8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
1/19
1
Christina McCluskey
SARP 2009
Coastal Carolina University
The EmissionComparison of Silage
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
2/19
2
Overview IntroductionBackground on
silageMethodology
Results
ChromatogramsCalculations
Discussion
ConclusionsLimitations
Future work
Acknowledgments
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
3/19
3
Introduction: OzoneAccording to the American Lung
Association:
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
4/19
Central Valley Air Quality (CVAQ) Coalition4
Introduction: CostsHealth: Annually, 808,000 absences
are estimated in the Valleys schooldistrict because of AsthmaAgricultural: According to the Air
District, ozone pollution causes asmuch as $300million of damage ayear. (90% of that is in the SanJoaquin Valley.)Dairy Farm silage piles are
considered to be creating a large
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
5/19
5
DairyDairy Farm SilageFarm SilageSilage is fermented, high-moisture feedDuring the fermentation process
Sugars are converted to acidsOxygen supply is depletedTemperature fluctuates in the finalphase, the temperature is ideallyless than 20F above ambienttemperature.
Stored in piles on the dairy farm-Fermentation Analysisand Silage Quality
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
6/19
6
Silage
Distribution
Occurs 6 timesa dayThe pile is
sliced and the
face is exposed
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
7/19
7
Methodology: Sample
Dry CoveredFresh/Wet
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
8/19
8
Methodology: Sample
Source sampleswere collected at adairy farm.
Samples wereanalyzed in theUniversity ofCalifornia IrvineRowland/Blake Lab,using GasChromatography
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
9/19
9 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.5-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1 - SARPSOURCE #3 [modified by Melissa Yang, 7 peaks manually assigned] BF7132 Int_Chan_5
2 - SARPSOURCE #7 [modified by Melissa Yang, 10 peaks manually assigned] BF7677 Int_Chan_5
3 - SARPSOURCE #9 [modified by Melissa Yang, 2 peaks manually assigned] BF6201A Int_Chan_5mV
min
321 1*-Propene(B)-4.569
2*-Propane(B)-4.674
3*-CH3Cl(B)-5.925
4*-i-Butane(B)-6.646
5*-acetaldehyde(B)-7.734
6*-Methanol(B)-8.358
7*-Ethanol(B)-9.343
8*-i-Pentane(B)-9.832
9*-acetone(B)-10.253
10*-1-Pentene(B)-10.549
11-10.808
12-10.848
13-10.955
14*-11.270
15-11.316
16-11.502
17-2-Methylpentane(B)-11.804
18-11.956
19-12.211
20-n-Hexane(B)-12.393
21-12.524
22-12.600
23-12.677
24-12.976
25-13.147
26*-13.204
27*-Benzene(B)-13.236
28*-Cyclohexane(B)-13.380
29*-2-Methylhexane(B)-13.483
30*-13.518
31*-2,3-Dimethylpentane(B)-13
.563
32*-3-Methylhexane(B)-13.621
33-13.793
34*-2,2,4-Trimethylpentane(B)-
13.851
35*-n-Heptane(B)-14.006
36-14.355
37*-2,3,4-Trimethylpentane(B)-
14.817
38-15.119
39-15.278
40-15.333
41*-15.365
42*-n-Octane(B)-15.409
43-15.470
44*-Ethylbenzene(B)-16.150
45*-m/p-Xylene(B)-16.290
46*-16.827
47*-i-Propylbenzene(B)-16.850
48*-17.066
49*-alpha-Pinene(B)-17.098
50*-17.141
51*-n-Propylbenzene(B)-17.169
52-17.192
53*-m-Ethyltoluene(B)-17.219
54*-p-Ethyltoluene(B)-17.244
55*-17.270
56*-1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene(B)-
17.297
57*-o-Ethyltoluene(B)-17.409
Results: Chromatogram-FID
Propan
Ethan
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
10/19
10
Results: Chromatogram-FID
9.128 9.200 9.250 9.300 9.350 9.400 9.450 9.500 9.550 9.600 9.650 9.700 9.763
-11
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
115
1 - SARPSOURCE #3 [modified by Melissa Yang, 7 peaks manually assigned] BF7132 Int_Chan_5
2 - SARPSOURCE #7 [modified by Melissa Yang, 10 peaks manually assigned] BF7677 Int_Chan_5
3 - SARPSOURCE #9 [modified by Melissa Yang, 2 peaks manually assigned] BF6201A Int_Chan_5mV
min
3 2 18*-Ethanol(B)-9.61
2
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
11/19
11
Results: Mixing Ratios
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
12/19
12
Results: Pile Face EmissionsAssumptionsArea of wet silage exposed during
sampling = 2.5 square feetArea of silage pile face = 850 square
feet
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
13/19
13
Discussion: Propanol
Acetyl radical then undergoes aseries of reactions that can formboth acetone and acetaldehyde.
propanol
acetyl
propionaldehyde
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
14/19
Carter, William P.L. UPDATED MAXIMUM INC14
Discussion
MIR- Maximum Incremental
ReactivityOzone forming potential
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
15/19
15
ConclusionWet silage is the more damaging form ofsilage
The most dominant compound in wet
silage is propanolPropanol reacts with a hydroxyl radical in
the atmosphere and acetaldehyde isproduced through a series ofphotochemical reactions
Acetaldehyde is highly damaging to theatmosphere
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
16/19
16
Future WorkObtain more samples from the same
dairy farm to check for consistency incompound mixing ratios
Sample during distribution time
Determine the duration of wet silageafter each distribution period
Investigate correlation between propanol
in silage and acetaldehyde surroundingsilage and dairy farms
Sample different types of silage at the
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
17/19
17
AcknowledgmenNSERC
NASA
Dr. DarleneSlusher
Dr. Don BlakeDr. Melissa Yang
Dr. Sherwood
RowlandSARP
Dr. Derek El in
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
18/19
18
QuestionQuestion
8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation
19/19
19
Thank you!Thank you!
Thank you!
Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!
Mankind cannot live without the
environment. However, theenvironment can certainl live
Top Related