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Page 1: Memory. Interesting Video  Color Changing Card Trick Color Changing Card Trick.

Memory

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Interesting Video Color Changing Card Trick

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Information Processing Encoding: The first stage of information

processing. Receiving information through the senses

EX: Typing into a computer Storage: the second stage of IP. Storing and

sorting information in the brainEX: Pressing the SAVE button

Retrieval: the final stage of IP. Acting on the basis of information

EX: Finding and opening up your document

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EncodingYou are constantly bombarded with information from all your senses. You must narrow this down! Selective Attention: focusing one’s awareness on

a limited segment of the total amount of sensory input

EX: Color changing card trick Feature Extraction: Identification and analysis of

specific elementsEX: What parts of a conversation you

rememberSelective Attention Test

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StorageThere are 3 stages of memory storage: Sensory Storage: very brief (0-1 sec) memory

storage immediately following initial reception of a stimulus Echoic: sensory memory for sound (about 1 sec) Iconic: sensory memory for vision (fraction of a

sec)

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Storage Short-Term Memory: memory that is limited in

capacity to about 7 items and in duration by the subject’s active rehearsal Rehearsal: repeating items in short-term

memory over and over to move it to long-termEX: Repeating vocab words

Chunking: organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Often occurs automatically

EX: Combining numbers in a phone number or social security number

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Chunking10 Seconds to remember all the numbers:

1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1

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Chunking10 Seconds to remember all the numbers:

1492, 1776, 1812, 1941

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Storage Long-Term Memory: information storage that has

unlimited capacity and often may last indefinitely With rehearsal and practice, we can store

things in long-term memory The more we put into our long-term memory,

the easier it gets to put things there!!! (Like a muscle)

Implicit: procedural and conditioned memoriesWriting, riding a bike, fear responses

Explicit: declarative, semantic memoriesThe pledge, dates, famous people, sports

stats

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Retrieving InformationMemories need to be “retrieved.” But there are a few different methods of doing it:Recognition: type of memory retrieval in

which a person is required to identify an object, idea, or situation as one he or she has or has not experienced before

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Retrieving InformationRecall: type of memory retrieval in which

a person reconstructs previously learned material

Relearning: it is easier to learn things a second time and requires less rehearsal

Forgetting: when interference makes it difficult to retrieve long-term memories. WE NEVER LOSE LONG-TERM MEMORIES!!!

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ThinkingChanging and reorganizing the information stored in memory in order to create new information. 4 Units of Thought:

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Thinking1. Image: a mental representation of

specific events or objects Most simple unit Highlights of the original

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Thinking2. Symbol: an abstract unit of thought

that represents an object, event, or quality

Most common are words Stands for something other than itself

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Thinking3. Concept: A label for a class of objects

or events that share common attributes Enables us to chunk large amounts of

information Animal, liquid, music

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Thinking4. Rule: A statement of the relationship

between concepts EX: cannot be in two places at once Most complex unit of thought

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Lateral Thinking Questions