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LAB MANUAL
Degree : B.Tech
Year / Sem : III/V
Course : Chemical Engineering
Subject Code : 11ME307
Subject : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
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Exercise List
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
THERMAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
1 a Draw a valve timing for four stroke diesel or petrol Engines.
b Draw a Port timing diagram for two stroke petrol Engines
2 a Determination of flash and fire point of oil by cleveland open cup apparatus
b Determination of flash and fire point of oil by pensky marten closed cup apparatus
3
a Performance test on a four stroke single cylinder Petrol Engine
b Determination of viscosity of given oil using Redwood Viscometer
c Determination of viscosity of given oil using Saybolt Viscometer
4 a Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Mechanical loading
b Heat balance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Mechanical loading
5 a Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Electrical loading
b Heat balance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Electrical loading
6 Performance test on Reciprocating Air Compressors
7 a Performance test on a Refrigerator (Determination of COP).
b Performance test on an Air Conditioning System (Determination of COP)
8 a Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Hydraulic loading
b Heat balance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Hydraulic loading
9 a Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Eddy Current loading
b Heat balance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Eddy Current loading
10 Morse test on a four-stroke multi-cylinder petrol engine
11 Emission test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine
12 Emission test on 4S single cylinder a Petrol Engine
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INDEX
S.No Date Content Page
No
Marks Awarded
Sign CoE
(10) Obs
(10) Rec
(10) Viva
(10) Total
40
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TOTAL
CoE - Conduct of Experiment
Obs - Observation
Rec - Record
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Instruments List
Sl .No EQUIPMENT
01 AVL 444 GAS ANALYSER
02 MARUHI 800 PETROL ENGINE WITH HYDRAULIC LOADING
03 SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE HONDA PETROL ENGINE WITH
ELECTRICAL LOADING
04 SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE KIRLOSKAR DIESEL ENGINE WITH
EDDY CURRENT LOADING
05 TWO STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR-ELGI
06 SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE KIRLOSKAR DIESEL ENGINE WITH
HYDRAULC LOADING
07 CLEAVELAND APPARATUS
08 PENSKY MARTIN APPARATUS
09 REDWOOD APPARATUS
10 SAYBOLT APPARATUS
11 CUT MODEL OF TWOSTROKE ENGINE
12 BONB CALORIMETER
13 JUNKERS GAS CALORIMETER
14 DIGITAL TACHOMETER-CONTACT TYPE
15 DIGITAL TACHOMETER-NON CONTACT TYPE
16 DIGITAL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR
17 NON CONDUCT THERMOMETER
18 STOP WATCH
19 MHD 880 EXIDE BATTRY
20 TACHOMETER-DIGITAL
21 STOP WATCH DIGITAL
22 NONCONDUCT THERMOMETER
23 HYDRALIC DYNAMOMETER
24 TACHOMETER
25 5 - HP SUBMERSSIBLE PUMP
26 ORSAT GAS ANALYSISER
27 SCOOTY PEP ENGINE WITH EDDY CURRIENT DYNAMOMETER
28 AVL DIGAS ANALYER
29 SMOKE METER
30 12-A BATTERY CHARGER
31 2&4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE-(CUT MODEL)
32 INDANE GAS CYLINDER
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33 3 HP ELECTRICAL MOTOR
34 STROBOSCOPE
35 TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE (CUT MODEL)
36 SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE PRIMIER VCR DIESEL ENGINE
37 SAY BOLT VISCO METER
38 RED WOOD VISCO METER
39 BOMB CALORI METER
40 2 - STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR KAC
41 PETROL ENGINE HYDRALIC DYNAMOMETER
42 SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE KIRLOSKAR DIESEL ENGINE WITH
ELECTRICAL LOADING
43 SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE KIRLOSKAR DIESEL ENGINE WITH
MECHANICAL LOADING
44 FLASH POINT APPARATUS
45 OPEN CUP APPARATUS
46 5HP - TEXVEL ENGINE- (cut model)
47 RED WOOD VISCOMETER
48 RAJDOOT TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE CUT SECTION MODEL
49 AMBASSADOR ENGINE CUT SECTION MODEL
50 ANIL FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE CUT SECTION MODEL
51 ANIL ENGINE WITH MECHANICAL LOADING
52 PHILIPS ENGINE WITH MECHANICAL LOADING
53 TWIN CYLINDER 4 STROKE KIRLOSKAR DIESEL ENGINE WITH
ELECTRICAL LOADING
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SYLLABUS 1. Preparing valve timing diagram for Diesel engine.
2. Preparing port timing diagram for petrol engine.
3. Performing load test & emission test on single cylinder diesel engine using electrical /
mechanical loading arrangement.
4. Performing Heat Balance test on single cylinder diesel engine using electrical /
mechanical loading arrangement
5. Performing Morse test on multi cylinder petrol engine
6. Performing load test & emission test on single cylinder petrol engine using eddy current
dynamometer
7. Performing characteristics study (Flash point & Fire point) on lubricating oil
8. Performing test on a single acting multi cylinder reciprocating air compressor
9. Performance study on vapor compression refrigeration system
10. Performance study on air conditioning system
Course/ Course Outcomes Mapping with programme outcomes
a b c d e f g h i j k l m
11ME307/
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY
2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2
CO1: Conduct experiments to prepare
valve timing and port timing diagram for
diesel and petrol engines; performing load
test and emission test and conduct heat
balance on different engines.
2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2
CO2: Perform load test and emission test
on single and multi cylinder engines using
eddy current dynamometer.
2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2
CO3: Conduct experiments to access the
performance of refrigeration and air
conditioning system; and analysis and
characterization of flash and fire point.
2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2
1 Low contribution, 2- Average contribution, 3- Strong contribution
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TABULATION
S.No Events Position with respect to nearest
Dead Centre
Distance
in cm
Angle in
Degree
1. IVO Before TDC
2. IVC After BDC
3. EVO Before BDC
4. EVC After TDC
MODEL CALCULATION
1. Angles in degree = (360/circumference of flywheel) x distance
=
= _______________________
2. Valve overlapping period =IVO bTDC + EVC aTDC
=
=__________________________
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Ex. No. Date:
DRAW A VALVE TIMING FOR FOUR STROKE DIESEL OR PETROL ENGINES
AIM
To draw valve timing diagram for ___________________________ engine and to
find out the valve overlapping period.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Measuring tape, chalk piece
ENGINE SPECIFICATION
Power
Speed
Bore
Stroke
Circumference of the flywheel (cm)
PROCEDURE
1. Measure the circumference of the flywheel.
2. Find out the Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) or Top Dead Centre (TDC) with the help of
piston movement and mark it on the flywheel with the help of reference plate.
3. Take half of the circumference of the flywheel from this mark and this will be the other
Dead Centre.
4. Find the inlet and outlet valves using the basics of cycle of operation or from their
position near the manifolds.
5. Place a piece of paper between the rocker arm end and the top of the valve.
6. Rotate the flywheel in the operating direction until the grip on the paper tightens. This
will be the Inlet Valve Open (IVO) position. Mark this point on the flywheel.
7. Rotate the flywheel in the same direction until the grip on the paper is just lost. This will
be the Inlet Valve Close (IVC) position. Mark this point on the flywheel.
8. Repeat the same Procedure for finding the Exhaust valve Open (EVO) and Exhaust
Valve Close (EVC) Positions.
9. Measure the distance of all these positions from the nearest Dead Centre and tabulate
them.
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VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM (Theoretical)
FORMULAE USED
1. Angles in degree = (3600/circumference of flywheel) x distance
2. Valve overlapping period = IVO bTDC + EVC aTDC
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VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM (Actual)
RESULT
The actual valve timing diagram for ________________________________ engine is drawn.
The angle of valve overlapping is ____________ degrees.
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TABULATION
S.No Events Position with respect to nearest
Dead Centre
Distance
in cm
Angle in
Degree
1. IPO Before TDC
2. IPC After TDC
3. TPO Before BDC
4. TPC After BDC
5. EPO Before BDC
6. EPC After BDC
MODEL CALCULATION
Angles in degree = (360/circumference of flywheel) x distance
=
= _______________________
Scavenging period in degree =TPO + TPC =__________________________
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Ex. No. Date:
DRAW A PORT TIMING DIAGRAM FOR TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINES
AIM
To draw port timing diagram for ___________________________ engine and trace
out scavenging period.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Measuring tape, chalk piece
ENGINE SPECIFICATION
Power
Speed
Bore
Stroke
Circumference of the flywheel (cm)
PROCEDURE
1. Measure the circumference of the flywheel.
2. Find out the Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) or Top Dead Centre (TDC) with the help of
piston movement and mark it on the flywheel with the help of reference plate.
3. Take half of the circumference of the flywheel from this mark and this will be the other
Dead Centre.
4. Find the inlet, exhaust and transfer ports using the basics of cycle of operation or from
their position near the manifolds.
5. Rotate the flywheel in the operating direction when the port just starts to open. This will
be the Inlet Port Open (IPO) position. Mark this point on the flywheel.
6. Rotate the flywheel in the same direction when the port is completely closed. This will
be the Inlet Port Close (IPC) position. Mark this point on the flywheel. The bottom side
of the piston will cover the inlet port opening and closing.
7. Repeat the same Procedure for finding the Exhaust Port Open (EPO), Exhaust Port Close
(EPC), Transfer Port Open (TPO) and Transfer Port Close (TPC) positions. The topside
of the piston will cover the exhaust and transfer port opening and closing.
8. Measure the distance of all these positions from the nearest Dead Centre and tabulate
them
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PORT TIMING DIAGRAM (Theoretical)
FORMULAE USED
1. Angles in degree = (360/circumference of flywheel) x distance
2. Scavenging period in degree = TPO- TPC
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PORT TIMING DIAGRAM (Actual)
RESULT
The actual Port timing diagram for ________________________________ engine is drawn.
The Scavenging period is ____________ degree.
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Flash Point
The flash point of oil is defined as the temperature to which the oil must be heated to give off
sufficient vapour to form a flammable mixture
Fire Point
The fire point is the temperature to which the oil must be heated to produce vapour-air
mixture that burns continuously once it has been ignited
TABULATION
Sl. No. Temperature oC Flash point Fire point
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Ex No: Date:
DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT OF OIL BY CLEVELAND OPEN
CUP APPARATUS
AIM
To determine the flash and fire point of a given oil sample using Cleaveland open cup
apparatus.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Cleaveland open-cup apparatus, thermometer, splinter stick, etc.
PROCEDURE
1. Check up the heater working condition of Cleaveland open-cup apparatus.
2. Fill up the given sample of oil up to the required level.
3. Place the thermometer and stirrer inside the oil.
4. Switch on the heater and stirrer.
5. Initially regulate the heater to rise in temperature of oil 6 o 1 o per minute
6. On approaching the flash point the rate is reduced to 3 o 0.5 o per minute
7. Place the flame just above the surface of the oil.
8. At one point, a bluish flame appears and it will last for only a fraction of a second.
9. This is the FLASH point temperature of the given sample of oil.
10. Increase the temperature of the oil further and again place the flame just above the surface of the oil.
11. At one point, a reddish or yellowish flame will appear and it will burn continuously.
12. This is the FIRE point temperature of the oil.
13. Remove the stirrer from the Cleaveland apparatus.
RESULT
Flash and Fire point of the sample oil are expressed in oC round off to the first digit.
The Flash point temperature of the given oil sample is _____oC
The Fire point temperature of the given oil sample is ______oC
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Flash Point
The flash point of oil is defined as the temperature to which the oil must be heated to give off
sufficient vapour to form a flammable mixture
Fire Point
The fire point is the temperature to which the oil must be heated to produce vapour-air
mixture that burns continuously once it has been ignited
TABULATION
Sl. No. Temperature oC Flash point Fire point
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Ex No: Date:
DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT OF OIL BY PENSKY MARTEN
CLOSED CUP APPARATUS
AIM
To determine flash and fire point of a given sample of oil by using Pensky Marten closed
cup apparatus.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Pensky Marten closed cup apparatus, Oil sample, thermometer, splinter stick, etc.
PROCEDURE
1. Check up the heater working condition of Pensky Marten closed-cup apparatus.
2. Fill up the given sample of oil up to the required level.
3. Place the thermometer and stirrer inside the oil.
4. Switch on the heater and stirrer.
5. Initially regulate the heater to rise in temperature of oil 6 o 1 o per minute
6. On approaching the flash point the rate is reduced to 3 o 0.5 o per minute
7. Place the flame just above the surface of the oil.
8. At one point, a bluish flame appears and it will last for only a fraction of a second.
9. This is the FLASH point temperature of the given sample of oil.
10. Increase the temperature of the oil further and again place the flame just above the surface
of the oil.
11. At one point, a reddish or yellowish flame will appear and it will burn continuously.
12. This is the FIRE point temperature of the oil.
13. Remove the stirrer from the Pensky Marten apparatus.
RESULT
Flash and Fire point of the sample oil are expressed in oC round off to the first digit.
The Flash point temperature of the given sample oil is _____oC
The Fire point temperature of the given sample oil is ______oC
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VISCOMETER SPECIFICATION
Viscometer Constant (A) : 0.6
Viscometer Constant (B) : 200
OBSERVATION
Room temperature (Tr) : ____________ 0C
Density of oil at room temperature(r) :
Coefficient of thermal expansion () :
TABULATION
Sl.
No.
Temperature
in oC (T)
Time
in
seconds (t)
Density
in
gm/cc (oil)
Kinematic
Viscosity
centi stokes
Absolute
Viscosity
centi poise
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Ex. No. Date:
DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF LUBRICATING OIL BY
REDWOOD VISCOMETER
AIM
To determine kinematic and absolute viscosity of a given sample of oil using
Redwood Viscometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Redwood Viscometer, thermometer, measuring flask, stopwatch
PROCEDURE
1. Check up the water level and heater condition in the instrument.
2. Fill up the given sample of oil in the viscometer cup up to the required level.
3. Place the thermometer inside the oil to measure its temperature.
4. By opening the ball valve, measure the time taken for 50 cc of oil collection at room temperature.
5. Switch on the heater to increase the oil temperature. Measure the time taken for 50 cc of oil collection in steps of 10 degree centigrade for 5 sets of
readings.
6. Switch off the heater in the viscometer.
FORMULAE USED
1. Density of Oil at a given temperature T (oil) = r[ 1 (T Tr)] gm/cc
2. Kinematic Viscosity () =At (B/t) centistokes
3. Absolute Viscosity () = ( x oil) centipoises
where Tr = Room temperature
where t = time for 50ml of oil collection in seconds
GRAPH
Temperature Vs Kinematic viscosity
Temperature Vs absolute viscosity
Temperature Vs time
RESULT
The kinematic viscosity and absolute viscosity of the given oil at different
temperatures are determined and graphs are drawn.
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VISCOMETER SPECIFICATION
Viscometer Constant (A) : 0.22
Viscometer Constant (B) : 135
OBSERVATION
Room temperature (Tr) : ____________ 0C
Density of oil at room temperature(r) : ____________gm/cc
Coefficient of thermal expansion () : 0.0005/oC
TABULATION
Sl.
No.
Temperature
in oC (T)
Time
in
seconds (t)
Density
in
gm/cc (oil)
Kinematic
Viscosity
centi stokes
Absolute
Viscosity
centi poise
1
2
3
4
5
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Ex. No. Date:
DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF LUBRICATING OIL BY
SAYBOLT VISCOMETER
AIM
To determine kinematic and absolute viscosity of a given sample of oil using
Saybolt Viscometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Saybolt Viscometer, thermometer, measuring flask, stopwatch
PROCEDURE
1. Check up the water level and heater condition in the instrument.
2. Fill up the given sample of oil in the viscometer cup up to the required level.
3. Place the thermometer inside the oil to measure its temperature.
4. By opening the ball valve, measure the time taken for 60 cc of oil collection at room temperature.
5. Switch on the heater to increase the oil temperature. Measure the time taken for 60 cc of oil collection in steps of 10 degree centigrade for 5 sets of readings.
6. Switch off the heater in the viscometer.
FORMULAE USED
1. Density of Oil at a given temperature T (oil) = r[ 1 (T Tr)] gm/cc
2. Kinematic Viscosity () =At (B/t) centistokes
3. Absolute Viscosity () = ( x oil) centipoises
where Tr = Room temperature
where t = time for 60ml of oil collection in seconds
GRAPH
Temperature Vs Kinematic viscosity
Temperature Vs absolute viscosity
Temperature Vs time
RESULT
The kinematic viscosity and absolute viscosity of the given oil at different
temperatures are determined and graphs are drawn.
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OBSERVATION
Specific gravity of the fuel : --------
Calorific value of the fuel (CV) : --------kJ/kg
Efficiency of alternator : --------%
Input Voltage (Vi) : --------volts
Maximum load to be applied Amax = {BP x x 1000 / (Vi) Amps
=
= ___________________________A
TABULATION
Test is conducted at a speed of 1500 rpm.
S.No
Applied load (rounded off) Speed
Time for 10cc of fuel
consumption(s)
A (amps) V (volt) rpm t1 t 2 tavg
1 0% of Amax
2 25% of Amax
3 50% of Amax
4 75% of Amax
5 100% of Amax
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Ex. No. Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER
PETROL ENGINE BY ELECTRICAL LOADING
AIM
To conduct a Performance test on a single cylinder four stroke petrol engine by
electrical loading with different loads at constant speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape, etc.
ENGINE SPECIFICATION
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of Lubrication
Fuel used
PROCEDURE
1) Calculate maximum load to be applied for a selected engine.
2) Check the fuel supply, water circulation in the water system and lubricating oil in the
oil stump.
3) Ensure no load condition.
4) The Engine is started and allowed to run on idle speed for a few minutes.
5) Gradually the engine is loaded by electrical dynamometer and the speed is maintained
constant.
6) Load the engine in steps of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% of maximum load to be
applied.
7) Note the corresponding readings of voltmeter, ammeter & fuel consumption.
8) After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and then
stop the engine.
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MODEL CALCULATION
1. Fuel Consumption (FC) = (Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /
(tavg x 1000)
=
= ____________________kg/sec
2. Fuel power (FuP) = FC x CV
=
= ____________________kW
3. Brake Power (BP) = (V x A) / ( x 1000)
=
= ____________________kW
4. Specific fuel consumption (SFC)= FC/BP
=
= ____________________kg/sec/kW
5. Frictional Power (FP) = ____________________kW
6. Indicated Power (IP) = BP + FP
=
= ____________________kW
7. Mechanical Efficiency = (BP/IP) x 100
=
= ____________________%
8. Brake Thermal efficiency = (BP/FuP) x 100
=
= ____________________%
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FORMULAE USED
1. Fuel Consumption (FC) =(Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /
(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP) =FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP) = (V x A) / ( x 1000)
4. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) =FC/BP
5. Frictional Power (FP) = Calculate from Willians graphical
method (BP Vs FC)
6. Indicated Power(IP) = BP + FP
7. Mechanical Efficiency = (BP/IP) x 100
8. Brake Thermal efficiency = (BP/FuP) x 100
9. Indicated thermal = (IP/FuP) x 100
Efficiency
10. Brake mean effective = (BP x 60) / (100 x Area of cylinder (A)
pressure (BMEP) x Stroke (SL) x speed (N1))
where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine
= N for 2 stroke engine
11. Indicated mean effective = (BP x 60)/(100 x Area of cylinder (A)
pressure (IMEP) x Stroke (SL) x speed (N1))
where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine
= N for 2 stroke engine
12. Torque = (BP x 60 x 103) / (2N)
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9. Indicated thermal Efficiency = (IP/FuP) x 100
=
=____________________%
10. Brake mean effective pressure = (BP x 60 )/(100 x A x SL x N1)
(BMEP)
=
=____________________bar
11. Indicated mean effective pressure = (IP x 60 )/( 100 x A x SL x N1)
(IMEP)
=
=____________________bar
12. Torque = (BP x 60 x 103) / (2N)
=
=____________________Nm
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GRAPH
1. Brake Power Vs Fuel consumption
2. Brake Power Vs Variation of specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency,
brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, brake mean effective
pressure, indicated mean effective pressure and torque.
RESULT TABULATION
S.No
FC
X 1
0-4
F
uP
BP
SF
C
X 1
0-4
IP
BM
EP
IME
P
TO
RQ
UE
kg/Sec kW kW kg/
kWh
kW % % % bar bar N-m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RESULT
The performance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke petrol engine by
electrical loading with different loads at constant speed of ------- rpm and the characteristics
graphs are drawn.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
30 | P a g e
OBSERVATION
Specific gravity of the fuel = _____
Calorific value of the fuel (CV) = ______kJ/kg
Maximum load to be applied (Lmax) = {BP x 60 x 1000 / (Cb x N)}/9.81 kg
=
= ___________________________kg
TABULATION
Test is conducted at a speed of 1500 rpm.
S.No Applied load (L) kg
(rounded off)
Time for 10cc of fuel consumption(s)
t1 t 2 tavg
1 0% of Lmax
2 25% of Lmax
3 50% of Lmax
4 75% of Lmax
5 100% of Lmax
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
1) Engine 2) Brake Drum 3) Spring balance 4) Fuel tank 5) Burette 6) Air box
7) U tube Manometer 8) Orifice 9) Cooling water inlet 10) Cooling water outlet
11) Exhaust
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
31 | P a g e
Ex. No. Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL
ENGINE BY MECHANICAL LOADING
AIM
To conduct a Performance test on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
mechanical loading with different loads at constant speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape
ENGINE SPECIFICATION
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of Lubrication
Fuel used
Circumference of brake drum (Cb)
PROCEDURE
1. Calculate maximum load to be applied for a selected engine.
2. Check the fuel supply, water circulation in the water system and lubricating oil in the
oil stump.
3. Ensure no load condition.
4. The Engine is started and allowed to run on idle speed for a few minutes.
5. Gradually the engine is loaded by mechanical brake method and the speed is
maintained constant.
6. Make sure the cooling arrangement for the brake drum.
7. Load the engine in steps of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% of maximum load to be
applied.
8. Note the corresponding readings of spring balance & fuel consumption.
9. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and
then stop the engine
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
32 | P a g e
MODEL CALCULATION
1. Fuel Consumption (FC) = (Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /
(tavg x 1000)
=
= ____________________kg/sec
2. Fuel power (FuP) = FC x CV
=
= ____________________kW
3. Brake Power (BP) = (Cb x N x L) / (60 x 1000)
=
= ____________________kW
4. Specific fuel consumption (SFC)= FC/BP
=
= ____________________kg/sec/kW
5. Frictional Power (FP) = ____________________kW
6. Indicated Power (IP) = BP + FP
=
= ____________________kW
7. Mechanical Efficiency = (BP/IP) x 100
=
= ____________________%
8. Brake Thermal efficiency = (BP/FuP) x 100
=
= ____________________%
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
33 | P a g e
.FORMULAE USED
1. Fuel Consumption (FC) =(Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /
(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP) =FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP) = (Cb x N x L) / (60 x 1000)
Where Cb = Circumference of the brake drum = 0.94m
4. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) =FC/BP
5. Frictional Power (FP) = Calculate from Willians graphical
method (BP Vs FC)
6. Indicated Power(IP) = BP + FP
7. Mechanical Efficiency = (BP/IP) x 100
8. Brake Thermal efficiency = (BP/FuP) x 100
9. Indicated thermal = (IP/FuP) x 100
Efficiency
10. Brake mean effective = (BP x 60) / (100 x Area of cylinder (A)
pressure (BMEP) x Stroke (SL) x speed (N1))
where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine
= N for 2 stroke engine
11. Indicated mean effective = (BP x 60)/(100 x Area of cylinder (A)
pressure (IMEP) x Stroke (SL) x speed (N1))
where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine
= N for 2 stroke engine
12. Torque = Load(L) x 9.81 x radius of brake drum
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
34 | P a g e
9. Indicated thermal Efficiency = (IP/FuP) x 100
=
=____________________%
10. Brake mean effective pressure = (BP x 60 )/(100 x A x SL x N1)
(BMEP)
=
=____________________bar
11. Indicated mean effective pressure = (BP x 60 )/( 100 x A x SL x N1)
(IMEP)
=
=____________________bar
12. Torque = L x 9.81 x radius of brake drum
=
=____________________Nm
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
35 | P a g e
GRAPH
1. Brake Power Vs Fuel consumption
2. Brake Power Vs Variation of specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency,
brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, brake mean effective
pressure, indicated mean effective pressure and torque.
RESULT TABULATION
S.No
FC
X 1
0-4
F
uP
BP
SF
C
X 1
0-4
IP
BM
EP
IME
P
TO
RQ
UE
kg/Sec kW kW kg/
kWh
kW % % % bar bar N-m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RESULT
The performance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
mechanical loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the characteristics
graphs are drawn.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
36 | P a g e
OBSERVATION
Specific gravity & Calorific value (CV) of the fuel : _______ & ______kJ/kg
Specific heat of cooling water (Cpw) & exhaust gas (Cpg) : _______& ______ kJ/kg
Coefficient of discharge (Cd) : ____
Maximum load to be applied Lmax ={BP x 60 x 1000 / (Cb x N)}/9.81 Kg
=
= ___________________________kg
TABULATION
S.N
o
Applied load
(L) kg
(rounded off)
Time for
10cc of fuel
consumption
(s)
Cooling
water
temperature
(oC)
Mass flow
rate of
water
(mcw)
kg/sec
Exhaust
gas temp
(Teg) oC
Manometer
reading
(difference in
water column)
(hw) x 10-2
m
t1 t 2 tavg Ti To
1 0% of Lmax
2 25% of Lmax
3 50% of Lmax
4 75% of Lmax
5 100% of Lmax
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
1) Engine 2) Brake Drum 3) Spring balance 4) Fuel tank 5) Burette 6) Air box
7) U tube Manometer 8) Orifice 9) Cooling water inlet 10) Cooling water outlet
11) Exhaust
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
37 | P a g e
Ex. No. Date:
HEAT BALANCE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL
ENGINE BY MECHANICAL LOADING
AIM
To conduct a heat balance test on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
mechanical loading with different loads at constant speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape, etc
ENGINE SPECIFICATION
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of Lubrication
Circumference of brake drum (Cb)
PROCEDURE
1. Calculate maximum load to be applied for a selected engine.
2. Check the fuel supply, water circulation in the water system and lubricating oil in the
oil stump and Ensure no load condition
3. The Engine is started and allowed to run on idle speed for a few minutes.
4. Gradually the engine is loaded by mechanical brake method and the speed is
maintained constant.
5. Make sure the cooling arrangement for the brake drum.
6. Load the engine in steps of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% of maximum load to be
applied.
7. Note the corresponding readings of spring balance, mass flow rate of water, fuel
consumption, manometer reading, water inlet and outlet temperature, exhaust gas
temperature, etc.
8. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and then
stop the engine.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
38 | P a g e
MODEL CALCULATION
1. Fuel Consumption (FC) =(Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /
(tavg x 1000)
=
= ____________________kg/sec
2. Fuel power (FuP) = FC x CV
=
= ____________________kW
3. Brake Power (BP) = (Cb x N x L) / (60 x 1000)
=
= ____________________kW
4. Heat Carried away by cooling = mcw x Cpw x (To-Ti)
Water (Qcw)
=
= ____________________ kW
5. Heat Carried away by exhaust = meg x Cpg x (Teg - Tr)
gas (Qeg)
Where ha = (w x hw) / a
=
= ____________________m
Va = (2g x ha)
=
=__________________m/s
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
39 | P a g e
FORMULAE USED
1. Fuel Consumption (FC) = (Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /
(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP) = FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP) = (Cb x N x L) / (60 x 1000)
4. Heat Carried away by cooling = mass flow rate of cooling water (mcw) x Specific
Water (Qcw) heat of cooling water (Cpw) x (To-Ti)
5. Heat Carried away by exhaust = mass flow rate of exhaust gas (meg) x Specific
gas (Qeg) heat of exhaust gas (Cpg) x (Teg - Tr)
where meg = mass flow rate of air (ma) + mass flow rate of fuel (mf)
ma = Vol. flow rate of air (Qa) x density of air (a)
a = atm pressure (p) / (Gas constant (R) x Room temperature (Tr))
Qa = coefficient of discharge (cd) x area of orifice (ao) x velocity of air (va)
Va = (2g x height of air column (ha))
ha = (density of water ( w) x monometer reading(hw) / density of air ( a)
6. Unaccounted Loss (Qua) = FP-(BP+Qcw+Qeg)
GRAPH
Percentage of load (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100%), Vs BP (%),Qcw(%),Qeg(%)&Qua(%).
Place % of losses in a stacked manner along Y axis for clarity.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
40 | P a g e
Qa = Cd x ao x Va
=
= ____________________________ m3/s
ma = Qa x a
=
` =_____________________________ kg/s
meg = ma + mf
=
=_____________________________kg/s
Qeg = meg x Cpg x (Teg Tr)
=
= _____________________________kW
6. Unaccounted Loss (Qua) = FuP (BP+Qcw+Qeg)
=
= __________________kW
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
41 | P a g e
RESULT TABULATION
S.No Heat Input
(FuP)
Brake Power
(BP)
Cooling
water Loss
(Qcw)
Exhaust gas
loss
(Qeg)
Unaccounted
loss
(Qua)
kW % kW % kW % kW % kW %
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RESULT
The heat balance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
mechanical loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the charts are
drawn.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
42 | P a g e
OBSERVATION
Specific gravity of the fuel : ______
Calorific value of the fuel (CV) : ______ kJ/kg
Efficiency of alternator : _____
Input Voltage (Vi) : _____volts
Maximum load to be applied Amax = {BP x x 1000 / (Vi) Amps
=
= ___________________________A
TABULATION
Test is conducted at a speed of 1500 rpm.
S.No Applied load (rounded off) Time for 10cc of fuel consumption(s)
A (amps) V (volt) t1 t 2 tavg
1 0% of Amax
2 25% of Amax
3 50% of Amax
4 75% of Amax
5 100% of Amax
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
1) Engine 2) Fly wheel 3) Alternator 4) Fuel tank 5) Burette 6) Air box
7) U tube Manometer 8) Orifice 9) Cooling water in 10) Cooling water out
11) Exhaust 12) Water path (Copper rod immersed) 13) Loading wheel
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
43 | P a g e
Ex. No. Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL
ENGINE BY ELECTRICAL LOADING
AIM
To conduct a Performance test on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
electrical loading with different loads at constant speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape, etc.
ENGINE SPECIFICATION
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of Lubrication
Fuel used
PROCEDURE
1. Calculate maximum load to be applied for a selected engine.
2. Check the fuel supply, water circulation in the water system and lubricating oil in the
oil stump.
3. Ensure no load condition.
4. The Engine is started and allowed to run on idle speed for a few minutes.
5. Gradually the engine is loaded by electrically and the speed is maintained constant.
6. Load the engine in steps of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% of maximum load to be
applied.
7. Note the corresponding readings of voltmeter, ammeter & fuel consumption.
8. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and
then stop the engine.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
44 | P a g e
MODEL CALCULATION
1. Fuel Consumption (FC) = (Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /
(tavg x 1000)
=
= ____________________kg/sec
2. Fuel power (FuP) = FC x CV
=
= ____________________kW
3. Brake Power (BP) = (V x A) / ( x 1000)
=
= ____________________kW
4. Specific fuel consumption (SFC)= FC/BP
=
= ____________________kg/sec/kW
5. Frictional Power (FP) = ____________________kW
6. Indicated Power (IP) = BP + FP
=
= ____________________kW
7. Mechanical Efficiency = (BP/IP) x 100
=
= ____________________%
8. Brake Thermal efficiency = (BP/FuP) x 100
=
= ____________________%
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
45 | P a g e
FORMULAE USED
1. Fuel Consumption (FC) =(Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /
(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP) =FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP) = (V x A) / ( x 1000)
4. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) =FC/BP
5. Frictional Power (FP) = Calculate from Willians graphical
method (BP Vs FC)
6. Indicated Power(IP) = BP + FP
7. Mechanical Efficiency = (BP/IP) x 100
8. Brake Thermal efficiency = (BP/FuP) x 100
9. Indicated thermal = (IP/FuP) x 100
Efficiency
10. Brake mean effective = (BP x 60) / (100 x Area of cylinder (A)
pressure (BMEP) x Stroke (SL) x speed (N1))
where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine
= N for 2 stroke engine
11. Indicated mean effective = (BP x 60)/(100 x Area of cylinder (A)
pressure (IMEP) x Stroke (SL) x speed (N1))
where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine
= N for 2 stroke engine
12. Torque = (BP x 60 x 103) / (2N)
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
46 | P a g e
9. Indicated thermal Efficiency = (IP/FuP) x 100
=
=____________________%
10. Brake mean effective pressure = (BP x 60 )/(100 x A x SL x N1)
(BMEP)
=
=____________________bar
11. Indicated mean effective pressure = (IP x 60 )/( 100 x A x SL x N1)
(IMEP)
=
=____________________bar
12. Torque = (BP x 60 x 103) / (2N)
=
=____________________Nm
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
47 | P a g e
GRAPH
1. Brake Power Vs Fuel consumption
2. Brake Power Vs Variation of specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency,
brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, brake mean effective
pressure, indicated mean effective pressure and torque.
RESULT TABULATION
S.No
FC
X 1
0-4
F
uP
BP
SF
C
X 1
0-4
IP
BM
EP
IME
P
TO
RQ
UE
kg/Sec kW kW kg/Sec
kW
kW % % % bar bar N-m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RESULT
The performance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
electrical loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the characteristics
graphs are drawn.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
48 | P a g e
OBSERVATION
Specific gravity & Calorific value (CV) of the fuel : _______ & ______kJ/kg
Specific heat of cooling water (Cpw) & exhaust gas (Cpg) : _______& ______ kJ/kg
Coefficient of discharge (Cd) : ____
Efficiency of alternator : ____
Input voltage (Vi) : ____volts
Maximum load to be applied Amax =(BP x x 1000) / (Vi) Amps
=
= ___________________________A
TABULATION
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
1) Engine 2) Flu wheel3) Alternator 4) Fuel tank 5) Burette 6) Air box
7) U tube Manometer 8) Orifice 9) Cooling water in 10) Cooling water out 11)exhaust
12) Wpath (copper rod immersed) 13) Loading wheel
S.No Applied load
(rounded off)
Time for 10cc of
fuel consumption
(s)
Cooling water
temperature
(oC)
Mass flow
rate of
water (mcw)
kg/sec
Exhaust
gas temp
(Teg) oC
Manometer
reading
(difference in
water column)
(hw) x 10-2
m A(amps) V (volt) t1 t 2 tavg Ti To
1 0% of Lmax
2 25% of Lmax
3 50% of Lmax
4 75% of Lmax
5 100% of Lmax
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
49 | P a g e
Ex. No. Date:
HEAT BALANCE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL
ENGINE BY ELECTRICAL LOADING
AIM
To conduct a heat balance test on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
electrical loading with different loads at constant speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape
ENGINE SPECIFICATION
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of Lubrication
PROCEDURE
1. Calculate maximum load to be applied for a selected engine.
2. Check the fuel supply, water circulation in the water system and lubricating oil in the
oil stump.
3. Ensure no load condition.
4. The Engine is started and allowed to run on idle speed for a few minutes.
5. Gradually the engine is loaded by electrically and the speed is maintained constant.
6. Load the engine in steps of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% of maximum load to be
applied.
7. Note the corresponding readings of Voltmeter, ammeter, mass flow rate of water, fuel
consumption, manometer reading, water inlet and outlet temperature, exhaust gas
temperature, etc.
8. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and then
stop the engine.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
50 | P a g e
MODEL CALCULATION
1. Fuel Consumption (FC) = (Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /
(tavg x 1000)
=
= ____________________kg/sec
2. Fuel power (FuP) = FC x CV
=
= ____________________kW
3. Brake Power (BP) = (V x A) / ( x 1000)
=
= ____________________kW
4. Heat Carried away by cooling = mcw x Cpw x (To-Ti)
Water (Qcw)
=
= ____________________ kW
5. Heat Carried away by exhaust = meg x Cpg x (Teg - Tr)
gas (Qeg)
Where ha = ( w x hw) / a
=
= ____________________m
Va = (2g x ha)
=
=__________________m/s
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
51 | P a g e
FORMULAE USED
1. Fuel Consumption (FC) = (Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /
(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP) = FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP) = (V x A) / ( x 1000)
4. Heat Carried away by cooling = mass flow rate of cooling water (mcw) x Specific
Water (Qcw) heat of cooling water (Cpw) x (To-Ti)
5. Heat Carried away by exhaust = mass flow rate of exhaust gas (meg) x Specific
gas (Qeg) heat of exhaust gas (Cpg) x (Teg - Tr)
where meg = mass flow rate of air (ma) + mass flow rate of fuel (mf)
ma = Vol. flow rate of air (Qa) x density of air ( a)
a = atm pressure (p) / (Gas constant (R) x Room temperature (Tr))
Qa = coefficient of discharge (cd) x area of orifice (ao) x velocity of air (va)
Va = (2g x height of air column (ha))
ha = (density of water ( w) x monometer reading(hw) / density of air ( a)
6. Unaccounted Loss (Qua) = FP-(BP+Qcw+Qeg)
GRAPH
Percentage of load (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100%), Vs BP (%),Qcw(%),Qeg(%)&Qua(%).
Place % of losses in a stacked manner along Y axis for clarity.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
52 | P a g e
Qa = Cd x area of orifice(ao) x Va
=
= ____________________________ m3/s
ma = Qa x a
=
=_____________________________ kg/s
meg = ma + mf
=
=_____________________________kg/s
Qeg = meg x Cpg x (Teg Tr)
=
= _____________________________kW
6. Unaccounted Loss (Qua) = FuP (BP+Qcw+Qeg)
=
= __________________kW
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
53 | P a g e
RESULT TABULATION
S.No Heat Input
(FuP)
Brake Power
(BP)
Cooling
water Loss
(Qcw)
Exhaust gas
loss
(Qeg)
Unaccounted
loss
(Qua)
kW % kW % kW % kW % kW %
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
RESULT
The heat balance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
electrical loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the charts are drawn.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
54 | P a g e
OBSERVATION
Diameter of the orifice = ______ mm
Room temperature = ______ oC
TABULATION
S.No Gauge
Pressure
(bar)
Absolute
Pressure
(bar)
Load
(kgf)
Speed in rpm Inlet air temperature in Outlet temperature of
LP cylinder or
Inlet of the intercooler
T1
Mano
meteric
Reading
(h1 - h2)m
Motor
Nm
Compressor
Nc
LP Cylinder
(Ti)
HP Cylinder
(T2)
oC K oC K oC K
1
2
3
4
5 `
6
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
55 | P a g e
Ex. No. Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR
AIM
To conduct the performance test on Air compressor and to determine the volumetric
efficiency, isothermal efficiency, adiabatic efficiency, free air delivered and heat lost in the
intercooler.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, thermometer
COMPRESSOR SPECIFICATION
Power of the motor : 5.52 kW
Speed of the motor : 1440 rpm
Type of acting : Single
No. of Stages : Two
Bore of LP Cylinder : 100 mm
Bore of HP Cylinder : 80 mm
Stroke : 89 mm
Max. Operating Pressure : 10 bar
PROCEDURE
1. The Compressor motor is started after noting the room temperature.
2. The Pressure in the compressed air storage tank is maintained at atmospheric pressure
by fully opening the delivery valve. The readings from various thermometers and
spring balance are noted.
3. The Speeds of the compressor and motor are noted.
4. The Pressure of storage tank is maintained at 2 bar by adjusting the delivery valve and
the corresponding readings are noted.
5. The Procedure is repeated for 4,6,8 and 10 bar.
6. The compressor motor is stopped.
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
56 | P a g e
MODEL CALCULATION
1. Density of air ( a) = Patm / R x Ta
=
=______________________ kg/m3
2. Height of air column (ha) = whw/ a
=
=______________________ m
3. Velocity of air (Va) = a
=
=______________________ m/s
4. Volume flow rate of air (Qa) = Va x ao x Cd
=
=______________________ m3/s
5. Volume flow rate of air at NTP (Qa)NTP = (Qa x 273) / Ta
=
=______________________ m3/s
6. Theoretical volume flow rate of air (Qth) = (A x L x Nc) / 60
=
=______________________ m3/s
7. Volumetric efficiency = (Qa/Qth) x 100
=
=______________________ %
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
57 | P a g e
FORMULAE USED
1. Density of air ( a) = Patm / R x Ta
2. Height of air column (ha) = whw/ a
3. Velocity of air (Va) = a
4. Volume flow rate of air (Qa) = Va x ao x Cd
5. Volume flow rate of air at NTP (Qa)NTP = (Qa x 273) / Ta
6. Theoretical volume flow rate of air (Qth) = (A x L x Nc) / 60
7. Volumetric efficiency = (Qa/Qth) x 100
8. Mass flow rate of air (ma) = a x Qa
9. Input power (IP) = [(W x Nm) / 2000] x 0.736
10. Isothermal power (Piso) = (maRT / 1000) x ln(Pa/Ps)
11. Isothermal efficiency ( iso) = (Piso/IP) x 100
12. Adiabatic power (Pad)
13. Adiabatic efficiency ( ad) = (Pad/IP) x 100
14. Heat lost in the intercooler = ma Cpa (T2-T1)kW
GRAPH
Delivery Pressure Vs. Volumetric efficiency, Isothermal Efficiency, Adiabatic
Efficiency, Free air delivered and Heat lost in the intercooler.
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
58 | P a g e
8. Mass flow rate of air (ma) = a x Qa
=
=______________________ kg/s
9. Input power (IP) = [(W x Nm) / 2000] x 0.736
=
=______________________ kW
10. Isothermal power (Piso) = (maRT / 1000) x ln(Pa/Ps)
=
=______________________ kW
11. Isothermal efficiency ( iso) = (Piso/IP) x 100
=
=______________________ %
12. Adiabatic power (Pad) =[(maR(T1+T2) / 1000] x ( / -1) [(Pd/Ps) 1]
=
=______________________ kW
13. Adiabatic efficiency ( ad) = (Pad/IP) x 100
=
=______________________ %
14. Heat lost in the intercooler = ma Cpa (T2-T2)
=
=______________________ kW
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(Autonomous)
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
59 | P a g e
RESULT TABULATION
S.No Absolute
Pressure
(bar)
Input
Power
kW
Iso
Thermal
Power
kW
iso Adiabatic
Power
kW
adi Heat lost
in
intercooler
kW
Free air
delivered
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
RESULT
Thus the performance test on reciprocating air compressor is conducted and the
characteristic curves are drawn.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
60 | P a g e
OBSERVATION
Time in
minutes
Temperature of Refrigerator (oC) Pressure of Refrigerant in psi
T1 T2 T3 T4 P1 P2 P3 P4
0
10
20
Steady state
Condition
T1 = __________oC P1=P4=_________psi
T2 = __________oC P2=P3=_________psi
MODEL CALCULATION
P1=P4= ------------ + 1.013 = ------------- bar
14.2
P2=P3= ------------ + 1.013 = ------------- bar
14.2
PROCESS CHART
1 Compressor Inlet Condition
2 Compressor Outlet Condition
3 Condenser Outlet Condition
4 Evaporator Inlet Condition
FROM P-H CHART
H1 = ____________kJ/kg, H 2=_______________kJ/kg, H3=_____________kJ/kg
H1-H4 H1-H3
Theoretical COP = --------------- = ------------------- = ____________
H2-H1 H2-H1
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PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
61 | P a g e
Ex. No. Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON A REFRIGERATOR
AIM
To determine the COP of the vapour compression refrigerator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Thermometer and Stop watch.
PROCEDURE
1. Switch off the solenoid valve.
2. Open the valve in the capillary line.
3. Switch on the compressor.
4. After steady state conditions are achieved, switch on the solenoid valve and close the
valve in the capillary line.
5. Refrigerated space is opened for loading.
6. Steady state conditions are achieved after sometime noted by indication of same
temperature for at least 10 minutes.
7. Temperature and pressure at compressor inlet and outlet, condenser outlet are noted.
RESULT
The theoretical COP of the vapour compression refrigerator = ________________
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
62 | P a g e
OBSERVATION: COOLING PROCESS
1. Butterfly valve opening : 75o
2. Size of the duct : 250 x 250 mm
3. Velocity of air in the duct (Refer chart) : 4.55 m/sec (at 75o opening)
4. Rota meter reading (at steady state) : R1= 138 lit/hr
5. Time taken for 20 revolutions of energy meter : 35 sec
6. Energy meter constant : 600 rev./kWhr
TABULATION
Time in
minutes
Pressure(PSI) Temperature of Refrigerator (oC)
P1 = P4 P2 = P3 T1 T2 T3 T4
0
10
20
Steady state
Condition
Air Circuit
Air inlet condition 1
Air outlet condition 2
a) Inlet temperature of dry air DBT1 =_____________________oC
WBT1 =_____________________oC
b) Outlet temperature of dry air DBT2 =_____________________oC
WBT2 =_____________________oC
Ha1 =_____________________kJ/kg
Ha2 =_____________________kJ/kg
Da1 = (1/sp. vol@1)
=
=__________________kg/m3
sp. vol@1 taken from psychrometric chart
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
63 | P a g e
Ex. No. Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON AN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
AIM
To find the theoretical COP, actual COP, heat absorbed and cooling load of the given
apparatus.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Thermometer
PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the condenser fan.
2. Switch on the blower.
3. Switch on the compressor.
4. Open the butterfly valve.
5. After attaining the steady state, note down the following
a. DBT & WBT of air before cooling coil
b. DBT & WBT of air after cooling coil
c. Pressure & Temperature of Refrigerant at compressor inlet
d. Pressure & Temperature of Refrigerant at compressor outlet
e. Pressure & Temperature of Refrigerant at condenser outlet
f. Compressor energy meter reading time for 20 revolutions
g. Rotameter reading
h. Butterfly valve opening
6. After taking all the readings, switch off compressor first.
7. Allow blower and fan to run for 20 minutes and then switch off both.
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PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
64 | P a g e
MODEL CALCULATION
P1=P4= ------------ + 1.013 = ------------- bar (abs)
14.2
P2=P3= ------------ + 1.013 = ------------- bar (abs)
14.2
From P-H Chart
H1 = ____________kJ/kg
H 2=_______________kJ/kg
H3= H4 = _____________kJ/kg
Heat absorbed = H1 - H4
= _____________kJ/kg
Heat absorbed x mass flow rate of refrigerant (mr) 1. Refrigeration capacity = ------------------------------------------------------------- ______________________________211 R1 x D1 Where Mass flow rate of refrigerant (mr) = ----------- = 60 x 1000 (H1-H4) x mr Refrigeration Capacity = ------------------ 211 = = _______________ TR 2. Theoretical COP = (H1-H4) ------------------ (H2-H1) = =_________________
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
65 | P a g e
FORMULAE USED
Heat absorbed x mass flow rate of refrigerant (mr)
1. Refrigeration capacity = -------------------------------------------------------------
211
R1 x D1
Where Mass flow rate of refrigerant (mr) = ----------- =
60 x 1000
Refrigeration Capacity = (H1-H4) x mr ------------------ 211 2. Theoretical COP = (H1-H4) ------------------ (H2-H1) 3. Actual COP = mr x (H1-H4) ------------------ Compressor Power Where Compressor Power = 20 x 3600 ------------- T1 x Ec
Where T1 = Time for 20 revolutions
Energy meter constant (Ec) = 600
COOLING LOAD CIRCUIT
Mass of air (kg/hr) = 0.25 x 0.25 x Va1 x 3600 x density of air (D1) kg/hr
Cooling Load = Mass flow rate of air x Ha1 Ha2
------------------------------------------
60 x 211
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
66 | P a g e
3. Actual COP = mr x (H1-H4)
------------------ Compressor Power Compressor Power = 20 x 3600 ------------- = ------------------------------- T1 x Ec
=
= _________________________
COOLING LOAD CIRCUIT
4. Mass of air (kg/hr) = 0.25 x 0.25 x Va1 x 3600 x D1
=
= _________________________ kg/hr
5. Cooling Load = Mass flow rate of air x Ha1 Ha2
------------------------------------------
60 x 211
=
= _________________________
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PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
67 | P a g e
RESULT
Theoretical COP of air conditioner =_____________________
Actual COP of air Conditioner =_____________________
Refrigeration capacity (Ref. Circuit) =_____________________
Refrigeration capacity (Air Circuit) =_____________________
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(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
68 | P a g e
OBSERVATION
Specific gravity of the fuel = _________
Calorific value of the fuel (CV) = _________kJ/kg
Maximum load to be applied (Lmax) = {BP x 60 x 1000/ (2 x N x r)} x 9.81 kg
=
= ___________________________kg
TABULATION
Test is conducted at a speed of 1500 rpm.
S.No Applied load (L) kg
(rounded off)
Time for 10cc of fuel consumption(sec)
t1 t 2 tavg
1 0% of Lmax
2 25% of Lmax
3 50% of Lmax
4 75% of Lmax
5 100% of Lmax
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
69 | P a g e
Ex. No. Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL
ENGINE BY HYDRAULIC LOADING
AIM
To conduct a Performance test on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
hydraulic loading with different loads at constant speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape
ENGINE SPECIFICATION
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of Lubrication
Fuel used
PROCEDURE
1. Calculate maximum load to be applied for a selected engine.
2. Check the fuel supply, water circulation in the water system and lubricating oil in the
oil stump.
3. Ensure no load condition.
4. The Engine is started and allowed to run on idle speed for a few minutes.
5. Gradually the engine is loaded by mechanical brake method and the speed is
maintained constant.
6. Make sure the cooling arrangement for the brake drum.
7. Load the engine in steps of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% of maximum load to be
applied.
8. Note the corresponding readings of spring balance & fuel consumption.
9. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and then
stop the engine.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
70 | P a g e
MODEL CALCULATION
1. Fuel Consumption (FC) = (Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /
(tavg x 1000)
=
= ____________________kg/sec
2. Fuel power (FuP) = FC x CV
=
= ____________________kW
3. Brake Power (BP) = (W x N x 0.75) / (2000)
=
= ____________________kW
4. Specific fuel consumption (SFC)= FC/BP
=
= ____________________kg/sec/kW
5. Frictional Power (FP) = ____________________kW
6. Indicated Power (IP) = BP + FP
=
= ____________________kW
13. Mechanical Efficiency = (BP/IP) x 100
=
= ____________________%
14. Brake Thermal efficiency = (BP/FuP) x 100
=
= ____________________%
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
71 | P a g e
FORMULAE USED
1. Fuel Consumption (FC) =(Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /
(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP) =FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP) = (2NT) / (60 x 1000)
Where Cb = Circumference of the brake drum = 0.94m
4. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) =FC/BP
5. Frictional Power (FP) = Calculate from Willians graphical
method (BP Vs FC)
6. Indicated Power(IP) = BP + FP
7. Mechanical Efficiency = (BP/IP) x 100
8. Brake Thermal efficiency = (BP/FuP) x 100
9. Indicated thermal = (IP/FuP) x 100
Efficiency
10. Brake mean effective = (BP x 60) / (100 x Area of cylinder (A)
pressure (BMEP) x Stroke (SL) x speed (N1))
where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine
= N for 2 stroke engine
11. Indicated mean effective = (BP x 60)/(100 x Area of cylinder (A)
pressure (IMEP) x Stroke (SL) x speed (N1))
where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine
= N for 2 stroke engine
12. Torque = Load(L) x 9.81 x radius of brake drum
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
72 | P a g e
15. Indicated thermal Efficiency = (IP/FuP) x 100
=
=____________________%
16. Brake mean effective pressure = (BP x 60 )/(100 x A x SL x N1)
(BMEP)
=
=____________________bar
17. Indicated mean effective pressure = (BP x 60 )/( 100 x A x SL x N1)
(IMEP)
=
=____________________bar
18. Torque = L x 9.81 x radius of brake drum
=
=____________________Nm
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
73 | P a g e
GRAPH
1. Brake Power Vs Fuel consumption
2. Brake Power Vs Variation of specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency,
brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, brake mean effective
pressure, indicated mean effective pressure and torque.
RESULT TABULATION
S.No
FC
X 1
0-4
B
P
SF
C
X 1
0-4
IP
Fu
P
BM
EP
IME
P
TO
RQ
UE
Kg/Sec kW Kg/Sec
kW
kW % kW % % bar bar N-m
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
RESULT
The performance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
hydraulic loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the characteristics
graphs are drawn.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
74 | P a g e
OBSERVATION
Specific gravity of the fuel :
Calorific value of the fuel (CV) :
Specific heat of cooling water :
Specific heat of exhaust gas :
Coefficient of discharge :
Maximum load to be applied Lmax = {BP x 60 x 1000/ (2 x N x r)} x 9.81 kg
=
= ___________________________kg
TABULATION
S.No Applied load
(L) kg
(rounded off)
Time for 10cc
of fuel
consumption
(s)
Cooling water
temperature
(oC)
Mass flow
rate of
water (mcw)
kg/sec
Exhaust
gas temp
(Teg) oC
Manometer
reading
(difference in
water column)
(hw) x 10-2
m t1 t 2 tavg Ti To
1 0% of Lmax
2 25% of Lmax
3 50% of Lmax
4 75% of Lmax
5 100% of Lmax
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
75 | P a g e
Ex. No. Date:
HEAT BALANCE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL
ENGINE BY HYDRAULIC LOADING
AIM
To conduct a heat balance test on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
hydraulic loading with different loads at constant speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape, etc
ENGINE SPECIFICATION
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of Lubrication
PROCEDURE
1. Calculate maximum load to be applied for a selected engine.
2. Check the fuel supply, water circulation in the water system and lubricating oil in the
oil stump.
3. Ensure no load condition.
4. The Engine is started and allowed to run on idle speed for a few minutes.
5. Gradually the engine is loaded by mechanical brake method and the speed is
maintained constant.
6. Make sure the cooling arrangement for the brake drum.
7. Load the engine in steps of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% of maximum load to be
applied.
8. Note the corresponding readings of spring balance, mass flow rate of water, fuel
consumption, manometer reading, water inlet and outlet temperature, exhaust gas
temperature, etc.
9. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and then
stop the engine.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
76 | P a g e
MODEL CALCULATION
1. Fuel Consumption (FC) = (Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /
(tavg x 1000)
=
= ____________________kg/sec
2. Fuel power (FuP) = FC x CV
=
= ____________________kW
3. Brake Power (BP) = (W x N x 0.75) / (2000)
=
= ____________________kW
4. Heat Carried away by cooling = mcw x Cpw x (To-Ti)
Water (Qcw)
=
= ____________________ kW
5. Heat Carried away by exhaust = meg x Cpg x (Teg - Tr)
gas (Qeg)
Where ha = ( w x hw) / a
=
= ____________________m
Va = (2g x ha)
=
=__________________m/s
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
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PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
77 | P a g e
FORMULAE USED
1. Fuel Consumption (FC) = (Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /
(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel power (FuP) = FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP) = (2NT) / (60 x 1000)
4. Heat Carried away by cooling = mass flow rate of cooling water (mcw) x Specific
Water (Qcw) heat of cooling water (Cpw) x (To-Ti)
5. Heat Carried away by exhaust = mass flow rate of exhaust gas (meg) x Specific
gas (Qeg) heat of exhaust gas (Cpg) x (Teg - Tr)
where meg = mass flow rate of air (ma) + mass flow rate of fuel (mf)
ma = Vol. flow rate of air (Qa) x density of air ( a)
a = atm pressure (p) / (Gas constant (R) x Room temperature (Tr))
Qa = coefficient of discharge (cd) x area of orifice (ao) x velocity of air (va)
Va = (2g x height of air column (ha))
ha = (density of water ( w) x monometer reading(hw) / density of air ( a)
6. Unaccounted Loss (Qua) = FP-(BP+Qcw+Qeg)
GRAPH
Percentage of load (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100%), Vs BP (%),Qcw(%),Qeg(%)&Qua(%).
Place % of losses in a stacked manner along Y axis for clarity.
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
78 | P a g e
Qa = Cd x ao x Va
=
= ____________________________ m3/s
ma = Qa x a
=
=_____________________________ kg/s
meg = ma + mf
=
=_____________________________kg/s
Qeg = meg x Cpg x (Teg Tr)
=
= _____________________________kW
6. Unaccounted Loss (Qua) = FuP (BP+Qcw+Qeg)
=
= __________________kW
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
79 | P a g e
RESULT TABULATION
S.No Heat Input
(FuP)
Brake Power
(BP)
Cooling
water Loss
(Qcw)
Exhaust gas
loss
(Qeg)
Unaccounted
loss
(Qua)
kW % kW % kW % kW % kW %
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
RESULT
The heat balance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by
hydraulic loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the charts are
drawn.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
80 | P a g e
OBSERVATION
Specific gravity of fuel :
Calorific value of fuel :
Efficiency of Alternator :
Input voltage :
Maximum load to be applied: Lmax = {BP x 60 x 1000/ (2 x N x r)} x 9.81 kg
=
= _______________ kg
Where R- Radius of arm
TABULATION
Test is conducted at a speed of 1500 rpm.
Sl.No. Applied load(rounded off) Time for 10cc of fuel consumption (s)
Current (A) Voltage (V) t1 t2 tavg
1 0% of Amax
2 25% of Amax
3 50% of Amax
4 75% of Amax
5 100% of Amax
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PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
81 | P a g e
Ex No.: Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL
ENGINE BY EDDY CURRENT LOADING
AIM
To conduct a performance test on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by eddy current
loading with different loads at constant speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Tachometer, stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape, etc.
ENGINE SPECIFICATION
Engine Make
Power (BP)
Speed (N)
Bore (B)
Stroke (SL)
Type of lubrication
Fuel used
PROCEDURE
1. Calculate maximum load to be applied for the selected engine.
2. Check the fuel supply, water circulation in the water system and lubricating oil in the oil sump.
3. Ensure no load condition
4. The engine is started and allowed to run on idle speed for a few minutes.
5. Gradually the engine is loaded by electrical dynamometer and the speed is maintained constant.
6. Load the engine in steps of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% of maximum load to be applied.
7. Note the corresponding readings of voltmeter, ammeter, and fuel consumption.
8. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and then stop the engine.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
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PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
82 | P a g e
MODEL CALCULATION
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
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PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
83 | P a g e
FORMULAE USED
1. Fuel Consumption (FC) = (Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /
(tavg x 1000)
2. Fuel Power (FuP) = FC x CV
3. Brake Power (BP) = (2NT) / (60)
4. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) = FC/BP
5. Frictional Power (FP) = Calculate from Willans graphical method (BP Vs
FC)
6. Indicated Power (IP) = BP + FP
7. Mechanical Efficiency (m) = (BP/IP) x 100
8. Brake thermal efficiency (bt) = (BP/FuP) x 100
9. Indicated thermal efficiency (it) = (IP/FuP) x 100
10. Brake mean effective pressure = (BP x 60) / (100 x Area of cylinder (A) x Stroke (SL)
(BMEP) x speed (N1))
Where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine
= N for 2 stroke engine
11. Indicated mean effective pressure = (IP x 60) / (100 x Area of cylinder (A) x Stroke (SL)
(IMEP) x speed (N1))
Where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine
= N for 2 stroke engine
12. Torque = (BP x 60 x 103) / (2N)
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
84 | P a g e
MODEL CALCULATION
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
85 | P a g e
GRAPH
1. Brake power Vs Fuel consumption
2. Brake power Vs variation of specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure,
indicated mean effective pressure and torque.
RESULT TABULATION
Sl.
No.
FC
BP
SF
C
IP
m
FuP
b
t
it
BM
EP
IME
P
TO
RQ
UE
kg/s kW kg/
kWh kW % kW % % bar bar N-m
1
2
3
4
5
RESULT
The performance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by eddy
current loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the characteristics
graphs are drawn.
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
86 | P a g e
OBSERVATION
Specific gravity of fuel :
Calorific value of fuel :
Efficiency of Alternator :
Input voltage :
Maximum load to be applied: Lmax = {BP x 60 x 1000/ (2 x N x r)} x 9.81 kg
=
= _______________ kg
Where R- Radius of arm
TABULATION
Sl.
No
.
Applied load
(rounded off)
Time for 10cc
of fuel
consumption
(sec)
Cooling
water
temperature
(oC)
Mass
flow
rate of
water
(mcw)
kg/sec
Exhaust
gas
temp
(Teg) oC
Manometer
reading
(difference in
water column)
(hw) x 10-2
m A (amps) V (volt) t1 t2 tavg Ti To
1 0% of Amax
2 25% of Amax
3 50% of Amax
4 75% of Amax
5 100% of Amax
` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
87 | P a g e
EX. No.: Date:
HEAT BALANCE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL
ENGINE BY EDDY CURRENT LOADING
AIM
To conduct a heat balance test for a single cylinder four stroke diesel
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