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Chapter 6
Expansion Bus
MELJUN CORTES
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2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
OverviewIn this chapter, you will learn to
Identify the structure and function of the expansionbus
Explain classic system resources
Identify the modern expansion bus slots
Install expansion cards properly
Troubleshoot expansion card problems
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Structure and Function of theExpansion Bus
Historical/Conceptual
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Connections
Expansion slots connect to both the Northbridge andSouthbridge
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Two Crystals Two Speeds
All ICs are regulated by a clock crystalSystem crystal controls CPU, RAM, and chipset on the frontside bus
Expansion bus crystal controls boards on expansion bus
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PC Bus (8-bit ISA)
IBM XT had 8088 processor, 8-bit external data bus,and speed of 4.77 MHzExpansion bus ran at about 7 MHz (faster then thesystem bus)
AKA PC bus , XT bus , or ISA bus
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AT Bus (16-bit ISA)
AT bus is a 16-bit bus running at 8.33 MHz Added 8 bits to the end of the PC busPC/XT AKA 8-bit ISAPC/AT AKA 16-bit ISA
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Modern Expansion Bus
Essentials
CompTIA A+Essentials
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False Starts Dead TodayMicrochannel Architecture (MCA)
MCA had a 32- bit bus to match the 386 CPUsexternal data bus with a speed of 12 MHz
Extended ISA (EISA)(EE-sah) was a 32-bit self-configuring expansionbus that was cheaper than MCA
Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA)Designed to solve the problems of speed andthroughput
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PCIPeripheral Component Interconnect (PCI ) provides astronger, faster, and more flexible alternative to otherexpansion buses
The flexible design enables the PCI to coexist with otherbuses and scale up in speed and throughput
PCI devices are self-configuring (now known as plug and play)
PCI Special Interest Group (SIG)Defined I/O addresses and IRQs for most devicesUsed a sharable Interrupt Channel instead of IRQs
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PCI
Fully implements DMA allowing PCI devices to transfer data amongthemselves
Divides its chipset duties between two chips
Northbridge (or PCI controller ) performs the classic functions andcontrols the PCI bus
Southbridge (PCI to ISA bridge or just PCI bridge ) acts as anintermediary between the PCI bus and the other bus
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AGP
Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
PCI slot dedicated to video only
Brown-colored connector found on modern motherboards
More in Chapter 17
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Other PCIPCI-X
Answers the need for speed
Mini-PCIDesigned to use low power and lie flatIdeal in laptop applications
PCI ExpressLanes of 2 GbpsDevices can use multiple lanes
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System Resources
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System ResourcesExpansion cards and the CPU need some way tocommunicate
System resources help to define howcommunication occurs
I/O addressesIRQsDMA channelsMemory addresses
Rarely need to adjust today
Plug and play takes care of most of the work
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I/O Addresses All devices must have an I/O address
Most devices use more than one I/O address (ora range of I/O addresses)
Devices must use different I/O addresses
The I/O memory wiresignals that a deviceis being addressed
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I/O Address TerminologyWhen talking about I/O addresses, drop theleading zeroes (1F0not 01F0)
Every device gets a range of addresses
The first I/O address is base I/O address
Put an h on the end of the value to specify hex(1F0 h)
I/O addresses provide two-way communication(CPU to/from device)
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Hexadecimal Compared to Binary
22 2 1 2 0
0 1 0
1010 Binary
Hexadecimal Table0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 12 0 0 1 03 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 05 0 1 0 16 0 1 1 07 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 09 1 0 0 1A 1 0 1 0B 1 0 1 1
C 1 1 0 0D 1 1 0 1E 1 1 1 0F 1 1 1 1
4 2 1
Representing ten in binary and hex Binary 1 0 1 0 (1 eight and 1 two) Hexadecimal Ah (pronounced A hex
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Hexadecimal Compared to Binary
How do you get to 10?0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Decimal
0 1 10 Binary0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 10 Hexadecimal
Counting to 10 Decimal 0, 1, 2 9, 10 Binary 0, 1, 10 Hexadecimal 0, 1, 2 E, F, 10
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Interrupts
The CPU can initiate a conversation with any deviceat will
Any device may talk to the CPU, but how does adevice get the CPUs attention?
Devices use the interruption mechanism to gain theattention of the CPU by placing a voltage on aspecial wire called the INT (interrupt) wire
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InterruptsMultiple devices, but only one INT
Devices use IRQs (interrupt requests)Separate IRQ for each device
I/O Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller(IOAPIC) manages IRQs
IRQs numbered 0 through 23Used to be only 16
Open IRQs are unassignedPlug and Play assigns IRQs to new devices asneeded
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COM and LPT PortsCommunication & Line Printer (LPT) portsIBM created standard preset combinations of IRQsand I/O addresses
The COM port and LPT port preset combinations:
COM1 03F8 IRQ4COM2 02F8 IRQ3COM3 03E8 IRQ4COM4 02E8 IRQ3LPT1 0378 IRQ7LPT2 0278 IRQ5
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(DMA)
Direct memory access (DMA) is the process of accessingmemory without using the CPUIt enables the system to run background applications withoutinterrupting the CPU
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Bus MasteringBus mastering devices use the DMA withoutaccessing the 8237 or CPU
Circuitry allows them to watch for other devices
accessing the external data busNo two devices can use the external data bus at thesame time
Extremely popular in hard drives All EIDE hard drives take advantage of busmastering
Floppy drives still use the old DMA
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Memory AddressesSome (not all) expansion cards need memoryaddresses
Two reasons for this:
1. May have onboard RAM that the CPU needs toaddress2. A few cards have onboard ROM
(adapter, option type; see Chapter 5)
RAM or ROM may steal memory addresses frommain system RAM
Memory addressing is fully automatic
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Installing Expansion Cards
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Steps to InstallingExpansion Cards
1. Knowledge
2. Physical installation
3. Device drivers
4. Verify
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Step 1: Knowledge1. Learn about the device by reading the
documentation
Do you have device drivers for your operating
system (Windows, Linux, etc.)
Does the device work with your operatingsystem?
Check the Windows Marketplacehttp://testedproducts.windowsmarketplace.com Devices on this list have been certified by Microsoft to workwith Windows
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Step 2: Physical Installation
2. Install the cardHold the card on its edges dont touch connectorsor the components on the card
Insert at the proper angle
Use the connection screw,which helps to ground the card and
prevent card creep
Use proper ESD procedures
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Step 3: Device Drivers All devices require BIOS, which for expansioncards is almost always a device driver
Devices will come with device drivers on theinstallation CD
It is recommended that you get the latest driversfrom the manufacturers Web site
Which one first?Driver or device? Usually device firstIf USB or FireWire, driver first
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Unsigned DriversManufacturers submit drivers and devices toMicrosoft for testing
Once tested and verified, they are digitally signedUnsigned drivers give a warning
Drivers that haventbeen tested maystill work finedespite thescary message
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Installing the New DriverUse the CD that came with the device
May install extra unwanted programs
Use the Add Hardware Wizard in Control Panel
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Driver Rollback
Right-click the device inDevice Manager andchoose Properties, thenthe Driver tab
If you installed thewrong driver you can rollback to the previousdriver
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Step 4: Verify
Check the deviceproperties inDevice Manager toverify it is workingproperly
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Troubleshooting Expansion Cards
IT Technician
CompTIA A+Technician
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Device ManagerCheck for the device in Device Manager
Right-click My Computer | Properties | Hardwaretab | Device Manager
If the device does not show up in Device Manager
Run the Add/Remove Hardware Wizard in Control Panel
If it still doesnt show up, the device is damaged or is a legacydevice whose system resources are not configured properly
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Device Manager SymbolsBlack ! on a yellow circle
Device is missing, Windows doesntrecognize it, or a device driver problemDevice may still work
Red XDisabled device enable itDamaged device double-check workDevice will not work
Blue I on a white backgroundSystem resources were configured manuallyOnly seen on non-ACPI systemsInformation only device will work
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Device Manager
Device Manager allows youto see what resources arebeing used by your devices
Right-click My Computer |
Properties | Hardware tab |Device Manager button
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