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To understand the environment, we need to
know how energy and matter behave in the
envi ronment and in l iv ing th ings
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nything that takes up space and
has mass
Atoms are the
smallest particles
that are
characteristic of
an Element
Matter is made
up of different
elements
a carbon atom
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Elementsaresubstances that cannot be broken
down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical
reactions
The Periodic Table of Elements shows all known
elements organized by their properties
Most matter can exist in three interchangeable
states:
solids, liquids, and gases
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Periodic Table of Elements
The table is
organized by
similarity in atomic
structure and
characteristics4
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SODIUM
A charged atom
is an ion.
Na
+
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Platinum
6
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NEON
8
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UR NIUM
9
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Conservation of Matter
Under ordinary circumstances,
matter is neither created nor destroyed.
It is recycled endlessly.
Where did the elements come from?
The phrase were all stardust is true
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Just four elements
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,and nitrogen-
make up over 96% of the mass of most
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Chemical reactions, the breaking and forming of
molecular bonds, create the simple and complexcompounds and substances on which life depends.
Elements are joined by chemical bonds to form
molecules
or
compounds; molecules also react
to form new compounds
Reactants Products
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Examples of
molecules
H
2
+ O
2
H
2
O
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Water is a unique compound
Water:
- is the medium in which all of lifes chemical reactions
occur- is a good electrical conductor (natural condition)
- has the highest surface tension of any common, natural
liquid
- is a liquid over a wide temperature range- expands when it crystallizes, unlike most substances
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The capacity to do work
heat, light, electricity, and chemicalenergy are all types of energy
Energy can be
Kinetic energy -- contained in moving objects
or
Potential energy
stored energy physical, chemical
or nuclear)
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Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
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Food has chemical energy calories
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High-quality energy is concentrated
This is very useful for doing work
Examples: Hot fire, high voltage electricity, boiling water
Low-quality energy is diffused or dispersed
This is not very useful for doing work
A lake contains a lot of heat energy even if its cold, but that heat
energy is not very useful bec use its not concentr ted
Low quality energy sources must be transformed
to high quality sources to be very useful
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Two Fundamental Principles of Energy
Energy is conserved
it is neither created nor
destroyed but may be transferred or transformed
First law of thermodynamics)
However, with each successive transfer or
transformation of energy, there is less energy
available to do work because it is dissipated and
disorder is increased
(Entropy increases (tendency of all natural
systems to move towards a state of increasing
disorder) -Second law of thermodynamics).
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