Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Workshop on High-Power Targetry for Future Accelerators
Ronkonkoma, 8.-12.9.2003
MEGAPIE –A liquid Pb-Bi target at SINQ
F. Groeschel Paul Scherrer InstitutVilligen, Switzerland
on behalf of the MEGAPIE Team
MEGAPIE-TEST
Departmentof Energy
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
5th Framework Program
TRANSMUTATION (6.5 MEuro)Basic Studies:
MUSEHINDAS
N-TOF_ND_ADS
TRANSMUTATION (7.2 MEuro)Technological Support:
SPIRETECLA
MEGAPIE - TEST
PARTITIONING (5 MEuro)PYROREPPARTNEWCALIXPART
TRANSMUTATION (3.9 MEuro)Fuels:
CONFIRMTHORIUM CYCLE
FUTURE
TRANSMUTATION (6 MEuro)Preliminary Design Studiesfor an Experimental ADS:
PDS-XADS
Projects on ADvanced Options for Partitioning and Transmutation (ADOPTADOPT)
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
MEGAPIE ObjectivesAn experiment to be carried out in the SINQ target location to demonstrate the safe operation of a liquid metal spallation target of about 1 MW beam powerThe minimum design service life will be 1 year (6000 mAh).
�Demonstration of feasibility forfuture ADS development
�Increase neutron flux for SINQ
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Contents� Objectives� SINQ� MEGAPIE Target� Nuclear Assessment� Thermal hydraulics� Radiation Damage� Heat Removal� Handling of Radiactive Products� Safety� Status and Conclusions
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
590 MeV, 1.8 mACW proton accelerator
575 MeV, 1.25 mA spallation neutron source
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
SINQ Spallation Neutron Source
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
SINQ Target Mark II/III
� 150 rods (Ø 10.7 mm, 170 mm long)� 316L stainless steel tubes filled with Lead� about 20 rods for STIP program filled with miniature specimens of different materials (F/M steels, austenitic, W, Ta, SiC/SiC, Hg or LBDE capsules)� Temperature range up to 250C (STIP-1), up to 350C (STIP2), 450C (STIP-3), � 650C (STIP-4)� Irradiation period is 2 years (peak fluence of 20 dpa)
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
SINQ Target
970
Highest hook positionin exchange flask
950
32
Exchange flaskpositioning base
max420
570,5
440
403
212 2110,5
4394
4996,5
10386,5
219 550,5
Top of proton beam collimator
Exchange flask gate valve
Targettransportsleeve
Bottom of target storage pit
SINQ targetmain dimensionsand clearancesto surroundings
MP_basic conceot.ppt
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
SINQ and Target
SINQ Target Block
MARK-II
ZT1
ZR2ZR1
ZT3ZT2
ZR4
D2
B1A
C
ZR3
4
3F
E
G
ZR5
8
J 6
I
5
H
K
7
9
L
10
M
Solid Target
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Proton Beam ProfileNormal Operation, Target E 4 cm
U. Rohrer/PSI
σx = 2.1 cm, σy = 3.78 cm
I max 20.7 µA/cm2 per 1 mA
Accelerator Proton Beam in 2005: 2.0 mABeam on SINQ: 1.4 mA at 575 MeV
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Reasons for LBE• No Radiation Damage• Good Heat Removal• Low Melting Point• Low thermal neutron cross section• Low activation of cooling water
• Corrosion• Po production (α)• Complex Handling• Limitation Beam
Window
0.110.0340.17389barnTermal Neutron Cross Section
0.150.150.140.12J/gKSpecific Heat
167015601740356.6oCBoiling Point
125271.3337.5-38.9oCMeltimg Point
-1.48-3.353.32-%Solidification Shrinkage ∆V
1.752.916.110-5K-1Lin. Thermal Expansion
10.5710.0710.713.55liquid
10.739.7511.35-g/cm3Density (20oC)
208.2209207.2200.6g/molMass
„82.5“838280Atomic Number
LBEBiPbHgProperties
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
MEGAPIE Target
Beam energy: 575 MeVBeam current: 1.74 mA (design)Target material: Lead-bismuth
eutecticLBE volume: 85 lWetted surface: 8 m2
Deposited Heat: 650-700 kWLBE T range: 230-380°C Max. flow velocity: ~1.2 m/sBeam window: T91 martensitic steelWindow Temperature: 330-380°C Radiation Damage: 20 dpaOther components: 316L
Target Shielding
Main EMP Flowmeter
Bypass EMP Flowmeter
Upper Target Enclosure
Main Guide Tube
Bypass FlowGuide Tube
Expansion Tank
12 Pin Heat Exchanger
Central Rod Heaters and Neutron Detectors
T91 Lower Liquid Metal Container
Target Head Feedthroughs
LBE Leak Detector
Lower Target Enclosure
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Nuclear Assessment
� Code comparison calculations� MCNPX and FLUKA� Validation experiments (CERN, PSI, HINDAS) on gas and spallation products production� Instrumentation of target with microfission chambers and activation foils� Neutron flux measurement at beam ports
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
MEGAPIE Neutron Flux
Performance comparison for different target materials under SINQ conditions(calculations with the code LAHET)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100radial position [cm]
ther
mal
flux
[rel
. uni
ts]
Zr rodsPb + steel cladding (0.5 mm)Pb + Zr cladding (0.7 mm)Pb-Bi
targ
et re
gion
beam
tube
s
cold
so
urce
LAHET calculations A. Dementjev, E. Lehmann
Peak flux1.8-2 E14 total neutrons1.2-1.3E14 thermal neutronsat 1.74 mA
Increase of >40% compared to current solid lead target
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Neutron Yield
Neutrons per Proton
- 1.23-0.248Container8.496.17Net
- 0.401- 0.044D2O- 0.635- 1.01Cladding- 0.232- 0.113Target Int.10.997.62TotalLBEPb/steel
E. Pitcher et al.: Icans-XVI, 2003
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Nuclear Assessment
E. Pitcher, 2002
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
x 10 11
r (cm)
z (c
m)
Thermal Neutron FluxE<0.625 eV
1.4 1014
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
10 10
10 11
10 12
10 13
10 14
r (cm)
z (c
m)
Proton Flux, 1.74 mA
1014
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Beam Window: T91 martensitic 9Cr-1MoVNb steel
� Removal of Heat (5kW): cold LBE jet across window�CFD modelling�Experimental verification (KILOPIE, TECLA)
� Static and Fatigue Loads (ABAQUS, ANSYS, RCC-MR)� Corrosion and LME (TECLA)� Radiation Damage (SPIRE, STIP)
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Lower Liquid Metal Container
LBE ContainerBeam Entrance WindowCarry LBE Leak Detector
4 mm outside2 mm in spallation zone1.5 - 2 mm in window
T91
Reference Design
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Thermalhydraulics – CFD simulations
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Height [m]
Hea
t Dep
ositi
on [M
W/m
**3]
CFX-4.3
FLUKA
722.4719.6Total6.035.55Guide tube
1.212.68T91 Hull5.285.56Window
709.9705.8LBE
CFX-4.3 [kW]
FLUKA [kW]
Material
342.5355.7339.4384.4= Bypass1.4 mA
360.3389.5363.1424.1⊥ Bypass
370.2386.8368.2422.7= Bypass1.74 mA
WindowC. RodGuide T.LBEMaj. AxisBeam
Tpeak [C]
T. Dury, PSI, 20031.74 mA
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Power Deposition in Beam Windows
0 2 4 6 80
100
200
300
400
500
600
Scattered beam
AlMg3OuterL D2OCoolant AlMg3InnerL T91LMC
Pow
er d
epos
ition
[W/c
m3/
mA]
Radial Distance X [cm]
4.6 kW/mA
2.2 kW/mA
Y. Foucher, PSI Report 2002
Normal Operation Target E 4 cm Baseline Profile
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Beam Window Cooling
Baseline Beam Profile, 1.74 mABypass Jet Flow: 0.25 l/s Annular Down Flow: 3.75 l/s
Y. Dury: PSI Report 2002, Annex
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Experimental Validation
15 Qmain/Qbypass 10
HYTAS Water Experiment, FZKLBE Heated Jet Experiment, FZKLBE KILOPIE Experiment, PSI-FZK
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Stress Analysis
55 MPa
63 MPa
A. Zucchini, ENEA
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Fatigue Resistance of T91 –Influence of LBE
Design curve acc. RCC-MR Kalkhof, Grosse: IWSTM-5, 2002
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Radiation Damage
0 2 4 6 80
3
6
9
12
15
T91 Liquid Metal Container200 days at 1 mA
Neutrons Protons Totaldamage
Dam
age
[dpa
]
Radial Distance X [cm]0 2 4 6 8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
AlMg3 Outer Enclosure200 days at 1 mA
Neutron Proton Totaldamage
Dam
age
[dpa
]
Radial Distance X [cm]
0 5 10 15 20 25 300.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
Cylindrical Target Section200 days at 1 mA
TotalLMC TotalAlMg3e TotalAlMg3i
Dam
age
[dpa
]
Axial Distance [cm] Y. Foucher, 2002
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Radiation Damage
Dai et al.: PSI Annual Report 2001
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Radiation Damage and He Production
Henry, Jung: IWSTM-5, 2002
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Radiation Effect on Impact ToughnessInner surface temperature
1.4 mA
340.0333.1326.3319.4312.6305.7298.9292.0285.1278.3271.4264.6257.7250.9244.0
Jet flow
292°C299°C
306°C
~315°C~315°C
10107.97.9
5.75.7
1111278°C278°C
207°C207°C135°C135°C
311°C311°C
Inner surface temperature
1.4 mA
340.0333.1326.3319.4312.6305.7298.9292.0285.1278.3271.4264.6257.7250.9244.0
Jet flow
292°C299°C
306°C
~315°C~315°C
292°C299°C
306°C
~315°C~315°C
10107.97.9
5.75.7
1111278°C278°C
207°C207°C135°C135°C
311°C311°C
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0
100
200
300
400 HT-9, nfast, 13/26 dpa HT-9, nmixed, 4-40 dpa, MANET-I, nmixed, 4-13 dpa DIN 1.4914, nmixed, 1-2 dpa T91, nmixed, 4-40 dpa
Shift
of D
BTT
(°C
)
Irradiation Temperature (°C)
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 2500
2
4
6
8
10T91
Dose He DBTT (dpa) (appm) (°C)
0.0 0.0 -54 4.6 265 54 6.8 450 165
Abso
rbed
Ene
rgy
(J)
Temperature (°C)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 8000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
∆DBT
T CV
N (°
C)
SP
∆DBT
T SP (°
C)
Helium concentration (appm)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Ti<=275°C CVN F82H T91 Optimax Optifer-V
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
LiSoRLiSoR in in irradiation facility irradiation facility IP1IP1
Beam energy-72MeVMax current-30 µAMax proton flux- 2x1014 p/cm2/sBeam time per test up to 10daysRadiation damage- ~ 0.25
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
LISOR – 1st Experiment
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310te
mpe
ratu
re/°
C
1'500 2'000 2'500 3'000 3'500 4'000time / min
test section inlettest section outletthermocouple
beam on beam off
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Heat Removal
� Forced flow by in-line electromagnetic pump (4 l/s) � Bypass-flow by in-line EMP (0.25-0.35 l/s)� 12 pin heat exchanger� Diphyl THT intermediate cooling loop
3-way valve and HEX bypass to control LBE THX outlet temperature
� Intermediate water cooling loop
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
LBE Flow Rates and Temperatures
L
F
F
Beam Window380°C outside
330°C inside
Downcomer3.75 l/s, 0.33
m/s230-240°C
Nozzle 1.2 m/sBeam Window 1 m/s
Guide Tube4 l/s, 0.33 m/s
380°C
Bypass Pump0.25 l/s, 0.2 m/s
230°C
Heat Exchanger4 l/s, 0.33 l/s/pin
0.46 m/sLBE 380-230°C
Main Pump4 l/s, 1.2 m/s
380°C
Heat Exchanger (Oil)10 i/s, 5.5 m/s
140-175°C inside
Bypass Tube0.25 l/s, 1m/s
230-240°C
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
EM Pump - System
IPUL: Design Report, 2002
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Target Heat Exchanger� Heat Removal� Thermal Transients
150
170
190
210
230
250
270
290
310
330
350
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Temps (s)
Term
péra
ture
(°C
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
h (W
/m2K
)T (°C) PbBi
T (°C) Diphyl
h PbBi
h Diphyl
10 s
Stresses remain below 110 MPa limit
according to RCC-MR
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Heat Removal System
626 kPaTHT P drop12 mPump Head
3.5 m/sTHT Velocity9.28 kg/sFlow Rate
59 C130 C230 COutlet
40 C165 C330 CInlet
H2O IHXTHT IHXLBE THX
Ansaldo NucleareRelap5 CalculationBeam trip 10 s+20 s ramp
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Handling of Spallation Products
� Safe enclosure� Drain or freeze ?� Behaviour of Po� Release of Volatiles
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Spallation Products
Totale AktivitätZircaloy-Target
Totale AktivitätPb-Target
α - Aktivität PbBi-TargetPbBiLeistung Zircaloy-Targetbei AbschaltungLeistung Pb-Target bei Abschaltung
NachwärmeleistungZircaloy-Target
Nachwärme-leistung
PbBi-Target
Nachwärme-leistung
Pb-Target
α - Aktivität Pb-Target
Totale AktivitätPbBi-Target
Abkühlung einesTargets nach 1 JahrBestrahlung mit 1mAProtonenstrahl
1Tag 5Tage 2Wo 4Wo 3Monate 1Jahr 3Jahre 10Jahre 30Jahre
Abkühlzeit
1011
1012
1013
1014
10151015
1011
1012
1013
1014
10'000
1000
100
10
1
Nac
hwär
mel
eist
ung
(W)
Tota
le α
-Akt
ivitä
t [Bq
]
Tota
le A
ktiv
ität [
Bq]
(β +
γ +
α)
3.08Os0.055Zn1.03Ir
0.137Xe0.274Cd3.50Pt0.205Kr0.274Sn2.53Au0.001Ar0.137Te11.78Hg0.479He0.048J4.59Tl
0.548H0.027Cs1.17Po
F. Atchison, SINQ/816/AFN-702
Production (g) in a LBE target after 1 yea, 6000 mAh
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Handling of Gases
� Safe enclosure� Periodic venting in decay tank (shielding)� Filters for volatiles (active carbon + HEPA particle filters)� Gas sampling
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Gas Production and Handling
Production (Liter NTP)After 1 year and 6000 mAh
6.3 ... 8.7Total0.024Xe0.06Kr
0.0026Ar0.24 .. 2.6He
6.0H
Enderle: Neutronic Benchmark
AnsaldoReference Design
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Target Head and Top Shielding
Target SupportFeedthrough for Supplies and InstrumentationShielding
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Barrier Concept - Containment of Radioactivity
Internal effects
• Leak/Break of Liquid Metal Container� Guillotine break of LMC� Leak or Jet of LBE� Water/Oil Leak
• Leak in Gas System3 barriers for gas systems
4 barriers for liquid metal
External effects
• Focused Beam• Earthquake• Airplane Crash• Fire
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Failure of 1st Containment
Target with second enclosureAr/He insulation gas <0.5 bar LBE leak detector LBE level detectors
Second containment for ancillary systems with radioactive inventory He puffer gas < 0.9 bar Continuous monitoring
catcher
Paul Scherrer Institut • 5232 Villigen PSI BNL-Ronkonkoma/WS on High-Power Targetry, 9.2003 /GF34
Summary and Conclusions� Design of main components completed� Optimisation and validation ongoing� Licensing Process ongoing� Target manufacturing started� Input from Design Support on
� Thermohydraulics/Thermomechanics of transients� LM - Speciation and volatility of spallation products� Materials – Corrosion, LME and radiation damage� Reliability assessment
� Target on the Critical Path Delivery in June 2004Intensive testing in 2004� Irradiation in 2005
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