ord "he probe posi"ion again@ Le" i" be d/.
(4. Cal%ula"e "he guide )a:e leng"h as ")i%e "he dis"an%e be")een ")o su%%essi:e $ini$u$
posi"ion ob"ained as abo:e.
(1. Measure "he )a:e guide inner board di$ension a )hi%h )ill be around //.;,$$ #or
&0band.
(,. Cal%ula"e "he #re6uen%y by #ollo)ing e6ua"ion.
+==
//
((
cg
cf
9here C 3&(-;
$e"erGse%. i.e. :elo%i"y o# ligh".(7. 8eri#y )i"h #re6uen%y ob"ained by #re6uen%y $odes
(;. Abo:e e&peri$en" %an be :eri#ied a" di##eren" #re6uen%ies.
#o CGo C 3&(-;$Gs Ji.e.@ :elo%i"y o# ligh"
(GoQ (GgQ R (G%Q
//-
cg
cg
+=
g /& d5or TE(-$ode % /a
a)a:e guide inner broad di$ension
a /./;,%$ Jgi:en in $anual
% 4.,%$
MW& OC LAB9
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O(SERVATION TA(LE:
Bea$
:ol"ageJ:K
Bea$
%urren"J$AK
!epeller:ol"ag
eJ:K
#oJusing#re6$e"erK
JLHK
d(
J%$
d/
J%$
d3
J%$
d4
J%$
d(
d/0d(
J%$
d/
d30d/
J%$
Td3N
d40d3
TdNJTd(RTd/RTd3KG3
PgN/&Td
PoJ%$K
#oJHK
RESULT:
MW& OC LAB:
8/11/2019 Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Mnaual
10/30
Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Meerut(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. !e" #e$h% & A%$%'ted to ..T..L*c+,o")Meerut By Pass Road, Partaur Meerut!"#$%$,'.P.
,. CHARACTERISTICS OF LED
AIM:
(. To s"udy "he rela"ion ship be")een "he LED #or)ard %urren" and "he LED op"i%al po)er ou"pu".
/. To de"er$ine "he lineari"y o# "he de:i%e a" ,,-n$ and ;1-n$.
3. To de"er$ine %on:ersion e##i%ien%y o# "he ")o LEDs
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
(. Analog 5iber op"i% "rainers JT& and !&
/. 5iber op"i% lin's o# ($ and 1$ leng"h.
3. Ca"hode !ay =s%illos%ope
4. Digi"al $ul"i0$e"er.
CIRCUIT DIA+RAM
MW& OC LAB;
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THEORY:
LEDs and laser diodes "he %o$$only used sour%es in op"i%al %o$$uni%a"ion sys"e$s@
)he"her "he sys"e$ "rans$i"s digi"al or analog signals. In "he %ase o# analog "rans$ission@ dire%"
in"ensi"y $odula"ion o# "he op"i%al sour%e is possible@ pro:ided "he op"i%al ou"pu" #ro$ "he sour%e
%an be :aried linearly as a #un%"ion o# "he $odula"ing ele%"ri%al signal a$pli"ude. LEDs ha:e a
linear op"i%al ou"pu" )i"h rela"ion "o "he #or)ard %urren" o:er a %er"ain region o# opera"ion. I" $ay
be $en"ioned "ha" in $any lo)0%os" and s$all band0)id"h appli%a"ions LEDs a" ,,-n$ and
;1-n$ are popular. 9hile dire%" in"ensi"y $odula"ion is si$ple "o realie@ higher per#or$an%e is
a%hie:ed by 5M $odula"ion is si$ple "o realie@ higher per#or$an%e is a%hie:ed by 5M
$odula"ing "he base band signal prior "o in"ensi"y $odula"ion.
5= pin has a ,,U higher sensi"i:i"y a" ;1-n$ as %o$pared "o ,,-n$ #or "he sa$e inpu"
op"i%al po)er .This %orresponds "o a sensi"i:i"y higher by /./ dB. No"e "ha" "o %alibra"e "he
po)er $e"er a" ;1-n$@dedu%" /./dB #ro$ "he $easured reading. In %o$pu"ing losses in %ables
and #ibers "his ge"s eli$ina"ed )hile sol:ing "he e6ua"ions.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
(.Conne%" %ir%ui" as sho)n in diagra$. Conne%" one end o# %able ( J($ "o "he 5= LED (
J,,-n$ por" and o"her end "o "he 5= pin por"Jpo)er supply.
/. S)i"%h =N "he po)er supply.
3. Adus" "he po"en"io$e"er P-@ So "ha" "he po)er $e"er reads 0(1.- dB$.
4. Conne%" "he digi"al Mul"i0$e"er a" 8-( "er$inal pro:ided a" 5- LED ( and $easure :ol"age 8-(
I#( 8-(G!( in $A
9here I#( ,,-n$ LED #or)ard %urren".
!(In"ernal !esis"an%e J(-- =h$s
1. Adus" "he Po"en"io$e"er P= "o "he e&"re$e an"i0%lo%' )ise posi"ion "o redu%e I#("o -.
,. Slo)ly "urn "he po"en"io$e"er P- %lo%')ise "o in%rease I#(. The po)er $e"er should read 03-.-
dB appro&i$a"ely. 5ro$ here :ary "he po" P- in sui"able s"eps and no"e "he 8 -( and no"e "he
po)er $e"er readings@ P-re%ord up "o "he e&"re$e %lo%')ise posi"ion and no"e do)n "he :alues
in "able.
7. S)i"%h =55 "he po)er supply.
;. !epea" "he %o$ple"e e&peri$en" #or 5= LED/ and "abula"e "he readings in "able .#or 8-/V P-.
I#/ 8-/G!/ in $A.
JApply "he %ondi"ion o# /./dB dis%ussed in E&peri$en" #or "he ;1-n$ LED
9here I#/;1-n$ LED #or)ard %urren".
!/In"ernal resis"an%e J(-- =h$s.
MW& OC LAB-0
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O(SERVATION TA(LE:
Fo! --/0:
S.N= 8=(J$8
I#( 8-(G(--
J$A
P-JdB$
Fo! 2/0:
S.N= 8=/
J$8
I#/8-/G(--
J$A
P-
JdB$
PRECAUTIONS:
(. A:oid loose %onne%"ions.
/. A:oid Paralla& errors.
RESULT:
MW& OC LAB--
8/11/2019 Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Mnaual
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Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Meerut(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. !e" #e$h% & A%$%'ted to ..T..L*c+,o")Meerut By Pass Road, Partaur Meerut!"#$%$,'.P.
3. MEASUREMENT OF NUMERICAL APERTURE
AIM: To de"er$ine "he Nu$eri%al Aper"ure o# "he op"i%al #ibres a:ailable.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
(. Laser Diode Design Module MTS5=L T2 ni" (.no.
/. Laser Diode Design Module MTS5=L !2 ni" (.no3. T)o $e"er PMMA Plas"i% 5iber Pa"%h %ord J%able (.
4. T)o $e"er IGMM lass 5iber Pa"%h %ord. JCable /.
1. In0Line SMA Adap"or.
,. Nu$eri%al Aper"ure $easure$en" ig.
7. Mandrel.
(LOCK DIA+RAM:
THEORY:
Nu$eri%al aper"ure re#ers "o "he $a&i$u$ angle a" )hi%h "he ligh" in%iden" on "he #iber
end is "o"ally in"ernally re#le%"ed and is "rans$i""ed properly along "he #iber. The %one #or$ed by
"he ro"a"ion o# "his angle along "he a&is o# "he #iber is "he %one o# a%%ep"an%e o# "he #iber. The
ligh" ray should s"ri'e "he #iber end )i"hin i"s %one o# a%%ep"an%e else i" is re#ra%"ed ou" o# "he
#iber.
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PROCEDURE:
(. Conne%" one end o# "he PMMA 5= %able "o Po o# MTS5=L T2 ni" and "he o"her end "o
"he NA Wig@ as sho)n.
/. Plug "he AC $ains. Ligh" should appear a" "he end o# "he #iber on "he NA Wig . Turn "he
Se" Po 'nob %lo%')ise "o se" "o $a&i$u$ Po. The ligh" in"ensi"y should in%rease.
3. Hold "he )hi"e s%ale *s%reen@ pro:ided in "he 'i" :er"i%ally a" a dis"an%e o# (1$$ JL
#ro$ "he e$i""ing #iber end and :ie) "he red spo" ion "he s%reen. A dar' roo$ )ill
#a%ili"a"e good %on"ras". Posi"ion "he s%reen0%u$0s%ale "o $easure "he dia$e"er J9 o# "he
spo". Choose "he larges" dia$e"er.
Co$pu"e NA #ro$ "he #or$ula NA sin X$a& 9 G J4L/R9/(G/.Tabula"e "he reading and
repea" "he e&peri$en" #or (-$$@ /-$$ V /1$$ dis"an%e.
4. In %ase "he #iber is under #illed@ "he in"ensi"y )i"hin "he spo" $ay no" be e:enly
dis"ribu"ed. To ensure e:en dis"ribu"ion o# ligh" in "he #iber@ #irs"
!e$o:e ")is"s on "he #iber and "hen )ind 1"urns o# "he #iber on "o "he $andrel as sho)n.
se an adhesi:e "ape "o hold "he )indings in posi"ion. No) :ie) "he spo". The in"ensi"y
)ill be $ore e:enly dis"ribu"ed )i"hin "he %ore.
=BSE!8ATI=N TABLE>
S.N=L
J$$
9
J$$NA
X
Jdegrees
RESULT:
MW& OC LAB-/
http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/ckt.bmphttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/ckt.bmphttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/ckt.bmp8/11/2019 Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Mnaual
15/30
Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Meerut(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. !e" #e$h% & A%$%'ted to ..T..L*c+,o")Meerut By Pass Road, Partaur Meerut!"#$%$,'.P.
2. DIRECTIONAL COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS
AIM: To s"udy "he #un%"ion o# $ul"i0hole dire%"ional %oupler by $easuring "he #ollo)ing
para$e"ers.
-. The Coupling #a%"or@ Inser"ion Loss and Dire%"i:i"y o# "he Dire%"ional %oupler
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
(. Mi%ro)a:e Sour%e JKlys"ron or unn0Diode
/. Isola"or@ 5re6uen%y Me"er
3. 8ariable A""enua"or
4. Slo""ed Line
1. Tunable Probe
,. De"e%"or Moun" Ma"%hed Ter$ina"ion
7. MHD Coupler
;. 9a:eguide S"and
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THEORY:
A dire%"ional %oupler is a de:i%e )i"h )hi%h i" is possible "o $easure "he in%iden" and
re#le%"ed )a:e separa"ely. I" %onsis" o# ")o "rans$ission lines "he $ain ar$ and au&iliary ar$@
ele%"ro$agne"i%ally %oupled "o ea%h o"her !e#er "o "he 5ig.(. The po)er en"ering@ in "he $ain0
ar$ ge"s di:ided be")een por" / and 3@ and al$os" no po)er %o$es ou" in por" J4 Po)er
en"ering a" por" / is di:ided be")een por" ( and 4.
The %oupling #a%"or is de#ined as
Coupling Jdb (- log(- YP(GP3Z )here por" / is "er$ina"ed@ Isola"ion JdB (- log (- YP/GP3Z
)here P( is $a"%hed.
9i"h buil"0in "er$ina"ion and po)er en"ering a" Por" (@ "he dire%"i:i"y o# "he %oupler is a
$easure o# separa"ion be")een in%iden" )a:e and "he re#le%"ed )a:e. Dire%"i:i"y is $easured
indire%"ly as #ollo)s>
Hen%e Dire%"i:i"y D Jdb I0C (- log(-YP/GP(Z
Main line 8S9! is S9! $easured@ loo'ing in"o "he $ain0line inpu" "er$inal )hen "he
$a"%hed loads are pla%ed a" all o"her por"s.
Au&iliary li:e 8S9! is S9! $easured in "he au&iliary line loo'ing in"o "he ou"pu" "er$inal
)hen "he $a"%hed loads are pla%ed on o"her "er$inals.
Main line inser"ion loss is "he a""enua"ion in"rodu%ed in "he "rans$ission line by inser"ion o#
%oupler@ i" is de#ined as>
Inser"ion Loss JdB (- log(-YP(GP/Z
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
(. Se" up "he e6uip$en"s as sho)n in "he 5igure.
/. Energie "he $i%ro)a:e sour%e #or par"i%ular opera"ion o# #re6uen%y .
3. !e$o:e "he $ul"i hole dire%"ional %oupler and %onne%" "he de"e%"or $oun" "o "he slo""ed
se%"ion.
4. Se" $a&i$u$ a$pli"ude in C!= )i"h "he help o# :ariable a""enua"or@ Le" i" be 2.
1. Inser" "he dire%"ional %oupler be")een "he slo""ed line and de"e%"or $oun". Keeping por" ( "o
slo""ed line@ de"e%"or $oun" "o "he au&iliary por" 3 and $a"%hed "er$ina"ion "o por" / )i"hou"
%hanging "he posi"ion o# :ariable a""enua"or.
,. No"e do)n "he a$pli"ude using C!=@ Le" i" be [.
7. Cal%ula"e "he Coupling #a%"or 20[ in dB.
;. No) %are#ully dis%onne%" "he de"e%"or $oun" #ro$ "he au&iliary por" 3 and $a"%hed
"er$ina"ion #ro$ por" / @ )i"hou" dis"urbing "he se"up.
MW& OC LAB-4
8/11/2019 Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Mnaual
17/30
8/11/2019 Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Mnaual
18/30
Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Meerut(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. !e" #e$h% & A%$%'ted to ..T..L*c+,o")Meerut By Pass Road, Partaur Meerut!"#$%$,'.P.
-. SCATTERIN+ PARAMETERS OF MA+IC TEE
AIM: To S"udy "he opera"ion o# Magi% Tee and %al%ula"e Coupling Co0e##i%ien" and Isola"ion.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
(. Mi%ro)a:e sour%e > Klys"ron "ube J/'/1
/. Isola"or J2I0,/(
3. 5re6uen%y $e"er J2507(-
4. 8ariable A""enua"or J2A01/-
1. Slo""ed line JS20,1(
,. Tunable probe J2P0,11
7. De"e%"or Moun" J2D041(
;. Ma"%hed Ter$ina"ion J2L04--
8/11/2019 Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Mnaual
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5ig> Magi% Tee
THEORY:
The de:i%e Magi% Tee is a %o$bina"ion o# E and H plane Tee. Ar$ 3 is "he H0ar$ and ar$ 4 is
"he E0ar$. I# "he po)er is #ed@ in"o ar$ 3 JH0ar$ "he ele%"ri% #ield di:ides e6ually be")een
ar$( and / )i"h "he sa$e phase and no ele%"ri% #ield e&is"s in "he ar$ 4. I# po)er is #ed in ar$ 4
JE0ar$ i" di:ides e6ually in"o ar$ ( and / bu" ou" o# phase )i"h no po)er "o ar$ 3@ #ur"her@ i#
"he po)er is #ed in ar$ ( and / si$ul"aneously i" is added in ar$ 3 JH0ar$ and i" is sub"ra%"ed in
E0ar$ i.e.@ ar$ 4.
A. Isola"ion>
The Isola"ion be")een E and H ar$ is de#ined as "he ra"io o# "he po)er supplied by "he
genera"or %onne%"ed "o "he E0ar$ Jpor" 4 "o "he po)er de"e%"ed a" H0ar$ Jpor" 3 )hen side ar$
( and / "er$ina"ed in $a"%hed load.
Isola"ion JdB (- log(-YP4GP3Z
Si$ilarly@ Isola"ion be")een o"her por"s $ay be de#ined.
B. Coupling 5a%"or>
I" is de#ined as Ci (- * G/-
9here is a""enua"ion G isola"ion in dB )hen i\ is inpu" ar$ and is ou"pu" ar$.
Thus@ (- log(-YP4GP3Z
9here P3 is "he po)er deli:ered "o ar$ i and P4 is po)er de"e%"ed a" ar$.
MW& OC LAB-:
8/11/2019 Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Mnaual
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
(. Se"up "he %o$ponen"s and e6uip$en"s as sho)n in #igure.
/. Energie "he $i%ro)a:e sour%e #or par"i%ular #re6uen%y o# opera"ion and "une "he de"e%"or
$oun" #or $a&i$u$ ou"pu".
3. 9i"h "he help o# :ariable #re6uen%y o# opera"ion and "une "he de"e%"or $oun" #or $a&i$u$
ou"pu" a""enua"or@ se" any re#eren%e in "he C!= le" i" be 83.
4. 9i"hou" dis"urbing "he posi"ion o# "he :ariable a""enua"or@ %are#ully pla%e "he Magi% Tee a#"er
"he slo""ed line@ 'eeping H0ar$ "o slo""ed line@ de"e%"or $oun" "o E0ar$ and $a"%hed
"er$ina"ion "o Por"0( and Por"0/.
1. No"e do)n "he a$pli"ude using C!=@ Le" i" be 84.
,. De"er$ine "he Isola"ion be")een Por"03 and Por"04 as 83084.
7. De"er$ine "he %oupling %o0e##i%ien" #ro$ "he e6ua"ion gi:en in "heory par".
;. The sa$e e&peri$en" $ay be repea"ed #or o"her Por"s also.
O(SERVATIONS:
Por"s Po)er
J9
Cal"&lat#o/$:
Coupling Co0e##i%ien">
] (- logVj
Vi
There#ore C (-4 ] G/-
RESULT:
MW& OC LAB-;
8/11/2019 Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Mnaual
21/30
Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Meerut(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. !e" #e$h% & A%$%'ted to ..T..L*c+,o")Meerut By Pass Road, Partaur Meerut!"#$%$,'.P.
5. SCATTE!IN PA!AMETE!S =5 CI!CLAT=!
AIM: To s"udy "he Isola"or and %ir%ula"ors and $easure "he Inser"ion Loss and Isola"ion o#
Cir%ula"or
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
(. Mi%ro)a:e Sour%e JKlys"ron or unn0Diode
/. Isola"or@ 5re6uen%y Me"er
3. 8ariable A""enua"or
4. Slo""ed Line
1. Tunable Probe
,. De"e%"or Moun" Ma"%hed Ter$ina"ion
7. Cir%ula"or
;. 9a:eguide S"and
8/11/2019 Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Mnaual
22/30
ISOLATOR:
An Isola"or is a ")o0por" de:i%e "ha" "rans#ers energy #ro$ inpu" "o ou"pu" )i"h li""le a""enua"ion
and #ro$ ou"pu" "o inpu" )i"h :ery high a""enua"ion.
The isola"or@ sho)n in 5ig. %an be deri:ed #ro$ a "hree0por" %ir%ula"or by si$ply pla%ing a
$a"%hed load Jre#le%"ion less "er$ina"ion on one por".
The i$por"an" %ir%ula"or and isola"or para$e"ers are>
A. Inser"ion Loss
Inser"ion Loss is "he ra"io o# po)er de"e%"ed a" "he ou"pu" por" "o "he po)er supplied by sour%e "o
"he inpu" por"@ $easured )i"h o"her or"s "er$ina"ed in "he $a"%hed Load. I" is e&pressed in dB.
B. Isola"ion
Isola"ion is "he ra"io o# po)er applied "o "he ou"pu" "o "ha" $easured a" "he inpu". This ra"io is
e&pressed in db. The isola"ion o# a %ir%ula"or is $easured )i"h "he "hird por" "er$ina"ed in a
$a"%hed load.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Mea$&!e0e/t o6 #/$e!t#o/
(. !e$o:e "he isola"or or %ir%ula"or #ro$ slo""ed line and %onne%" "he de"e%"or $oun" "o "he
slo""ed se%"ion. The ou"pu" o# "he de"e%"or $oun" should be %onne%"ed )i"h C!=.
/. Energie "he $i%ro)a:e sour%e #or $a&i$u$ ou"pu" #or a par"i%ular #re6uen%y o# opera"ion.
Tune "he de"e%"or $oun" #or $a&i$u$ ou"pu" in "he C!=.
3. Se" any re#eren%e le:el o# ou"pu" in C!= )i"h "he help o# :ariable a""enua"or@ Le" i" be 8(.
4. Care#ully re$o:e "he de"e%"or $oun" #ro$ slo""ed line )i"hou" dis"urbing "he posi"ion o# "he
se" up. Inser" "he isola"orG%ir%ula"or be")een slo""ed line and de"e%"or $oun". Keep inpu" por"
"o slo""ed line and de"e%"or i"s ou"pu" por". A $a"%hed "er$ina"ion should be pla%ed a" "hird
por" in %ase o# Cir%ula"or.
1. !e%ord "he ou"pu" in C!=@ Le" i" be 8/.
MW& OC LAB-
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,. Co$pu"e Inser"ion loss gi:en as 8(08/in db.
Mea$&!e0e/t o6 I$olat#o/:
7. 5or $easure$en" o# isola"ion@ "he isola"or or %ir%ula"or has "o be %onne%"ed in re:erse i.e.
ou"pu" por" "o slo""ed line and de"e%"or "o inpu" por" )i"h o"her por" "er$ina"ed by $a"%hed
"er$ina"ion J#or %ir%ula"or.
;. !e%ord "he ou"pu" o# C!= and le" i" be 83.
8/11/2019 Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Mnaual
24/30
Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Meerut(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. !e" #e$h% & A%$%'ted to ..T..L*c+,o")Meerut By Pass Road, Partaur Meerut!"#$%$,'.P.
. IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT USIN+ REFLEX KLYSTRON
AIM: To $easure an un'no)n i$pedan%e using "he s$i"h %har".
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
(. Klys"ron "ube /'/1
/. Klys"ron po)er supply S'ps0,(-
3. Klys"ron $oun" 2M0/1(
4. Isola"or 25 ,/
1. 5re6uen%y $e"er 25 7(-
,. 8ariable a""enua"or 2A * 1/-
7. Slo""ed line 2S 1,1
;. Tunable probe 2P ,11
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THEORY:
The i$pedan%e a" any poin" on a "rans$ission line %an be )ri""en in "he #or$ !R&.
5or %o$parison S9! %an be %al%ula"ed as
R
R
S
+
=(
(
)here re#le%"ion %oe##i%ien" !
i:en as
-
-
ZZ
ZZR
+
=
o %hara%"eris"i%s i$pedan%e o# )a:e guide a" opera"ing #re6uen%y.
is "he load i$pedan%e
The $easure$en" is per#or$ed in "he #ollo)ing )ay.
The un'no)n de:i%e is %onne%"ed "o "he slo""ed line and "he posi"ion o# one $ini$a is
de"er$ined. The un'no)n de:i%e is repla%ed by $o:able shor" "o "he slo""ed line. T)o
su%%essi:e $ini$a por"ions are no"ed. The ")i%e o# "he di##eren%e be")een $ini$a posi"ion )ill
be guide )a:e leng"h. =ne o# "he $ini$a is used as re#eren%e #or i$pedan%e $easure$en". 5ind
"he di##eren%e o# re#eren%e $ini$a and $ini$a posi"ion ob"ained #ro$ un'no)n load. Le" i" be
d. Ta'e a s$i"h %har"@ "a'ing ( as %en"re@ dra) a %ir%le o# radius e6ual "o S. Mar' a poin" on
%ir%u$#eren%e o# s$i"h %har" "o)ards load side a" a dis"an%e e6ual "o dGg.
Woin "he %en"er )i"h "his poin". 5ind "he poin" )here i" %u" "he dra)n %ir%le. The %o0
ordina"es o# "his poin" )ill sho) "he nor$alied i$pedan%e o# load.
PROCEDURE:
(. Cal%ula"e a se" o# 8$in :alues #or shor" or $o:able shor" as load.
/. Cal%ula"e a se" o# 8$in :alues #or S0S Tuner R Ma"%hed "er$ina"ion as a load.
Note:Mo:e $ore s"eps on S0S Tuner
3. 5ro$ "he abo:e / s"eps %al%ula"e d d(^d/
4. 9i"h "he sa$e se"up as in s"ep / bu" )i"h #e) nu$bers o# "urns J/ or 3. Cal%ula"e lo)
8S9!.
Note: High 8S9! %an also be %al%ula"ed bu" i" resul"s in a %o$ple& pro%edure.
1. Dra) a 8S9! %ir%le on a s$i"h %har".
,. Dra) a line #ro$ %en"er o# %ir%le "o i$pedan%e :alue JdGg #ro$ )hi%h %al%ula"e ad$i""an%e
and !ea%"an%e J !R&
MW& OC LAB7
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O(SERVATION TA(LE:
Load Jshor" or $o:able shor"
&(
J%$
&/
J%$
&(
J%$
&/
J%$
&(
J%$
&/
J%$
& ______
g _____
Load JS.S. Tuner R Ma"%hed Ter$ina"ion
S.S Tuner R Ma"%hed Ter$ina"ion Shor" or Mo:able Shor"
d( @ d/
d d( ^ d/
dGg
RESULT7.
MW& OC LAB4
8/11/2019 Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Mnaual
27/30
Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Meerut(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. !e" #e$h% & A%$%'ted to ..T..L*c+,o")Meerut By Pass Road, Partaur Meerut!"#$%$,'.P.
8. LOSSES IN OPTICAL FI(RES AT --/09 2/0
AIM:
(. To s"udy "he :arious "ypes o# losses in =p"i%al 5iber.
/. To $easure "he bending losses in "he =p"i%al 5iber a" )a:e leng"h o# ,,-n$V ;1-n$.
3. To $easure "he propaga"ion or a""enua"ion loss in =p"i%al 5iber a" )a:e leng"h o#
,,-n$ V ;1-n$.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
(. Analog 5iber op"i% "rainer.
/. 5iber op"i% lin's o# ($ and 1$ leng"h.
3. Inline SMA Adop"er.
4. /-MH C!=
1. Digi"al Mul"i0$e"er.
THEORY:
5iber op"i% lin's %an be used #or "rans$ission o# digi"al as )ell as analog signals.
Basi%ally a #iber op"i% lin' %on"ains "hree $ain ele$en"s @a "rans$i""er@ an op"i%al #iber and a
re%ei:er. The "rans$i""er $odule "a'es "he inpu" signal in ele%"ri%al and "hen "rans#or$s i" in"o
op"i%al energy %on"aining "he sa$e in#or$a"ion. The op"i%al #iber is "he $ediu$ )hi%h "a'es "he
energy "o "he re%ei:er. A" "he re%ei:er ligh" is %on:er"ed ba%' in"o ele%"ri%al #or$ )i"h sa$e
pa""ern as originally #ed "o "he "rans$i""er.
A""enua"ion in an op"i%al #iber is a resul" o# nu$ber o# a e##e%"s .9e )ill %on#ine our
s"udies "o $easure$en" o# a""enua"ion in ")o #iber %ablesJ %able ($ and %able/ 1$ e$ploying
an SMA0SMA in *line adop"er. 9e )ill also %o$pu"e loss per $e"er o# #iber in dB and "he
spe%"ral response o# #iber a" ")o )a:e leng"hs ,,-n$ and ;1-n$.
5= pin has a ,,U higher sensi"i:i"y a" ;1-n$ as %o$pared "o ,,-n$ #or "he sa$e inpu"
op"i%al po)er .This %orresponds "o sensi"i:i"y higher by /./ dB. No"e "ha" "o %alibra"e "he po)er
$e"er a" ;1-n$@ dedu%" /./dB #ro$ "he $easured reading. In %o$pu"ing losses in %ables and
#ibers "his ge"s eli$ina"ed )hile sol:ing "he e6ua"ions.
Due "o di##eren%e in align$en" a" di##eren" a" di##eren" %onne%"ors@ in ea%h o# "he re$o:al
and repla%e$en" opera"ion@ )e e&perien%e :aria"ions in loss. The obser:ed :alues )ill be %loser
"o "he "rue :alues@ i# )e "a'e "he a:erage o# $any readings. The a""enua"ion %oe##i%ien" o# appro&.
MW& OC LAB2
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-.3db per $e"er a" ,,-n$ is nor$ally )ell de#ined@ as per "he spe%i#i%a"ions o# "he $anu#a%"urer.
De:ia"ion i
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(-. Assu$ing a loss o# (.-dB in "he in0line adap"er JLila(.-dB@ )e ob"ain "he Loss in ea%h
%able. The di##eren%e in "he losses in "he ")o %ables )ill be e6ual "o "he loss in 4$ o# #iber
Jassu$ing "ha" "he losses a" %onne%"or un%"ions are "he sa$e #or bo"h "he %ables.
(-. !epea" "he en"ire e&peri$en" )i"h LED/ a" ;1-n$ and "abula"e in "able.
O(SERVATION TA(LE:
5or ,,-n$
S.N=P=(
JdB$
P=/
JdB$
P=3
JdB$
L=SS IN
CABLE (
JdB
L=SS IN
CABLE /
JdB
Loss in
4$ #iber
Loss per
Me"erJdB
A" ;1-n$
5or ;1-n$
S.N=P=(
JdB$
P=/
JdB$
P=3
JdB$
L=SS IN
CABLE (
JdB
L=SS IN
CABLE /
JdB
Loss in
4$ #iber
Loss per
Me"erJdB
A" ;1-n$
RESULT.
MW& OC LAB:
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