3 NOVEMBER 2011
Overview of ATP Production
Chemical Structure of ATP
3 Phosphates
Ribose Sugar
Adenine Base
What Does ATP Do for You?
It supplies YOU with ENERGY!
How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP
When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals
6
ATP Production
In human cells, cellular respiration releases energy from energy-rich organic molecules and changes ADP into ATP.Aerobic respiration is the main ATP-
producing pathwayAnaerobic respiration produces
much less ATP (because no oxygen is involved) and can only be used for short periods of time, such as in vigorous muscle exercise.
What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?(aerobic)
GlycolysisThe Krebs CycleThe Electron Transport Chain
Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:
Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria
Review of Mitochondria Structure
Smooth outer Membrane
Folded inner membrane
Folds called Cristae
Space inside cristae called the Matrix
Diagram of the Process
Occurs in
Cytoplasm Occurs
in Matrix
Occurs across Cristae
11
ATP From Anaerobic Pathways
Anaerobic pathways operate when oxygen is absent (or limited); pyruvate from glycolysis is metabolized to produce molecules other than acetyl-CoA.
In lactate fermentation, glycolysis produces two pyruvate, two NADH molecules, two ATP molecules, and two lactate, which tend to build up and cause temporary muscle cramps.
Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
in animals in plants and yeast
Oxygen required? yes no no
Glycolysis occurs yes yes yes
ATP yield 38ATP 2ATP 2ATP
Glucose completely broke down? yes no no
End products Carbon dioxide and water
Lactic acid
Ethanol and carbon dioxide
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The ADP/ATP Cycle
The ADP/ATP cycle is a method for renewing the supply of ATP that is constantly being used up in the cell.
Energy input couples inorganic phosphate to ADP to form energized ATP.
The ADP-ATP Cycle
ATP-ase
ATP Synthetase
MakananFungsi:
• Penyedia energi
• Pembangun tubuh
• Pelindung dan pertahanan tubuh
Karbohidrat
Mineral
Protein
Lemak
Air
Vitamin
Karbohidrat
Bahan makanan yang mengandung karbohidrat: (a) beras, (b)
gandum, (c) roti, dan (d) kentang.
Skema proses pencernaan karbohidrat.
Lemak
Bahan makanan yang mengandung lemak.
Skema proses pencernaan lemak.
Lemak Lemak emulsi
Lemak emulsi Asam lemak
& 2-monogliserida
Gliserol
Gliserida
lipase pankreas
empedu
Protein
Makanan sumber protein hewani dan protein nabati. Skema proses pencernaan protein.
Mineral
Unsur makro
Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Cl, dan S
Unsur mikro
Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, dan Mo
Vitamin
Larut dalam air
B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B11, B12, H, dan C
Unsur mikro
A, D, E, dan K
Air
Fungsi air
• Pelarut berbagai jenis bahan makanan dan vitamin
• Menjaga tekanan osmotik sel
• Mengangkut makanan ke jaringan
• Mengangkut sisa metabolisme ke luar tubuh
• Medium berbagai reaksi kimia
• Menjaga keseimbangan suhu tubuh
Zat aditif
• Bahan pewarna
• Bahan penyedap
• Bahan pengawet
Sistem Pencernaan Manusia
Gigi
Kelenjar ludah
Apendiks
Ileum
Kolon
Pankreas
Hati
Esofagus
Faring
Lambung
Duodenum
Kolon
Jejunum
Anus
Rektum
Lidah
Proses pencernaan
• Pencernaan mekanik
• Pencernaan enzimatis
Saluran pencernaan
• Mulut
• Kerongkongan
• Lambung
• Usus halus
• Usus besar
• Anus
Mulut
Gigi
Penampang gigi. Bagian-bagian gigi: (a) gigi seri, (b) gigi taring, (c) gigi geraham depan,
dan (d) gigi geraham belakang.
Mulut
Lidah
Bagian lidah.
Kelenjar Ludah
Kelenjar ludah.
Kerongkongan
Gerak peristalsis pada kerongkongan.
Bagian-bagian lambung.
Lambung
Stomach (lambung)
Stores the food you eat
Chemically breaks it down into tiny pieces
Mixes food with digestive juices
Acid in the stomach kills bacteria
Stomach
Functions food storage
can stretch to fit ~2L food disinfect food
HCl = pH 2kills bacteria
chemical digestion pepsin
enzyme breaks down proteins
But the stomach is made out of protein!What stops the stomach from digesting itself?
mucus secreted by stomach cells protects stomach lining
Gastric Juices
Secreted by the stomach.
Acidic (pH 1.5-2.5) (HCl).
Pepsin- an enzyme that breaks down large proteins into amino acids.
Food is further broken down into a thin liquid called chyme.
Usus halus
Struktur usus halus.
Bagian-bagian usus besar.
Usus besar
Small Intestine (usus halus)
Most chemical digestion takes place here.
Simple sugars and proteins are absorbed into the inner lining.
Fatty acids and glycerol go to lymphatic system.
Lined with villi, which increase surface area for absorption, one cell thick.
Small intestine
Function chemical digestion
major organ of digestion & absorption absorption through lining
over 6 meters! small intestine has huge surface area = 300m2
(~size of tennis court) Structure
3 sections duodenum = most digestion jejunum = absorption of nutrients & water ileum = absorption of nutrients & water
Duodenum
1st section of small intestines acid food from stomach mixes with digestive juices from:
pancreas liver gall
bladder
Absorption by Small IntestinesAbsorption through villi & microvilli
finger-like projections increase surface area for absorption
VILLI
Large intestines (colon)usus besar
Function re-absorb water
use ~9 liters of water every day in digestive juices
> 90% of water reabsorbed not enough water absorbed
• diarrhea too much water absorbed
• constipation
Large IntestineSolid materials pass
through the large intestine.These are undigestible
solids (fibers).Water is absorbed.Vitamins K and B are
reabsorbed with the water.Rectum- solid wastes exit
the body.
You’ve got company!
Living in the large intestine is a community of helpful bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli)
produce vitamins vitamin K; B vitamins
generate gases by-product of bacterial metabolism methane, hydrogen sulfide
Appendix
Rectum
Last section of colon (large intestines) eliminate feces
undigested materialsextracellular waste
• mainly cellulose from plants
• roughage or fiber masses of bacteria
Rektum
Bagian akhir saluran pencernaan
Anus
Pengeluaran zat-zat sisa hasil pencernaan
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