MGMT 371:Organizational Culture “A pattern of basic assumptions that the
group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to those problems.”Edgar Schein, 1992
Layers of Org. Culture Observable artifacts
Physical manifestationsShared behaviors, talk
ValuesEspousedEnacted
Basic assumptions
Understanding Organizational Culture
Antecedents
• Founder’s values• Industry & business environment• National culture• Senior leaders’ vision and behavior
Organizational Structure &
Practices• Reward systems• Organizational design
Organizational Culture
• Observable artifacts
• Espoused values
• Basic assumptions
Group & Social
Processes• Socialization• Mentoring• Decision making• Group dynamics• Communication• Influence & empowerment• LeadershipOrganizationa
l Outcomes• Effectiveness• Innovation & stress
Collective Attitudes &
Behavior• Work attitudes• Job satisfaction• Motivation
Functions of Culture
Members identifyCollective commitmentSocial system stabilityShape behavior
Types of Cultures Constructive
Valuing members, self-actualizing, affiliative, and humanistic/encouraging normative beliefs (expected behavior or conduct)
Passive-defensive Approval-oriented, traditional and bureaucratic, dependent and
nonparticipative, punish mistakes but ignore success Aggressive-defensive
Confrontation and negativism are rewarded, nonparticipative, positional power, winning valued, competitiveness rewarded, perfectionistic
Constructive Culture
High priority on constructive interpersonal relationships, and focus on work group satisfaction
Affiliative
Participative, employeecentered, and supportiveHumanistic-
encouraging
Value self-development and creativity
Self-actualizing
Goal and achievement orientedAchievement
Organizational Characteristics
Normative Beliefs
Passive Defensive Culture
Negative reward system and Defensive avoid accountability
Avoidance
Nonparticipative, centralized decision making, and employees do what they are told
Dependent
Conservative, bureaucratic, and people follow the rules
Conventional
Avoid conflict, strive to be liked by others, and approval oriented
Approval
Organizational Characteristics
Normative Beliefs
Aggressive-Defensive Culture
Perfectionistic, persistent, and hard workingPerfectionistic
Winning is values and a win-lose approach is usedCompetitive
Nonparticipative, take charge of Defensive subordinates, and responsive to superiors
Power
Confrontation and negativism rewardedOppositional
Organizational Characteristics
Normative Beliefs
Organizational Culture Research Suggests:1) Organizational culture correlated with
employee attitudes and behavior2) Congruence between an individual’s values
and the organization’s values associated with organizational commitment, job satisfaction, intentions to quit, and turnover
3) Organizational culture did not predict a company’s financial performance
4) Mergers frequently failed due to incompatible cultures
Organizational Socialization
Phase 1: Anticipatory
Phase 2: Encounter
Phase 3: Change and acquisition
Organizational SocializationPhases Perceptual and
Social Processes
1) Anticipatory socialization learning that occurs prior to joining the organization
Anticipating realities about the organization and the new job
Anticipating organization’s needs for one’s skills and abilities
Anticipating organization’s sensitivity to one’s needs and values
Organizational SocializationPhases Perceptual and
Social Processes
2) Encounter values, skills, and attitudes start to shift as new recruit discovers what the organization is truly like
Managing lifestyle-versus-work conflicts
Managing intergroup role conflicts
Seeking role definition and clarity
Becoming familiar with task and group dynamics
Organizational SocializationPhases Perceptual and
Social Processes
3) Change and acquisition recruit masters skills and roles and adjusts to work group’s values and norms
Competing role demands are resolved
Critical tasks are mastered
Group norms and values are internalized
How cultures are embedded in organizations Formal/public statements Physical Layout Slogans, co. lingo Mentoring, modeling Explicit rewards, promotion criteria Stories, legends, myths Processes and outcomes, measurement Workflow and systems
Mentoring Outcomes for Mentees Outcomes for Mentors Outcomes for Organizations Maintaining the Culture
Functions of Mentoring Career Functions
Sponsorship Exposure-and-Visibility Coaching Protection Challenging Assignments
Psychological Functions Role Modeling Acceptance-and-
Confirmation Counseling Friendship
Questions on Culture Can the organizational culture change?
How? Where does the culture come from?
1.2.3.
Does the culture look the same from the top and from the bottom?
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