Memory
Interesting Video Color Changing Card Trick
Information Processing Encoding: The first stage of information
processing. Receiving information through the senses
EX: Typing into a computer Storage: the second stage of IP. Storing and
sorting information in the brainEX: Pressing the SAVE button
Retrieval: the final stage of IP. Acting on the basis of information
EX: Finding and opening up your document
EncodingYou are constantly bombarded with information from all your senses. You must narrow this down! Selective Attention: focusing one’s awareness on
a limited segment of the total amount of sensory input
EX: Color changing card trick Feature Extraction: Identification and analysis of
specific elementsEX: What parts of a conversation you
rememberSelective Attention Test
StorageThere are 3 stages of memory storage: Sensory Storage: very brief (0-1 sec) memory
storage immediately following initial reception of a stimulus Echoic: sensory memory for sound (about 1 sec) Iconic: sensory memory for vision (fraction of a
sec)
Storage Short-Term Memory: memory that is limited in
capacity to about 7 items and in duration by the subject’s active rehearsal Rehearsal: repeating items in short-term
memory over and over to move it to long-termEX: Repeating vocab words
Chunking: organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Often occurs automatically
EX: Combining numbers in a phone number or social security number
Chunking10 Seconds to remember all the numbers:
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Chunking10 Seconds to remember all the numbers:
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941
Storage Long-Term Memory: information storage that has
unlimited capacity and often may last indefinitely With rehearsal and practice, we can store
things in long-term memory The more we put into our long-term memory,
the easier it gets to put things there!!! (Like a muscle)
Implicit: procedural and conditioned memoriesWriting, riding a bike, fear responses
Explicit: declarative, semantic memoriesThe pledge, dates, famous people, sports
stats
Retrieving InformationMemories need to be “retrieved.” But there are a few different methods of doing it:Recognition: type of memory retrieval in
which a person is required to identify an object, idea, or situation as one he or she has or has not experienced before
Retrieving InformationRecall: type of memory retrieval in which
a person reconstructs previously learned material
Relearning: it is easier to learn things a second time and requires less rehearsal
Forgetting: when interference makes it difficult to retrieve long-term memories. WE NEVER LOSE LONG-TERM MEMORIES!!!
Memory VideoMemory Video
ThinkingChanging and reorganizing the information stored in memory in order to create new information. 4 Units of Thought:
Thinking1. Image: a mental representation of
specific events or objects Most simple unit Highlights of the original
Thinking2. Symbol: an abstract unit of thought
that represents an object, event, or quality
Most common are words Stands for something other than itself
Thinking3. Concept: A label for a class of objects
or events that share common attributes Enables us to chunk large amounts of
information Animal, liquid, music
Thinking4. Rule: A statement of the relationship
between concepts EX: cannot be in two places at once Most complex unit of thought
Lateral Thinking Questions
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