Matter, Energy & Temperature
States of Matter:
Matter occurs in __ states:3
Solids have a definite _____ and _______.
shapevolumeLiquids have a definite _______ but take the _______ of their__________.
volumeshape containers
Gases have neither a definite ______ nor a definite _______, but will expand to fill their_________.
shapevolume
container
Solids
Particles in a solid are ______ packed together.tightly
They still _____, but don’t have much _______ and can only _________.
moveenergy
vibrate
There are _______ forces of _________ between the particles, which holds them close together in a structure called a _________ ________.crystal lattice
strong attraction
Liquids
Particles in a liquid are ______ apart than in solids and _____ much more.
farthermove
Liquid particles can _______ and _______.vibrate rotate
The attractive forces aren’t as ______ in liquids – so they have no definite _______.
strong
shape
Gases
Gas particles are much _______ apart than in either _______ or ______.
farthersolids
liquids
Gas particles can ________, _______ and _________.
vibrate rotatetranslate
There is almost no _________ between particles, so a gas will _______ to fill the ______ and ______ of its container.
attractionexpand
size shape
The States, they are a-change-n
What would it take for matter to move from one state to another?
Ch-Ch-Ch-Changes
_______ is what determines the state of matter!Energy
Solid to Liquid
Add ______ to a solid, and its particles will move ________ and the ___________ will increase.
energy
fastertemperature
Eventually, the particles will have enough energy to ________ from their crystal structure and the substance becomes a _______.
escape
liquid
Liquid to Gas
Add ______ to a liquid, and the particles will move ______ and the temperature will _________.
energyfaster
increase
Eventually, the liquid particles will have enough _______ to overcome the __________ forces and become a ____.
energyattractive
gas
Energy MattersEnergy is the ability to do ________.
There are different forms of energy:
Chemical
Mechanical
Electrical
Light Heat
WORK
Energy TypesThere are 2 main types of energy:
• __________ energy is the energy of __________.
• ________ energy is the energy of ________.
Potentialposition
Kineticmotion
When _____ is added, the particles that make up a substance begin to move _______.
This is an increase in ____________ energy.
**This is also an increase in ______________.
heat
faster
Kinetic
temperature
The ‘official’ definition for temperature:
Average kinetic energy
Absolute ZERO
• A __________ that states if the temperature ____________ enough, all molecular motion will _________.
• Can _______ actually happen!
• ________ always has a way to move to/from an object!
theorydecreases
STOP
never
Heat
Kelvin Scale
When approaching absolute zero, we use the ________ scale.Kelvin
The Kelvin scale starts at ____ K, which is _______________.
zero absolute zero
To convert Celsius to Kelvin:
K = °C + 273
100°C = ____ K 373
Phase changes
If you add heat to a solid, its _______ energy increases.
Eventually, you reach a point where the particles have enough energy to __________ from their ____________ structure.
The solid now becomes a ______.
Kinetic
break freecrystal lattice
liquid
The temperature at which this occurs is the substance’s ________ point.
The energy required to change the solid to a liquid is called the _______ of _______.
melting
heat fusion
(Heat energy is measured in ________.)Joules (J)
During the ______ change from solid to liquid, what happens to the temperature?
_______ the _______!
This means the average _______ energy stays the same.
But we’re still adding ______ energy – if the kinetic energy isn’t increasing, what kind of energy is?
phase
STAYS SAME
Kinetic
Heat
Potential!!!
________________is the pressure exerted by the _______ particles.
In order for a liquid to boil, the vapor pressure must equal the ___________ pressure, and then the liquid will change to a _____.
Vapor pressure
atmosphericgas
liquid
The amount of energy needed to change a liquid to a gas is called the _____ of ____________.
The temperature at which the liquid particles have enough energy to escape is the substance’s _______ point.
boiling
___________ is a change from liquid to gas at the _______ of the liquid.
heat vaporization
Evaporationsurface
Happens at ANY temperature!
Occasionally, there are substances that skip the liquid step and go directly from a _____ to a _____. (like ____________)
This is called ___________.
(The opposite – going directly from a gas to a solid – is called __________.)
solid gasDry ice (CO2)
sublimation
deposition
Remember that a substance’s _______ point is the same as its ____________ point.
The name just tells you the _________ of the phase change.
boilingcondensation
direction
________ point = ______ to _______________ point = _______ to _______________ point = _______ to _______________ point = _______ to ______
Heat of ________ = energy needed to change a _______ to a _______.
Heat of ___________ = energy needed to change a _______ to a _____.
solid liquidsolidliquid
liquidliquidgas
gas
MeltingFreezingBoiling
Condensation
Fusionsolid liquid
Vaporizationliquid gas
Phase changes
Substances will be found in the solid, liquid or gas phase according to the _________ of their particles.energy
Watch the following animation to see what I mean!
Heating & Cooling Curves
If you graph the energy & temperature associated with phase changes, you end up with something that looks like…
Energy
Tem
pera
ture
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Melting
Freezing
Boiling
Condensation
Reading a Heating Curve
Increases in temperature are also increases in _______ energy.kinetic
_________ lines are increases in ___________, and therefore increases in _______ energy.
Diagonaltemperature
kinetic
__________ lines do not show increases in temperature, so the _______ energy stays the same!
Horizontal
kinetic
Horizontal lines show periods of increases in _________ energy – during a _____________
potentialphase change
Use the temperature on the side of the graph to find:
Boiling point?
Melting point?
Condensation point?Solid phase?
Liquid phase?Gas phase?
Potential energy Increase ?
Kinetic energy increase ?
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