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Promoting dialogue, debate and change

Mapping declarations and statements on communication for development

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Extractedandsummarisedtextfromselecteddeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopment.

PanosLondonwishestoacknowledgetheoriginalsourceofthedeclarationsandstatements(thepagenumbersrefertothisdocument):UN(p2,p31,p40);UNESCO(p3,p9,p13,p15,p46,p47);WorldHealthOrganization(p11);UNEconomicCommissionforAfrica(p18,p41);ThePeople’sCommunicationCharter(p19);theMediaInstituteofSouthernAfrica(p22);WorldSummitontheInformationSociety(p24,p32);UNDP(p28,p37,p45);CommissionforAfrica(p29);UKDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(p34);BBCWorldServiceTrust(p35);theNewGlocalTimes(p38);andWorldCongressonCommunicationforDevelopment(p39).

2 1948TheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights

3 1980TheMacBrideReport

9 1991DeclarationofWindhoek

11 1992DeclarationofAlmaAta

13 1994DeclarationofSantiago

15 1996DeclarationofSana’a

18 1996UNECAAfricanInformationSocietyInitiative(AISI)

19 1993ThePeople’sCommunicationCharter

22 2001AfricanCharteronBroadcasting

24 2003WSISDeclarationofPrinciples

28 2003UNDPAccesstoInformation

29 2005CommissionforAfrica:Ourcommoninterest

31 2005UNWorldSummitOutcome(MDGs)

32 2005WSISTunisAgendafortheInformationSociety

34 2006DFIDEliminatingworldpoverty:Makinggovernanceworkforthepoor(WhitePaper)

35 2006AMDIStrengtheningAfrica’sprivateindependentmedia

Contents

37 2006UNDPCommunicationforEmpowerment

38 2006Whatdotheythink?Policy-makersandtheroleofcommunicationfordevelopment.Aperceptionstudyconductedin2005–2006andpolicy-makers’perceptionsofcommunicationfordevelopment:twosurveys12yearsapartbothbyColinFraser&SoniaResrepoEstrada

39 2006WCCDRomeConsensus

40 2006UNDeliveringasone:Reportofthesecretary-general’shigh-levelpanel

41 2006STREAMAfricanframeworkforthedevelopmentofasustainableandpluralisticmedia

45 2007UNDPTowardsaCommonUNsystemapproach:HarnessingcommunicationtoachievetheMDGs(draft)Paperfor10thinter-agencyroundtable

46 2007UNESCOTowardsacommonUNsystemapproach:TheroleofcommunicationfordevelopmentinachievingtheMDGsPaperfor10thinter-agencyroundtable

47 200710thInter-agencyroundtableoncommunicationfordevelopment:Recommendations

MappingdeclarationsandstatementsoncommunicationfordevelopmentPanosLondonJuly2007 2

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Recommendations Media

Recommendations Government

Recommendations Civilsociety

Recommendations Privatesector

Article 19 Everyonehastherighttofreedomofopinionandexpression;thisrightincludesfreedomtoholdopinionswithoutinterferenceandtoseek,receiveandimpartinformationandideasthroughanymediaandregardlessoffrontiers.

Nospecificrecommendationsfordonors.

1948 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Nospecificrecommendationsforgovernment.

Nospecificrecommendationsformedia.

Nospecificrecommendationsforcivilsociety.

Nospecificrecommendationsforprivatesector.

Recommendations Donors

Recommendations All


Recommendations All

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1 [Werecommendtheestablishmentof]commonaimsandcommonvaluesinthesphereofcommunication,basedoncommoninterestsinaworldofinterdependence.

2 Theutmostimportanceshouldbegiventoeliminatingimbalancesanddisparitiesincommunicationanditsstructures,andparticularlyininformationflows.

5 Ourcallforreflectionandactionisaddressedbroadlytogovernmentsandinternationalorganizations,topolicy-makersandplanners,tothemediaandprofessionalorganizations,toresearchers,communicationpractitioners,toorganizedsocialgroupsandthepublicatlarge.

5 Developingcountriestakespecificmeasurestoestablishordevelopessentialelementsoftheircommunicationsystems:printmedia,broadcastingandtelecommunicationsalongwiththerelatedtrainingandfacilities.

6 (…)regionalnetworksshouldbesetuptoincreasenewsflowsandserveallthemajorlanguagegroupsinthearea.Nationally,theagenciesshouldbuttressthegrowthofbothurbanandruralnewspaperstoserveasthecoreofacountry’snewscollectionanddistributionsystem.

7 Nationalbookproductionshouldbeencouraged.

8 Thedevelopmentofcomprehensivenationalradionetworks,capableofreachingremoteareas,shouldtakepriorityoverthedevelopmentoftelevision.

12 Essentialcommunicationneedstobemetincludetheextensionofbasicpostalservicesandtelecommunicationnetworks.

13 Developmentofacommunitypressinruralareasandsmalltowns.

14 Utilizationoflocalradio,low-costsmallformattelevisionandvideosystemsandotherappropriatetechnologieswouldfacilitatetheproductionofprogrammesrelevanttocommunitydevelopmentefforts,stimulateparticipationandprovideopportunityfordiversifiedculturalexpression.

15 Theeducationalandinformationaluseofcommunicationshouldbegivenequalprioritywithentertainment...educationsystemsshouldprepareyoungpeopleforcommunicationactivities.

18 Itisnotsufficienttourgethatcommunicationbegivenahighpriorityinnationaldevelopment;possiblesourcesofinvestmentfinancemustbeidentified.

19 Amajorinternationalresearchanddevelopmentefforttoincreasethesupplyofpaper.

21 Theelectro-magneticspectrumandgeostationaryorbit,bothfinitenaturalresources,shouldbemoreequitablysharedasthecommonpropertyofmankind.

22 Promotionofdialoguefordevelopmentasacentralcomponentofbothcommunicationanddevelopmentpolicies.

23 Inpromotingcommunicationpolicies,specialattentionshouldbegiventotheuseofnon-technicallanguageandcomprehensiblesymbols,imagesandformstoensurepopularunderstandingofdevelopmentissuesandgoals.

25 Settingupnationalmechanismstopromoteparticipationanddiscussionofsocialprioritiesintheacquisitionorextensionofnewcommunicationtechnologies.

26 Indevelopingcountriesthepromotionofautonomousresearchanddevelopmentshouldbelinkedtospecificprojectsandprogrammesatthenational,regionalandinter-regionallevels,whichareoftengearedtothesatisfactionofbasicneeds.Morefundsarenecessarytostimulateandsupportadaptivetechnologicalresearch.

1980 The MacBride Report


backtocontentspage 1980 The MacBride Report

continued

34 Developingcountriesshouldpayparticularattentionto:(a)thecorrelationbetweeneducation,scientificandcommunicationpolicies,becausetheirpracticalapplicationfrequentlyoverlaps;(b)thecreationineachcountryofoneorseveralcentresforthecollectionandutilizationoftechnicalinformationanddata,bothfromwithinthecountryandfromabroad;(c)securethebasicequipmentnecessaryforessentialdataobtainedfromremotesensing.

35 Developedcountriesshouldfosterexchangesoftechnicalinformationontheprinciplethatallcountrieshaveequalrightstofullaccesstoavailableinformation.

37 Attheinternationallevel,considerationshouldbegiventoactionwithrespectto:(a)asystematicidentificationofexistingorganizeddataprocessinginfrastructuresinvariousspecializedfields;(b)agreementonmeasuresforeffectivemulti-countryparticipationintheprogrammes,planningandadministrationofexistingordevelopingdatainfrastructures;(c)analysisofcommercialandtechnicalmeasureslikelytoimprovetheuseofinformaticsbydevelopingcountries;(d)agreementoninternationalprioritiesforresearchanddevelopmentthatisofinteresttoallcountriesinthefieldofinformatics.

42 (…)developfurthereffectivewaysbywhichtherighttoassessmassmediaperformancecanbeexercisedbythepublic.

60 Attentionshouldbepaidtothecommunicationneedsofwomen.

61 Theconcernsofchildrenandyouth,national,ethnic,religious,linguisticminorities,peoplelivinginremoteareasandtheagedandhandicappedalsodeserveparticularconsideration.

64 Thecreationofappropriatecommunicationfacilitiesatalllevels,leadingtowardsnewformsofpublicinvolvementinthemanagementofthemediaandnewmodalitiesfortheirfunding.

66 Theprogressiveimplementationofnationalandinternationalmeasuresthatwillfosterthesettingupofanewworldinformationandcommunicationorder.

67 Internationalcooperationforthedevelopmentofcommunications[should]begivenequalprioritywithandwithinothersectors(…)asinformationisabasicresourceforindividualandcollectiveadvancementandforall-rounddevelopment.

68 Thecloserelationshipbetweentheestablishmentofanewinternationaleconomicorderandthenewworldinformationandcommunicationordershouldbecarefullyconsideredbythetechnicalbodiesdealingwiththeseissues.

69 Thecommunicationdimensionshouldbeincorporatedintoexistingprogrammesandagreementsforeconomiccooperationbetweendevelopingcountries.

70 Jointactivitiesinthefieldofcommunication,whichareunderwaybetweendevelopingcountries,shouldbedevelopedfurtherinthelightoftheoverallanalysisandrecommendationsofthisReport.

71 Withrespecttocooperationinthefieldoftechnicalinformation,theestablishmentofregionalandsub-regionaldatabanksandinformationprocessingcentresandspecializeddocumentationcentresshouldbegivenahighpriority.

72 Mechanismsforsharinginformationofanon-strategicnaturecouldbeestablishedparticularlyineconomicmatters.


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continued

39 (…)journalismneedstoraiseitsstandardsandqualityforrecognitioneverywhereasagenuineprofession.

40 (…)journalistsrequirebroadeducationalpreparationandspecificprofessionaltraining.

43 Theadoptionofcodesofethicsatnationaland,insomecases,attheregionallevelisdesirable,providedthatsuchcodesarepreparedandadoptedbytheprofessionitself–withoutgovernmentalinterference.

45 Conventionalstandardsofnewsselectionandreporting,andmanyacceptednewsvalues,needtobereassessed…Highprofessionalstandardsareneededforjournaliststobeabletoilluminatethediverseculturesandbeliefsofthemodernworld.

46 (…)reportersbeingassignedtoforeignpostsshouldhavethebenefitoflanguagetrainingandacquaintancewiththehistory,institutions,politics,peaceandequalitywithoutforeigninterference.

62 Muchmoreattention[should]bedevotedtouseofthemediainlivingandworkingenvironments.Insteadofisolatingmenandwomen,themediashouldhelpintegratethemintothecommunity.

63 Thoseinchargeofthemediashouldencouragetheiraudiencestoplayamoreactiveroleincommunicationbyallocatingmorenewspaperspace,orbroadcastingtime,fortheviewsofindividualmembersofthepublicororganizedsocialgroups.

73 Particulareffortsshouldbeundertakentoensurethatnewsaboutotherdevelopingcountrieswithinoroutsidetheirregionreceivesmoreattentionandspaceinthemedia.

81 Allformsofcooperationamongthemedia,theprofessionalsandtheirassociations,whichcontributetothebetterknowledgeofothernationsandcultures,shouldbeencouragedandpromoted.

82 Reportingoninternationaleventsordevelopmentsinindividualcountriesinsituationsofcrisisandtensionrequiresextremecareandresponsibility.Insuchsituationsthemediaoftenconstituteoneofthefew,ifnotthesole,linkbetweencombatantsorhostilegroups.Thisclearlycastsonthemaspecialrolewhichtheyshouldseektodischargewithobjectivityandsensitivity.

80 Dueattentionshouldbepaidtotheproblemsofpeaceanddisarmament,humanrights,developmentandthecreationofanewcommunicationorder.Massmedia,bothprintedandaudiovisual,shouldbeencouragedtopublicisesignificantdocumentsoftheUnitedNations,ofUnesco,oftheworldpeacemovements,andofvariousotherinternationalandnationalorganizationsdevotedtopeaceanddisarmament.ThecurriculaofschoolsofjournalismshouldincludestudyoftheseinternationalproblemsandtheviewsexpressedonthemwithintheUnitedNations.



continued

1 Communication[should]nolonger[be]regardedmerelyasanincidentalserviceanditsdevelopmentlefttochance.Recognitionofitspotentialwarrantstheformulationbyallnations,andparticularlydevelopingcountries,ofcomprehensivecommunicationpolicieslinkedtooverallsocial,cultural,economicandpoliticalgoals.Suchpoliciesshouldbebasedoninter-ministerialandinter-disciplinaryconsultationswithbroadpublicparticipation.

2 Developingnationsandmultilingualsocietiesneedtoevolvelanguagepoliciesthatpromoteallnationallanguagesevenwhileselectingsomewherenecessary,formorewidespreaduseincommunication,highereducationandadministration.

3 Aprimarypolicyobjectiveshouldbetomakeelementaryeducationavailabletoallandtowipeoutilliteracy.

4 (…)itisessentialtodevelopcomprehensivenationalcommunicationpolicieslinkedtooverallsocial,culturalandeconomicdevelopmentobjectives.

10 Adequateeducationalandtrainingfacilitiesarerequiredtosupplypersonnelforthemediaandproductionorganizations…cooperationbetweenneighbouringcountriesandwithinregionsshouldbeencouraged.

20 Tariffsfornewstransmission,telecommunicationsratesandairmailchargesforthedisseminationofnews,transportofnewspapers,periodicals,booksandaudiovisualmaterialsareoneofthemainobstaclestoafreeandbalancedflowofinformation.Thissituationmustbecorrected,especiallyinthecaseofdevelopingcountries,throughavarietyofnationalandinternationalinitiatives.

24 Devisingpolicyinstrumentsatthenationallevelinordertoevaluatethepositiveandnegativesocialimplicationsoftheintroductionofpowerfulnewcommunicationtechnologies.

27 Theconcentrationofcommunicationstechnologyinarelativelyfewdevelopedcountriesandtransnationalcorporationshasledtovirtualmonopolysituationsinthisfield.Tocounteractthesetendenciesnationalandinternationalmeasuresarerequired,amongthemreformofexistingpatentlawsandconventions,appropriatelegislationandinternationalagreements.

28 Establishmentofnationalculturalpolicies,whichshouldfosterculturalidentityandcreativity,andinvolvethemediainthesetasks.

29 Communicationandculturalpoliciesshouldensurethatcreativeartistsandvariousgrass-rootsgroupscanmaketheirvoicesheardthroughthemedia.

30 Introductionofguidelineswithrespecttoadvertisingcontentandthevaluesandattitudesitfosters,inaccordancewithnationalstandardsandpractices.

31 Inexpandingcommunicationsystems,preferenceshouldbegiventonon-commercialformsofmasscommunication.

32 Whileacknowledgingtheneedofthemediaforrevenues,waysandmeansshouldbeconsideredtoreducethenegativeeffectsthattheinfluenceofmarketandcommercialconsiderationshaveintheorganizationandcontentofnationalandinternationalcommunicationflows.

36 Developingcountriesshouldadoptnationalinformaticspoliciesasamatterofpriority.

44 Allcountriesshouldtakestepstoassureadmittanceofforeigncorrespondentsandfacilitatetheircollectionandtransmissionofnews.

54 Communicationneedsinademocraticsocietyshouldbemetbytheextensionofspecificrightssuchastherighttobeinformed,therighttoinform,therighttoprivacy,therighttoparticipateinpubliccommunication–allelementsofanewconcept,therighttocommunicate.



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55 Allcountries[should]adoptmeasurestoenlargesourcesofinformationneededbycitizensintheireverydaylife.Acarefulreviewofexistinglawsandregulationsshouldbeundertakenwiththeaimofreducinglimitations,secrecyprovisionsandotherconstraintsininformationpractices.

56 Censorshiporarbitrarycontrolofinformationshouldbeabolished.

57 Specialattentionshouldbedevotedtoobstaclesandrestrictionswhichderivefromtheconcentrationofmediaownership,publicorprivate,fromcommercialinfluencesonthepressandbroadcasting,orfromprivateorgovernmentaladvertising.

58 Effectivelegalmeasuresshouldbedesignedto:(a)limittheprocessofconcentrationandmonopolization;(b)circumscribetheactionoftransnationalsbyrequiringthemtocomplywithspecificcriteriaandconditionsdefinedbynationallegislationanddevelopmentpolicies;(c)reversetrendstoreducethenumberofdecision-makersatatimewhenthemedia’spublicisgrowinglargerandtheimpactofcommunicationisincreasing;(d)reducetheinfluenceofadvertisinguponeditorialpolicyandbroadcastprogramming;(e)seekandimprovemodelswhichwouldensuregreaterindependenceandautonomyofthemediaconcerningtheirmanagementandeditorialpolicy,whetherthesemediaareunderprivate,publicorgovernmentownership.

59 Thebuildingofinfrastructuresandtheadoptionofparticulartechnologiesshouldbecarefullymatchedtotheneedformoreabundantinformationtoabroaderpublicfromapluralityofsources.

65 Communicationpolicy-makersshouldgivefargreaterimportancetodevisingwayswherebythemanagementofthemediacouldbedemocratized–whilerespectingnationalcustomsandcharacteristics.

75 TheMemberStatesofUnescoshouldincreasetheirsupporttotheOrganization’sprogrammeinthisarea.

79 Nationalcommunicationpoliciesshouldbeconsistentwithadoptedinternationalcommunicationprinciplesandshouldseektocreateaclimateofmutualunderstandingandpeacefulcoexistenceamongnations.


continued



continued

Recommendations Civilsociety 16 Theorganizationofcommunitylistening

andviewinggroupscouldincertaincircumstanceswidenbothentertainmentandeducationalopportunities.

74 Measurestopromotelinksandagreementsbetweenprofessionalorganizationsandcommunicationresearchersofdifferentcountriesshouldbefostered.

Recommendations Privatesector 38 Transnationalcorporationsshouldsupply

totheauthoritiesofthecountriesinwhichtheyoperate,uponrequestandonaregularbasisasspecifiedbylocallawsandregulations,allinformationrequiredforlegislativeandadministrativepurposesrelevanttotheiractivitiesandspecificallyneededtoassesstheperformanceofsuchentities.

11 Thecommunicationcomponentinalldevelopmentprojectsshouldreceiveadequatefinancing.

51 (…)Unescoshouldconveneaseriesofroundtablesatwhichjournalists,mediaexecutives,researchersandjuristscanperiodicallyreviewproblemsrelatedtotheprotectionofjournalistsandproposeadditionalappropriatemeasurestothisend.

76 BettercoordinationofthevariouscommunicationactivitieswithinUnescoandthosethroughouttheUnitedNationsSystem.

77 ItwouldbedesirablefortheUnitedNationsfamilytobeequippedwithamoreeffectiveinformationsystem,includingabroadcastcapabilityofitsownandpossiblyaccesstoasatellitesystem.

78 ConsiderationmightbegiventoestablishingwithintheframeworkofUnescoanInternationalCentrefortheStudyandPlanningofInformationandCommunication.



Recommendations All

backtocontentspage 1991 Declaration of Windhoek

10 Theinternationalcommunityshouldasamatterofprioritydirectfundingsupporttowardsthedevelopmentandestablishmentofnon-governmentalnewspapers,magazinesandperiodicals.

16 TheUNandUNESCO,andparticularlytheIPDC,shouldinitiatedetailedresearchincooperationwithgovernmental(especiallyUNDP)andnon-governmentaldonoragencies,relevantNGOs&professionalassociationsintothefollowingareas:

i identificationofeconomicbarriers ii trainingofjournalists iii legalbarrierstotherecognitionand

effectiveoperationoftradeunionsorassociationsforjournalists,editorsandpublishers

iv aregisterofavailablefunding v thestateofpressfreedomineachcountry

inAfrica.

18 TheinternationalcommunityshouldcontributetotheachievementandimplementationoftheinitiativesandprojectssetoutintheannextothisDeclaration(theAnnexprovidesalistofinitiativesandprojectsidentifiedintheSeminar).

Nospecificrecommendationsformedia. Recommendations Media

13 ThenationalmediaandlabourrelationslawsofAfricancountriesshouldbedraftedinsuchawayastoensurethatrepresentativeassociationscanexistandfulfiltheirimportanttasksindefenceofpressfreedom.

14 AfricanGovernmentsthathavejailedjournalistsfortheirprofessionalactivitiesshouldfreethemimmediately.Journalistswhohavehadtoleavetheircountriesshouldbefreetoreturntoresumetheirprofessionalactivities.




15 CooperationbetweenpublisherswithinAfrica,andbetweenpublishersoftheNorthandSouth,shouldbeencouragedandsupported.



backtocontentspage 1991 Declaration of Windhoek

continued

8 GAoftheUNshouldincludeinitsnextsessionadeclarationofcensorshipasagraveviolationofhumanrights.

11 Allfundingshouldaimtoencouragepluralismaswellasindependence.Thepublicmediashouldbefundedonlywhereauthoritiesguaranteeaconstitutionalandeffectivefreedomofinformationandexpressionandtheindependenceofthepress.

17 TheUNandUNESCOareinvitedtorecommendtotheGAtheconveningofasimilarseminarofjournalistsandmanagersofradioandtelevisionservicesinAfrica.



Recommendations All

backtocontentspage 1992 Declaration of Alma Ata

TheparticipantscallonUNESCOanditsIPDC,theUnitedNations,inparticulartheUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific,theUNDP,internationalprofessionalorganisations,donorcountries,foundationsandotherinterestedpartiestocontributegenerouslyto,andcooperateintheimplementationoftheseinitiatives:

1 Togiveexpertadviceandlegaldraftingassistancetoreplaceredundantpresslawsinheritedatindependencewithlawsthatcreateenforceablerightstofreedomofexpression,freedomofopinion,accesstoinformationandfreedomofthepress;toabolishmonopoliesandallformsofdiscriminationinbroadcastingandallocationoffrequencies,inprinting,newspaperandmagazinedistribution,andinnewsprintproductionanddistribution;andtoabolishbarrierstolaunchingnewpublications,anddiscriminatorytaxation.

2 Topromoteaprogrammeofnationalincountryandsubregionalseminarsand/ortrainingcourses.

3 Asamatterofurgency: a tosupporttheestablishmentofmedia

resourcecentresintheCentralAsianRepublics.

b toassistindependentmediaintheupgradingofproduction,contentandpresentationoftelevisionnewsandcurrentaffairsprogrammesthroughtheprovisionofnewtechnologyandtheexposureofstafftomodernandalternativeproductiontechniquesandvalues.

c toassistintheestablishmentofanintercountrynewsexchangeservice,inordertoincreasetheflowofinternational,nationalandregionalnewsandinformationtoandfromneighbouringcountries,andtohelpupgradetechnologyanddevelopmoreextensivecommunicationlinks.

4 Tosupporttherightofjournaliststoexercisetheirprofessionsafely,andtoestablishaprotectioncentre(orcentres)intheregion.

5 Toencouragethedevelopmentofjournalisticallyindependentpublicservicebroadcastinginplaceofexistingstatecontrolledbroadcastingstructures,andtopromotethedevelopmentofcommunityradio.

ToupgradeeducationalbroadcastingthroughsupportfordistanceeducationprogrammessuchasEnglishlanguageinstructionandformalandnonformaleducation,literacyprogrammes,andinformationprogrammesonAIDS,theenvironment,children,etc.

6 ToassistCentralAsianjournalists,editors,publishersandbroadcastersinestablishingtrulyindependentrepresentativeassociations,syndicatesortradeunionsofjournalistsandassociationsofeditors,publishersandbroadcasterswheresuchbodiesdonotyetexist.

7 Toidentifyeconomicbarrierstothecreationofnew,independentmediainCentralAsiaandinparticulartoarrangeafeasibilitystudyintoalternativemethodsofacquiringanddistributingnewsprint,alternativefacilitiesforprintinganddistributingnewspapersandmagazinesandalternativemeansofobtaininglowinterestcredit.


backtocontentspage 1992 Declaration of Alma Ata

continued



Nospecificrecommendationsfordonors.




Nospecificrecommendationsformedia. Recommendations Media

Recommendations Government Nospecificrecommendationsfor

government.


Recommendations All

backtocontentspage 1994 Declaration of Santiago

Wedeclarethat...

3 Respectforpluralism,cultural,languageandgenderdiversityshouldbeafundamentalfactorinourdemocraticsocietiesandshouldbereflectedthroughallthemedia.

5 Ouraimistopromotethegreatestpossiblenumberofnewspapers,magazines,videos,radioandtelevisionstationsreflectingthewidestpossiblerangeofopinioninthecommunity.

Planofaction

2a Topromoteandsupportthetrainingofjournalists,broadcastersandothermediaprofessionals.

b Torecommendtomediaorganisationsintheregion,toholdameetingwithaviewtoharmonisingtheirtrainingandeducationalprogrammesandworkingmethods,andtoadaptingthemtonewtechnologies,incollaborationifnecessarywithUNESCO.

c Toencouragethereadingofbothcommunityandnationalnewspapersinschoolaslearningtools.

3a ToextendthenumberofmonitoringcentresintheLatinAmericanandtheCaribbeanregionandtolinkthemwiththeexistingIFEXActionAlertNetwork,usingjointresourcesofprofessionalnationalandinternationalorganisationswithassistancefromUNESCO.

b Inadditiontomonitoringaggressionagainstjournalists,torequestIFEXtoinvestigatethepossibilityofincludinginthemonitoringsystemseriouscasesofvisarejection,limitedmovementofjournalistsandrestrictionsonthefreeflowofinformationintheregion,amongotherpressfreedomissues.

5a Toencouragemediaorganisations,universities,researchinstitutionsandgovernmentalandintergovernmentalagenciestoconductresearchontheimpactofcommunicationtechnologydevelopmentonindigenouscommunities,withaviewtomaintainingtheirculturalidentity.


2 AllStatesoftheregionmustbeencouragedtoprovideconstitutionalguarantiesforfreedomofexpression,freedomofthepressforallformsofmedia,freedomofassociationsandfreedomformediatradeunions.

6 Stateauthoritiesshouldmakeavailableinatimelyandreasonablemannertheinformationgeneratedbythepublicsector.



Recommendations Civilsociety Nospecificrecommendationsfor

civilsociety.


backtocontentspage 1994 Declaration of Santiago

continued

10 WecallontheGeneralAssemblyoftheUNtocreate‘WorldPressFreedomPrize’,tobeawardedannually,tohonourindividuals,organisationsorinstitutionsthathavecontributedsignificantlytotheadvancementoffreedomofinformation,irrespectiveofthemedium,printorelectronic.

Planofaction

1 Promotionofcommunitymediainrural,indigenousandmarginalurbanareas.(a)UNESCOtosurveythecurrentsituationofcommunitymedia,withaviewtomakingrecommendationsfortheconsiderationofthegovernmentsconcerned.(b)TorequesttheIPDCofUNESCOanddonoragenciestosupportprojectsforthecreationofnewcommunitymediaandstrengtheningexistingcommunitymediainaccordancewithinternationalnorms,especiallythosemediaservingwomen,youth,indigenouspopulationandminorities.

2d ToaskUNESCOtoconvene,incoordinationwiththeUNDPandotherUNagencies,seminarstoanalysethestatusandtheparticipationofwomeninthemedia.

3d TorequestUNESCOtoparticipate,togetherwithprofessionalorganisations,inpromotingatdifferentlevelsofsocietyawarenessoftherightofjournaliststoexercisetheirprofessionsafely.

4a TorequestUNESCOandtheITUtogetherwithprofessionalorganisations,toadvisesmallmedia,especiallyinruralandmarginalurbanareas,onavailabletechnologyoptimalfortheirneeds.

b ToaskUNESCOtosupportthecreationofnetworks,documentationcentresanddatabasesintheLatinAmericanandCaribbeancountriesinorderforjournalistsandbroadcasterstohaveaccesstointernationalinformation,aswellasmanuals,texts,compactdiscs(CDROM)andotherkindsoftrainingmaterial.

5b TorecommendthatUNESCO,incooperationwithprofessionalorganisations,conductacomparativestudyoflegislationaffectingmedia.


Recommendations Privatesector Nospecificrecommendationsfor

privatesector.


Recommendations All

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Theestablishmentoftrulyindependent,representativeassociations,syndicatesortradeunionsofjournalists,andassociationsofeditorsandpublishers,isamatterofpriorityinthoseArabcountrieswheresuchbodiesdonotnowexist.

Journalistsshouldbeencouragedtocreateindependentmediaenterprisesowned,runandfundedbythejournaliststhemselvesandsupport,ifnecessary,bytransparentendowmentswithguaranteesthatfundersdonotinterveneineditorialpolicies.

Creationofindependentnewsagenciesandprivateand/orcommunityownershipofbroadcastingmediaincludinginruralareasshouldalsobeencouraged.

Soundjournalisticpracticesarethemosteffectivesafeguardagainstgovernmentalrestrictionsandpressuresbyspecialinterestgroups.Guidelinesforjournalisticstandardsaretheconcernofthenewsmediaprofessionals.Anyattempttosetdownstandardsandguidelinesshouldcomefromthejournaliststhemselves.Disputesinvolvingthemediaand/orthemediaprofessionalintheexerciseoftheirprofessionareamatterforthecourtstodecide,andsuchcasesshouldbetriedundercivilandnotcriminalcodesandprocedures.



1996 Declaration of Sana’a

ArabStatesshouldprovide,andreinforcewheretheyexist,constitutionalandlegalguaranteesoffreedomofexpressionandofpressfreedomandshouldabolishthoselawsandmeasuresthatlimitthefreedomofthepress;governmenttendenciestodrawlimits/’redlines’outsidethepurviewofthelawrestrictthesefreedomsandareunacceptable.

Anylegalandadministrativeobstaclestotheestablishmentofindependentjournalists’organisationsshouldberemoved.Wherenecessary,labourrelationslawsshouldbeelaboratedinaccordancewithinternationalstandards.

State-ownedbroadcastingandnewsagenciesshouldbegrantedstatutesofjournalisticandeditorialindependenceasopenpublicserviceinstitutions.

ArabgovernmentsshouldcooperatewiththeUNandUNESCO,othergovernmentalandnon-governmentaldevelopmentagencies,organisationsandprofessionalassociations,inorderto:


backtocontentspage 1996 Declaration of Sana’a

continued




Seektheassistanceofnational,regionalandinternationalpressfreedomandmediaprofessionalorganisationsandotherrelevantNGOstoestablishnationalandregionalnetworksaimedatmonitoringandactingagainstviolationsoffreeexpression,tocreatedatabanksandtoprovideadviceandtechnicalassistanceincomputerisationaswellasinnewinformationandcommunicationtechnologieswiththeunderstandingthatUNDP,IPDCandotherdevelopmentpartnerswouldconsidertheseneedstobeamajorpriority.

i enactand/orreviselawswithaviewto:enforcingtherightstofreedomofexpressionandpressfreedomandlegallyenforceablefreeaccesstoinformation;eliminatingmonopolycontrolsovernewsandadvertising;puttinganendtoallformsofsocial,economicorpoliticaldiscriminationinbroadcasting,intheallocationoffrequencies,inprinting,innewspaperandmagazinedistributionandinnewsprintproductionandallocation;abolishingallbarrierstolaunchingnewpublicationsandanyformofdiscriminatorytaxation.

ii initiateactiontoremoveeconomicbarrierstotheestablishmentandoperationofnewsmediaoutlets,includingrestrictiveimportduties,tariffsandquotasforsuchthingsasnewsprint,printingequipment,typesettingandwordprocessingmachineryandtelecommunicationequipment,andtaxesonthesaleofnewspapersorotherrestrictionsonthepublic’saccesstonewsmedia.

iii improveandexpandtrainingofjournalistsandmanagers,andothermediapractitioners,withoutdiscrimination,withaviewtoupgradingtheirprofessionalstandards,alsobytheestablishmentofnewtrainingcentersinthecountrieswheretherearenone,includingYemen.


backtocontentspage 1996 Declaration of Sana’a

continued

InternationalassistanceinArabcountriesshouldaimtodevelopprintandelectronicmedia,independentofgovernmentsinordertoencouragepluralismaswellaseditorialindependence.Publicmediashouldbesupportedandfundedonlywhentheyareeditoriallyindependentandwhereaconstitutional,effectivefreedomofinformationandexpressionandtheindependenceofthepressareguaranteed.

RequestUNESCONationalCommissionoftheArabStatestohelporganisingnationalandregionalmeetingstoenhancepressfreedomandtoencouragecreationofindependentmediainstitutions.



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3 CallsupontheECA,inconsultationwithMemberStates,alongwiththeITU,UNESCO,UNCTAD,theWB,andinternationalandbilateralpartnersintheharnessingofinformationfordevelopmentpriorityareasoftheUNSystem-WideSpecialinitiativeofAfricatousetheAISIasaguidingframework.


2 CallsuponMemberStatestoincorporatetheAISIintheirnationaldevelopmentplansaccordingtonationalneedsandpriorities.

4 UrgesMemberStatestoutilizethecapacitiesandexperiencesofnational,subregionalandregionalAfricancentresofexcellenceintheenrichmentandimplementationoftheAISI.



5 RequeststheExecutiveSecretaryoftheCommissionto:

takeactioninmobilisingfundingandtechnicalassistanceincooperationwithMemberStates,regionalorganisations,NGOs,theprivatesector,bilateralandinternationalpartners,torealisethegoalsoftheAISI

incorporatetheactionframeworkintothesecretariat’sworkprogrammeundernewstrategicdirectionsoftheCommissionprogrammeareaonharnessinginformationfordevelopment

setuparegionalmechanismtoassistindevelopment,follow-upandcoordinationoftheimplementationofAISIprogrammesandprojects

toestablishagender-balancedAfricantechnicalcommitteetoadviseonprogrammesandprojectsandtoevaluateresults.






1996 UNECA African Information Society Initiative (AISI)

Recommendations All


backtocontentspage

1 Allpeopleareentitledtobetreatedwithrespect,accordingtothebasichumanrightsstandardsofdignity,integrity,identity,andnon-discrimination.

2 Allpeoplehavetherightofaccesstocommunicationchannelsindependentofgovernmentalorcommercialcontrol.

3 Inordertoexercisetheirrights,peopleshouldhavefairandequitableaccesstolocalandglobalresourcesandfacilitiesforconventionalandadvancedchannelsofcommunication;toreceiveopinions,informationandideasinalanguagetheynormallyuseandunderstand;toreceivearangeofculturalproductsdesignedforawidevarietyoftastesandinterests;andtohaveeasyaccesstofactsaboutownershipofmediaandsourcesofinformation.Restrictionsonaccesstoinformationshouldbepermissibleonlyforgoodandcompellingreason,aswhenprescribedbyinternationalhumanrightsstandardsornecessaryfortheprotectionofademocraticsocietyorthebasicrightsofothers.

4 Therealizationofpeople’srighttoparticipatein,contributetoandbenefitfromthedevelopmentofself-reliantcommunicationstructuresrequiresinternationalassistancetothedevelopmentofindependentmedia;trainingprogramsforprofessionalmediaworkers;theestablishmentofindependent,representativeassociations,syndicatesortradeunionsofjournalistsandassociationsofeditorsandpublishers;andtheadoptionofinternationalstandards.

5 Allpeoplehavetherighttoacquireinformationandskillsnecessarytoparticipatefullyinpublicdeliberationandcommunication.Thisrequiresfacilityinreading,writing,andstorytelling;criticalmediaawareness;computerliteracy;andeducationabouttheroleofcommunicationinsociety.

6 Journalistsmustbeaccordedfullprotectionofthelaw,includinginternationalhumanitarianlaw,especiallyinareasofarmedconflict.Theymusthavesafe,unrestrictedaccesstosourcesofinformation,andmustbeabletoseekremedy,whenrequired,throughaninternationalbody.

8 Allpeoplehavetherighttoprotecttheirculturalidentity.Thisincludestherespectforpeople’spursuitoftheirculturaldevelopmentandtherighttofreeexpressioninlanguagestheyunderstand.People’srighttotheprotectionoftheirculturalspaceandheritageshouldnotviolateotherhumanrightsorprovisionsofthisCharter.

9 Allpeoplehavetherighttoadiversityoflanguages.Thisincludestherighttoexpressthemselvesandhaveaccesstoinformationintheirownlanguage,therighttousetheirownlanguagesineducationalinstitutionsfundedbythestate,andtherighttohaveadequateprovisionscreatedfortheuseofminoritylanguageswhereneeded.

10 Allpeoplehavetherighttoparticipateinpublicdecision-makingabouttheprovisionofinformation;thedevelopmentandutilizationofknowledge;thepreservation,protectionanddevelopmentofculture;thechoiceandapplicationofcommunicationtechnologies;andthestructureandpoliciesofmediaindustries.

11 Childrenhavetherighttomassmediaproductsthataredesignedtomeettheirneedsandinterestsandfostertheirhealthyphysical,mentalandemotionaldevelopment.Theyshouldbeprotectedfromharmfulmediaproductsandfromcommercialandotherexploitationathome,inschoolandatplacesofplay,work,orbusiness.Nationsshouldtakestepstoproduceanddistributewidelyhighqualityculturalandentertainmentmaterialscreatedforchildrenintheirownlanguages.

Recommendations All

1993 The People’s Communication Charter


backtocontentspage

12 Allpeoplehavearighttouniversalaccesstoandequitableuseofcyberspace.Theirrightstofreeandopencommunitiesincyberspace,theirfreedomofelectronicexpression,andtheirfreedomfromelectronicsurveillanceandintrusion,shouldbeprotected.

13 Allpeoplehavetherighttobeprotectedfromthepublicationofallegationsirrelevanttothepublicinterest,orofprivatephotographsorotherprivatecommunicationwithoutauthorization,orofpersonalinformationgivenorreceivedinconfidence.Databasesderivedfrompersonalorworkplacecommunicationsortransactionsshouldnotbeusedforunauthorizedcommercialorgeneralsurveillancepurposes.However,nationsshouldtakecarethattheprotectionofprivacydoesnotundulyinterferewiththefreedomofexpressionortheadministrationofjustice.

7 Allpeoplehavetherightofreplyandtodemandpenaltiesfordamagefrommediamisinformation.Individualsconcernedshouldhaveanopportunitytocorrect,withoutunduedelay,statementsrelatingtothemwhichtheyhaveajustifiedinterestinhavingcorrected.Suchcorrectionsshouldbegiventhesameprominenceastheoriginalexpression.

14 Peoplehavetherighttodemandthatmediaactivelycounterincitementtohate,prejudice,violence,andwar.Violenceshouldnotbepresentedasnormal,“manly”,orentertaining,andtrueconsequencesofandalternativestoviolenceshouldbeshown.Otherviolationsofhumandignityandintegritytobeavoidedincludestereotypicimagesthatdistorttherealitiesandcomplexitiesofpeople’slives.Mediashouldnotridicule,stigmatize,ordemonizepeopleonthebasisofgender,race,class,ethnicity,language,sexualorientation,andphysicalormentalcondition.

15 Peoplehavetherighttodemandthatmediarespectstandardsofdueprocessinthecoverageoftrials.Thisimpliesthatthemediashouldnotpresumeguiltbeforeaverdictofguilt,invadetheprivacyofdefendants,andshouldnottelevisecriminaltrialsinrealtime,whilethetrialisinprogress.

16 Peoplehavetherighttousefulandfactualconsumerinformationandtobeprotectedagainstmisleadinganddistortedinformation.Mediashouldavoidand,ifnecessary,exposepromotiondisguisedasnewsandentertainment(infomercials,productplacement,children’sprogramsthatusefranchisedcharactersandtoys,etc),andthecreationofwasteful,unnecessary,harmfulorecologicallydamagingneeds,wants,productsandactivities.Advertisingdirectedatchildrenshouldreceivespecialscrutiny.



continued


backtocontentspage


Nospecificrecommendationsfordonors. Recommendations Donors



continued



17 PeoplehavetherighttoholdmediaaccountabletothegeneralpublicandtheiradherencetothestandardsestablishedinthisCharter.Forthatpurpose,mediashouldestablishmechanisms,includingself-regulatorybodies,thatmonitorandaccountformeasurestakentoachievecompliance.

7 Statesshouldimposepenaltiesforprovendamage,orrequirecorrections,whereacourtoflawhasdeterminedthataninformationproviderhaswillfullydisseminatedinaccurateormisleadinganddamaginginformation,orhasfacilitatedthedisseminationofsuchinformation.



Recommendations All

backtocontentspage 2001 African Charter on Broadcasting

Partiii:Communitybroadcasting

2 Thereshouldbeclearrecognition,includingbytheinternationalcommunity,ofthedifferencebetweendecentralisedpublicbroadcastingandcommunitybroadcasting.

3 TherightofcommunitybroadcasterstohaveaccesstotheInternet,forthebenefitoftheirrespectivecommunities,shouldbepromoted.

Partiv:Telecommunications&convergence

3 TheinternationalcommunityandAfricangovernmentsshouldmobiliseresourcesforfundingresearchtokeepabreastoftherapidlychangingmediaandtechnologylandscapeinAfrica.

5 Trainingofmediapractitionersinelectroniccommunication,researchandpublishingskillsneedstobesupportedandexpanded.

Parti:Regulatoryissues

1 Thelegalframeworkforbroadcastingshouldincludeaclearstatementoftheprinciplesunderpinningbroadcastregulation,includingpromotingrespectforfreedomofexpression,diversity,andthefreeflowofinformationandideas,aswellasathree-tiersystemforbroadcasting:publicservice,commercialandcommunity.

2 Allformalpowersintheareasofbroadcastandtelecommunicationsregulationshouldbeexercisedbypublicauthoritieswhichareprotectedagainstinterference,particularlyofapoliticaloreconomicnature.

3 Decision-makingprocessesabouttheoverallallocationofthefrequencyspectrumshouldbeopenandparticipatory,andensurethatafairproportionofthespectrumisallocatedtobroadcastinguses.

4 Thefrequenciesallocatedtobroadcastingshouldbesharedequitablyamongthethreetiersofbroadcasting.

5 Licensingprocessesfortheallocationoffrequenciesshouldbefairandtransparent.

6 Broadcastersshouldberequiredtopromoteanddeveloplocalcontent.

7 Statesshouldpromoteaneconomicenvironmentthatfacilitatesthedevelopmentofindependentproductionanddiversityinbroadcasting.

8 Thedevelopmentofappropriatetechnologyforthereceptionofbroadcastingsignalsshouldbepromoted.

Partii:Publicservicebroadcasting

1 AllStateandgovernmentcontrolledbroadcastersshouldbetransformedintopublicservicebroadcasters.

2 PSBsshouldbegovernedbybodieswhichareprotectedagainstinterference.

3&4 ThepublicservicemandateandeditorialindependenceofPSBsshouldbeguaranteed.

5 PSBsshouldbeadequatelyfundedinamannerthatprotectsthemfromarbitraryinterferencewiththeirbudgets.

6 PSBsshouldberequiredtobroadcastminimumquotasofmaterialbyindependentproducers.

7 Thetransmissioninfrastructureusedbypublicservicebroadcastersshouldbemadeaccessibletoallbroadcasters.




backtocontentspage

Partiv:Telecommunications&convergence

2 Telecommunicationslawandpolicyshouldpromotethegoalofuniversalserviceandaccess,includingthroughaccessclausesinprivatisationandliberalisationprocesses,andproactivemeasuresbytheState.

4 AfricangovernmentsshouldpromotethedevelopmentofonlinemediaandAfricancontent.

Partv:Implementation

2 MediaorganisationsandcivilsocietyinAfricaareencouragedtousetheCharterasalobbyingtool.


Recommendations Donors Partv:Implementation

1 UNESCOshoulddistributetheAfricanCharteronBroadcastingasbroadlyaspossible.

4 UNESCOshouldundertakeanauditofthechartereveryfiveyears.

5 UNESCOshouldraisewithmembergovernmentstheimportanceofbroadcastproductionbeinggivenspecialstatusandrecognisedasculturalgoodsundertheWTOrules.

6 UNESCOshouldtakemeasurestopromotetheinclusionofthethemeofmedia,communicationsanddevelopmentinanappropriatemannerduringWSIS2003.



2001 African Charter on Broadcasting

continued


backtocontentspage

20 Governments,aswellasprivatesector,civilsocietyandtheUnitedNationsandotherinternationalorganizationshaveanimportantroleandresponsibilityinthedevelopmentoftheInformationSocietyand,asappropriate,indecision-makingprocesses.Buildingapeople-centredInformationSocietyisajointeffortwhichrequirescooperationandpartnershipamongallstakeholders.

48 TheInternethasevolvedintoaglobalfacilityavailabletothepublicanditsgovernanceshouldconstituteacoreissueoftheInformationSocietyagenda.TheinternationalmanagementoftheInternetshouldbemultilateral,transparentanddemocratic,withthefullinvolvementofgovernments,theprivatesector,civilsocietyandinternationalorganizations.Itshouldensureanequitabledistributionofresources,facilitateaccessforallandensureastableandsecurefunctioningoftheInternet,takingintoaccountmultilingualism.

60 WeaimatmakingfulluseoftheopportunitiesofferedbyICTsinoureffortstoreachtheinternationallyagreeddevelopmentgoals,includingthosecontainedintheMillenniumDeclaration,andtoupholdthekeyprinciplessetforthinthisDeclaration.TheInformationSocietyisintrinsicallyglobalinnatureandnationaleffortsneedtobesupportedbyeffectiveinternationalandregionalcooperationamonggovernments,theprivatesector,civilsocietyandotherstakeholders,includingtheinternationalfinancialinstitutions.

32 Contentcreators,publishers,andproducers,aswellasteachers,trainers,archivists,librariansandlearners,shouldplayanactiveroleinpromotingtheInformationSociety,particularlyintheLeastDevelopedCountries.


Recommendations All

2003 WSIS Declaration of Principles


backtocontentspage

23 Policiesthatcreateafavourableclimateforstability,predictabilityandfaircompetitionatalllevelsshouldbedevelopedandimplementedinamannerthatnotonlyattractsmoreprivateinvestmentforICTinfrastructuredevelopmentbutalsoenablesuniversalserviceobligationstobemetinareaswheretraditionalmarketconditionsfailtowork.Indisadvantagedareas,theestablishmentofICTpublicaccesspointsinplacessuchaspostoffices,schools,librariesandarchives,canprovideeffectivemeansforensuringuniversalaccesstotheinfrastructureandservicesoftheInformationSociety.

26 ArichpublicdomainisanessentialelementforthegrowthoftheInformationSociety,creatingmultiplebenefitssuchasaneducatedpublic,newjobs,innovation,businessopportunities,andtheadvancementofsciences.InformationinthepublicdomainshouldbeeasilyaccessibletosupporttheInformationSociety,andprotectedfrommisappropriation.Publicinstitutionssuchaslibrariesandarchives,museums,culturalcollectionsandothercommunity-basedaccesspointsshouldbestrengthenedsoastopromotethepreservationofdocumentaryrecordsandfreeandequitableaccesstoinformation.

29 Eachpersonshouldhavetheopportunitytoacquirethenecessaryskillsandknowledgeinordertounderstand,participateactivelyin,andbenefitfullyfrom,theInformationSocietyandtheknowledgeeconomy.Literacyanduniversalprimaryeducationarekeyfactorsforbuildingafullyinclusiveinformationsociety,payingparticularattentiontothespecialneedsofgirlsandwomen.GiventhewiderangeofICTandinformationspecialistsrequiredatalllevels,buildinginstitutionalcapacitydeservesspecialattention.

30 TheuseofICTsinallstagesofeducation,trainingandhumanresourcedevelopmentshouldbepromoted,takingintoaccountthespecialneedsofpersonswithdisabilitiesanddisadvantagedandvulnerablegroups.

31 Continuousandadulteducation,re-training,life-longlearning,distance-learningandotherspecialservices,suchastelemedicine,canmakeanessentialcontributiontoemployabilityandhelppeoplebenefitfromthenewopportunitiesofferedbyICTsfortraditionaljobs,self-employmentandnewprofessions.AwarenessandliteracyinICTsareanessentialfoundationinthisregard.

33 ToachieveasustainabledevelopmentoftheInformationSociety,nationalcapabilityinICTresearchanddevelopmentshouldbeenhanced.Furthermore,partnerships,inparticularbetweenandamongdevelopedanddevelopingcountries,includingcountrieswitheconomiesintransition,inresearchanddevelopment,technologytransfer,manufacturingandutilizationofICTproductsandservicesarecrucialforpromotingcapacitybuildingandglobalparticipationintheInformationSociety.ThemanufactureofICTspresentsasignificantopportunityforcreationofwealth.

37 Spamisasignificantandgrowingproblemforusers,networksandtheInternetasawhole.Spamandcyber-securityshouldbedealtwithatappropriatenationalandinternationallevels.

39 Theruleoflaw,accompaniedbyasupportive,transparent,pro-competitive,technologicallyneutralandpredictablepolicyandregulatoryframeworkreflectingnationalrealities,isessentialforbuildingapeople-centredInformationSociety.Governmentsshouldintervene,asappropriate,tocorrectmarketfailures,tomaintainfaircompetition,toattractinvestment,toenhancethedevelopmentoftheICTinfrastructureandapplications,tomaximizeeconomicandsocialbenefits,andtoservenationalpriorities.

2003 WSIS Declaration of Principles

continued



backtocontentspage 2003 WSIS Declaration of Principles

continued

45 Theradiofrequencyspectrumshouldbemanagedinthepublicinterestandinaccordancewithprincipleoflegality,withfullobservanceofnationallawsandregulationaswellasrelevantinternationalagreements.

46 InbuildingtheInformationSociety,Statesarestronglyurgedtotakestepswithaviewtotheavoidanceof,andrefrainfrom,anyunilateralmeasurenotinaccordancewithinternationallawandtheCharteroftheUnitedNationsthatimpedesthefullachievementofeconomicandsocialdevelopmentbythepopulationoftheaffectedcountries,andthathindersthewell-beingoftheirpopulation.

47 RecognizingthatICTsareprogressivelychangingourworkingpractices,thecreationofasecure,safeandhealthyworkingenvironment,appropriatetotheutilisationofICTs,respectingallrelevantinternationalnorms,isfundamental.

49a PolicyauthorityforInternet-relatedpublicpolicyissuesisthesovereignrightofStates.TheyhaverightsandresponsibilitiesforinternationalInternet-relatedpublicpolicyissues.

51 TheusageanddeploymentofICTsshouldseektocreatebenefitsinallaspectsofourdailylife.ICTapplicationsarepotentiallyimportantingovernmentoperationsandservices,healthcareandhealthinformation,educationandtraining,employment,jobcreation,business,agriculture,transport,protectionofenvironmentandmanagementofnaturalresources,disasterprevention,andculture,andtopromoteeradicationofpovertyandotheragreeddevelopmentgoals.ICTsshouldalsocontributetosustainableproductionandconsumptionpatternsandreducetraditionalbarriers,providinganopportunityforalltoaccesslocalandglobalmarketsinamoreequitablemanner.Applicationsshouldbeuser-friendly,accessibletoall,affordable,adaptedtolocalneedsinlanguagesandcultures,andsupportsustainabledevelopment.Tothiseffect,localauthoritiesshouldplayamajorroleintheprovisionofICTservicesforthebenefitoftheirpopulations.


backtocontentspage 2003 WSIS Declaration of Principles

continued

49c CivilsocietyhasalsoplayedanimportantroleonInternetmatters,especiallyatcommunitylevel,andshouldcontinuetoplaysucharole.

41 ICTsareanimportantenablerofgrowththroughefficiencygainsandincreasedproductivity,inparticularbysmallandmediumsizedenterprises(SMEs).Inthisregard,thedevelopmentoftheInformationSocietyisimportantforbroadly-basedeconomicgrowthinbothdevelopedanddevelopingeconomies.ICT-supportedproductivitygainsandappliedinnovationsacrosseconomicsectorsshouldbefostered.Equitabledistributionofthebenefitscontributestopovertyeradicationandsocialdevelopment.Policiesthatfosterproductiveinvestmentandenablefirms,notablySMEs,tomakethechangesneededtoseizethebenefitsfromICTs,arelikelytobethemostbeneficial.

49b TheprivatesectorhashadandshouldcontinuetohaveanimportantroleinthedevelopmentoftheInternet,bothinthetechnicalandeconomicfields.

36 Whilerecognizingtheprinciplesofuniversalandnon-discriminatoryaccesstoICTsforallnations,wesupporttheactivitiesoftheUnitedNationstopreventthepotentialuseofICTsforpurposesthatareinconsistentwiththeobjectivesofmaintaininginternationalstabilityandsecurity,andmayadverselyaffecttheintegrityoftheinfrastructurewithinStates,tothedetrimentoftheirsecurity.Itisnecessarytopreventtheuseofinformationresourcesandtechnologiesforcriminalandterroristpurposes,whilerespectinghumanrights.





backtocontentspage 2003 UNDP Access to Information

ProvidesanoverviewofUNDPworkonAccesstoInformationandalistofotherorganisationsworkinginthefield–norecommendations.










Recommendations All


backtocontentspage 2005 Commission for Africa: Our common interest

p143Africanmediawouldbenefitfromaregionalorcontinentalmediareferencepoint.Independentmediainstitutions,publicservicebroadcasters,civilsocietyandtheprivatesector,withsupportfromgovernments,shouldformaconsortiumofpartners,inAfricaandoutside,toprovidefundsandexpertisetocreateanAfricanmediadevelopmentfacility.

p154Onethingthathasemergedfromallourconsiderationsonissuesofgovernanceandcapacityistheimportanceofgoodinformationandcommunication.

p35 Africa’sjournalistshaveacrucialroleinholdingthegovernmenttoaccountandexposingcorruptionandinefficiency.Butatpresentitsjournalistsarenotsufficientlyfreeorprofessional.Theyneedmoretraining,inbothjournalistictechniquesandprofessionalethics.

p63 TobuildthenecessarypoliticalwillAfricaneedstobecomeanissuethatcannotbeignoredinthedomesticpoliticsofG8countries–themediahasaroletoplayinthis.

p141Themediaisakeymechanisminaccountability.

p141Internationalinstitutionsaddressingparticipationissuesshouldquestionthewaytheywork,includingusingcommunitymedia,andnewformsofICT.

p143ThemediaisaneducatorandakeyinformationsourcethatcanhelpdelivertheMDGs,promotetransparentgovernanceand,throughbalancedreporting,helppreventconflicts.Thewidebenefitsfrompluralmediameansitactsasapublicgoodindevelopment.

Africanjournalistsshouldmaintainstrongself-regulationandprofessionalethicsinordertoallowthemediatofulfilitsroleasapublicwatchdogandgeneratorofchange.

p144 AmoreeffectiveAfricanmediawillcontributetoinformedperceptionsofthecontinentintherestoftheworld.WechallengethemediasectortodomoretoensurethataudiencesindevelopedcountriesunderstandwhatishappeninginAfrica,includingthroughmonitoringtheircoverageofAfricaandincreasingprogrammeco-productionwithAfricanprofessionals.AfricanmediashouldbesupportedtoserveaudiencesoutsidethecontinentviatheInternet.


Recommendations All


backtocontentspage 2005 Commission for Africa: Our common interest

continued

p14 ImprovingaccountabilityisthejobofAfricanleaders.Theycandothatbybroadeningtheparticipationofordinarypeopleingovernmentprocesses,inpartbystrengtheninginstitutionslike(…)themedia.

p35 Africangovernmentscanassistmediaindependencebygrantingcommerciallicencesforradiostationstocompetewiththestate-ownedstationsfromwhichmostAfricansgettheirnews.Journalistsandeditorsinothercountriescouldassistheretoo.

p143Therighttoreceiveinformationandtherighttofreedomofexpressionmustberespected.

Themonopolisationofthemediabyanyonegroup,includingthegovernment,underminesmediafreedomandpopulartrust,andcreatesspacefordistortionandrumour.

Thepoliticalenvironmentmustbesupportiveofdiverse,pluralandfreemedia,withabalanceofpublicservice,private,communityandlocalmedia.AU/NEPADshouldencourageAfricangovernmentstoeliminateanycurrentrestrictionsonmassmedia,promotecompetitiveframeworksthatenableinvestmentindiversebroadcastinginfrastructure,anddevelopflexibleregulatoryenvironmentsandlegalframeworksincooperationwithcivilsociety.Theyshouldstrengthentheirrelationshipwithcivilsocietyandindependentmediainstitutions.



p15 Donorsshouldfundadoublingofspendingoninfrastructure,includingICTs.

p143 DonorsshouldsubstantiallyincreasetheirfundingtoAfricanindependentmediainstitutionsandthosegovernmentspromotingfreemedia.Communicationsinfrastructuremustalsobestrengthened.

p314 Donorsshouldfocusontheprocessesbywhichordinarycitizenscanholdgovernmenttoaccount,suchasthefreedomandcapacityofthepopularmedia,especiallyradio,toscrutiniseresourceuse.






backtocontentspage 2005 UN World Summit Outcome (MDGs)

60 Werecognisethatscienceandtechnology,includingICTsarevitalfortheachievementofthedevelopmentgoals.Wethereforecommitourselvesto:

g Buildingapeople-centredandinclusiveinformationsocietysoastoenhancedigitalopportunitiesforallpeopleinordertohelpbridgethedigitaldivide,puttingthepotentialofICTsattheserviceofdevelopmentandaddressingnewchallengesoftheinformationsocietybyimplementingtheoutcomesoftheGenevaWSISandensuringthesuccessoftheTunisWSIS.WewelcometheestablishmentoftheDigitalSolidarityFundandencouragevoluntarycontributionstoitsfinancing.

144 Wecommitourselvestotakingactiontopromoteacultureofpeaceanddialogueatthelocal,national,regionalandinternationallevelsandrequesttheSecretary-Generaltoexploreenhancingimplementationmechanismsandtofollowuponthoseinitiatives.

155 EconomicandSocialCouncilshoulda)promoteglobaldialogueandpartnershiponglobalpoliciesandtrendsintheeconomic,social,environmentalandhumanitarianfields.










Recommendations All


backtocontentspage 2005 WSIS Tunis Agenda for the Information Society

19 TheinternationalcommunityshouldtakenecessarymeasurestoensurethatallcountriesoftheworldhaveequitableandaffordableaccesstoICTs,sothattheirbenefitsinthefieldsofsocio-economicdevelopmentandbridgingthedigitaldividearetrulyinclusive.

22 Particularattentionmustbepaidtomarginalizedandvulnerablegroups;peopleofdevelopingcountries;andindigenouspeople.

23 Weencourageallstakeholderstosupportwomen’sparticipationindecision-makingprocessesandtocontributetoshapingallspheresoftheISatinternational,regionalandnationallevels.

24 WewillstrengthenactiontoprotectchildrenfromabuseanddefendtheirrightsinthecontextofICTs.

25 WereaffirmourcommitmenttoempoweringyoungpeopleaskeycontributorstobuildinganinclusiveIS.

28 WereaffirmourdesiretobuildICTnetworksanddevelopapplications,inpartnershipwiththeprivatesector.

29 Wereiteratetheneedtoencourageandfostercollaborativedevelopment,inter-operativeplatformsandfreeandopen-sourcesoftware.

30 WereaffirmourcommitmenttoleveragingICTcapabilitiesandpotentialthroughfosteringandstrengtheningcooperationatthenational,regionalandinternationallevels.

31 WecommitourselvestoworktogethertowardstheimplementationoftheDigitalSolidarityFund.

32 WefurthercommitourselvestopromotetheinclusionofallpeoplesintheISthroughthedevelopmentanduseoflocaland/orindigenouslanguagesinICTs.

33 Wewillstrivetomobilizeresources,toenableustoincreasetheuseofICTfordevelopment.


17 Weurgegovernments,usingthepotentialofICTs,tocreatepublicsystemsofinformationonlawsandregulations,envisagingawiderdevelopmentofpublicaccesspointsandsupportingthebroadavailabilityofthisinformation.





Recommendations All

20,21,


backtocontentspage 2005 WSIS Tunis Agenda for the Information Society

continued





backtocontentspage 2006 DFID Eliminating world poverty: Making governance work for the poor (White Paper)

p49 TheUKwillworkwithlargedevelopingcountriesthrough‘SustainableDevelopmentDialogues’toshareexperiencesonmanagingtheenvironmentalimpactsofgrowth.


p22 Goodgovernanceincludes‘responsiveness’(takingaccountofcitizens’aspirationsandneeds),partofwhichisprovidingwaysforpeopletosaywhattheythinkandneed;and‘accountability’(beinganswerableforwhatisdone),partofwhichisencouragingafreemediaandfreedomoffaithandassociation.

p41 TheUKwillinvestinmonitoringhumanrightsandsupportthemediatoraiseawarenessandgatherevidencewhenstatesfailintheirresponsibilities.

p46 Investmentininfrastructureiscritical.Africainparticularsuffersfromalackofcommunications.

p23 Improvementsingovernancetakeplacewhencivilsocietyorganisationsgivecitizenspower,helppoorpeoplegettheirvoicesheard.

p28 Grassrootsorganisationsandthemediaplayavitalroleingeneratingpublicdebateaboutcorruptionbycampaigningagainstit.

p23 Improvementsingovernancetakeplacewhenprofessionalspressformoreopenmediaandtheruleoflaw.

p25 Themediaasktoughquestionsandencouragedebate.






Recommendations All


backtocontentspage 2006 AMDI Strengthening Africa’s private independent media

2 Themediaisbothanengineandtoolfordevelopment,anditselfbenefitsfromthevirtuouscycle.Growthcreatesdemandfornewmediamarkets,whichfeedsfurthergrowth.Aflourishingnationalmediaisimportanttodemocracyandgrowth.

3 Acceleratingthisrequiresnewcommerciallendinginhighergrowtheconomies,donorsupportforlowincome,andmixedapproachesinbetween.AMDIrecommendationsshouldaddressinstitutionalgapsineachtypeofmarket.

5 Anewfacilitycouldexaminemeanstostrengthenthecommercialenvironmentformediaby:

5.1 Underpinningthesector

5.1.1Supportfortheestablishmentofindependentnationalaudiencemeasurementandmediamonitoringfacilities.Thisisnecessarytobuildtheadvertisingculturerequiredtoprovideincreasedrevenues.Oncetheinfrastructureisinplace,itisuptothemediatodevelopthemarketingskillstobenefit.

5.2 Lending

5.2.1ROIontypicalinfrastructureinvestment(e.g.printingpress)exceedsthenormallendingcycleoflocalbanks.AMDIshouldaddresshowtoprovidefunding,possiblyonaregionalbasis,tounderwritelongtermdebtwhichcannotbemobilisedthroughlocalmarketsorfinancialinstitutions;orassistingbybringingsmallerinvestmentstomarketbybundlingthem,orassistingthemtocorporatisetheiroperations.

5.2.2Usingconcessionalfundstomitigateriskforcommerciallenders.

10 ItwouldbepossibletosetupanAfrican-led,partiallyvirtualfacility,leveragingtheleadingmediahousesasnucleiforactivities.Asmallteamofexperiencedmanagers/leadersshouldbeabletodoorganisationalhealthandmentoring,onaregionalbasis,formediaSMEs.Theprivatesectorshouldcontributetothecostofthis.Supportwasexpressedbymediahousesandinternationalorganisationspresentforthisproposal.

11 Asimilarapproachcouldbeadoptedtodevelopingjournalismskills.

15 InvestmentClimate–regulationhastobetransparentandpredictabletoencourageinvestment.Regulatorslackthetechnicalskillsanddon’talwaysactconsistently.Licensingcanbeusedtoputpressureoneditorialpositions.

Recommendations All


backtocontentspage 2006 AMDI Strengthening Africa’s private independent media

continued

9 AMDIshouldconcentrateondevelopingtheuseofAfricananddevelopedmarketexpertise–includingDiaspora–tobuildcapacityinlessdevelopedmarketsthroughin-house,sustainedassistance.

12 AMDIshouldthereforemapthetrainingcapacityandtheskillsgaps,andworkouthowtobringproviderstogether,anddonorswereurgedtoassistsuchanewinitiativewithinAMDI.


4 Sectorwidemediasupportisrequiredforlowincomecountrieswhichcannotsustaincommercialmedia.Thisshouldbefactoredintodevelopmentpolicyofdonors.






5.1.2 Thedevelopmentofcommercial,managementandprofessionalskillsutilisingthetrainingresourcesoflargemediahousesandregionalcentres.

13 Amorecollectiveapproachtoregulationbyprivatemediaoperatorswillhelpensurethatmediaregulationallowsafreeandindependentmedia.TheAPRMmechanismoffersaplatformthroughwhichthemediacanadvancegoodregulatorypractice.



backtocontentspage 2006 UNDP Communication for Empowerment

ProvidesapracticalguidetoCommunicationforEmpowermentforUNDPstaff–nospecificrecommendations.










Recommendations All


backtocontentspage 2006 What do they think? Policy-makers and the role of communication for development

A perception study conducted in 2005–2006 and policy-makers’ perceptions of communication for development: two surveys 12 years apart both by Colin Fraser & Sonia Resrepo Estrada

Theconfusionbetweencommunicationfordevelopmentandpublicinformation/PRneedstobeclearedup.Re-creatingtheimageofcommunicationfordevelopmentwouldbeonewayofmakingiteasilydistinguishablefromotherareasofcommunicationwork.



p5 Communicationfordevelopmentspecialistsmusthaveabetterunderstandingofthesubjectmatterinwhichtheyareentrustedandmustlearntoworkwithtechniciansinamultidisciplinaryway.

p6 Thedevelopmentcommunicationcommunitymusttakeamorepragmaticapproachwhenbecominginvolvedindevelopmentprojectsandprogrammeswhichfacilitatesgreaterunderstandingforthoseinvolvedintheformulationandimplementationprocesses.Somepracticalwaystoachievethisincludeimprovedknowledgeandeffectiveapplicationofthefollowingareas:

a mappingacommunicationnetworktailoredtotheenvironmentinquestion

b developingarigorousstakeholdersanalysisthatincludespolitical,social,andeconomicrealities

c graspingthescientificmethodologiesthatexpressandreflectpublicsentimentintheformsofsurveys,publicopinionpollsetcand

d masteringmonitoringandevaluationtechniques.




Recommendations All





backtocontentspage 2006 WCCD Rome Consensus

3 Strengthenthecommunicationfordevelopmentcapacitywithincountriesandorganisationsatalllevels.Thisincludes:peopleintheircommunities;communicationfordevelopmentspecialistsandotherstaffincludingthroughthefurtherdevelopmentoftrainingcoursesandacademicprogrammes.

4 Expandtheleveloffinancialinvestmenttoensureadequate,coordinated,financingofthecoreelementsofcommunicationfordevelopment.Thisincludesbudgetline[s]fordevelopmentcommunication.

7 Strengthenpartnershipsandnetworksatinternational,nationalandlocallevelstoadvancecommunicationfordevelopmentandimprovedevelopmentoutcomes.

8 Movetowardsarights-basedapproachtocommunicationfordevelopment.


1 Overallnationaldevelopmentpoliciesshouldincludespecificcommunicationfordevelopmentcomponents.

5 Adoptionandimplementationofpoliciesandlegislationthatprovideanenablingenvironmentforcommunicationfordevelopment–includingfreeandpluralisticmedia,therighttoinformationandtocommunicate.

2 Developmentorganisationsshouldincludecommunicationfordevelopmentasacentralelementattheinceptionofprogrammes.

6 Developmentcommunicationprogrammesshouldberequiredtoidentifyandincludeappropriatemonitoringandevaluationindicatorsandmethodologiesthroughouttheprocess.







Recommendations All


backtocontentspage 2006 UN Delivering as one:

Report of the secretary-general’s high-level panel

Nospecificrecommendationsrelatedtocommunication.










Recommendations All


backtocontentspage 2006 STREAM African framework for the development of a sustainable and pluralistic media

Cluster1:Freedomofexpressionandinformation

Sensitizelawyersandthejudiciaryoninternationalandcontinentalstandardsrelatedtofreedomofexpressionandinformation.

Cluster2:Policyandregulation

Undertakeanauditofexistingnationallawsandpoliciestoidentifypoorregulation(suchasincoherencebetweenmedialawsandnationalconstitutions)andpromotethedesignandimplementationofpoliciesandlegalframeworksthatenable,ratherthanstifle,thegrowthofastrong,pluralisticandsustainablemediainAfrica.

Promotelegislationtomitigatethenegativeimpactsofmediaconcentration,promotefaircompetitionandensurediversity.

Cluster3:Capacitybuilding

UndertakeacomprehensiveauditofexistingmediatraininginAfrica,identifygapsandproblems,anddevelopproposalstostrengthentraining.

Developminimumstandardsfortrainingofallkindsbyadvocatingforanddevelopingmodelsforcompetencytestingandacademicrecognition.

Establishandstrengthennetworksofspecializedtrainingcentresandtrainerstorationalizeandconsolidatethematictrainingofferings–forexampleonreportingHIV/AIDS,multimediaandICTs–andpromotethesharingofcurricula.

Promotethepoolingoftrainingexpertise,mentoringandresourcesasameansofwideningaccessacrossmediatocuttingedgeandaffordabletraining.

Developaccreditationmechanismsfortrainingcentres.

Cluster4:Sustainability

ConductacomprehensiveanalysisofexistingmediafundsandfacilitiesavailabletoAfricanmedia,whetherprivate,publicorcommunity.Wheresuchfundsexist,developproposalstostrengthenandextendtheirremitasneededtowardsensuringsustainablemedia,bearinginmindtheappropriatefinancinginstruments(loansorgrants)dependingonthetypeofmediaconcerned.Wheretherearecleargaps,developproposalsastohowthesecanbeaddressedbytheestablishmentofnewmechanismsasappropriate.

Conductanalysisofdifferentmodelsofmediafundingandco-ownershiptoinformstrategiesforeconomicsustainabilityofAfricanmedia.

UndertakecomprehensiveresearchintothecommunitymediasectorinAfrica,asameansofidentifyingitsreachandscopeandstrengthsandweaknesses.Onthebasisoftheresearchfindings,developastrategytoensuresustainableandeffectivecommunitymediainAfrica.

UndertakeastudyoftheconditionsinAfricancountrieswithregardtotaxesimposedontheimportationofmediaequipmentandinputs,includingnewsprint.Onthebasisoftheresultsofthestudy,advocatefortheloweringorwaivingoftaxesontheimportofmediaequipmentandotherinputs.

Advocatefortherecognitionofthemediaasasectorinitsownrightandavailinvestorfundstobuildthefinancialsustainabilityofthemedia.

Promotetheuseofindependentcirculationauditingtogathermorerobustdataandtherebystrengthenmediamarkets.

Produceperiodicreports(ideallyannually)onthestateofthemediainAfrica.

Recommendations All



continued

Cluster5:Professionalismandethics

Developtoolsandmechanismstomonitorthestatusofimplementationofnorms,standardsandbestpracticerelatedtoownership,editorialindependenceandpublicinterestjournalism.

EnsurethatregionalnormsandstandardsonprofessionalismandethicsintheAfricanmediaarewidelydisseminatedandrespectedacrosstheboard.

Establishandencouragethedevelopmentofprofessionalnetworks(suchastheAfricanEconomicsEditorsNetwork)andregionalforums(suchastheFestivaldesOndesdeBamakoandHighwayAfrica)tostrengthenthepracticeofmediainAfrica.

EstablishanAfricanMediaAwardtoshowcaseandrewardoutstandingmediapractice,entrepreneurship,innovationandpublicinterestjournalism.

PromotefairandequitableworkingconditionsforwomenintheAfricanmedia,andadvocateforanendtosexualharassmentandotherformsofgender-baseddiscrimination.


Developanawareness-raisingstrategytopromotebetterunderstandingwithinthemediaitselfofnationalmedialaws,toeducatethemediaonitsresponsibilitytoprovideaccurateinformation,andtoeducatethepublicatlargeonitsrightstoinformation.


Advocateforthetransformationofstate-ownedmediaintopublicservicemediathatoperatesindependentlyfromtheinfluenceofthestateandpoliticalpartiesinlinewithinternationallyrecognizednormsandpractices(AfricancharteronBroadcasting).

Cluster3:Capacitybuilding

Promotetheestablishmentofin-housetrainingpoliciesformediahousesthatpromotesequentialandon-goinglearning.

Advocateforandpromotemoreon-sitetrainingasanimportantstrategyforcontinuousskillsbuildingandknowledgeacquisition.

Developandsustainstrongerlinksbetweenthemediaindustryandmediatrainingindustry.

ActivelypromoteanddevelopmediaexchangeprogrammeswithinAfricaasavalue-addedstrategyforstrengtheningcapacity.

Promotetheestablishmentofnetworksandassociationsofmediaownerstostrengthenthecapacitytodevelopandsustainmediaenterprises.

Strengthenorwhereappropriateestablishregionalcentresofexcellenceasameansofovercomingnationalmediacapacitybuildingshortfalls.

Cluster5:Professionalismandethics

Developmechanismstostrengthentheorganizationofmediapractitionerstocombatpoorwagesandworkingconditions.Wheretheyexist(e.g.infrancophoneAfrica),explorewaysofbolsteringandensuringtherespectfornationalandsub-regionallegalcodesthatguaranteeminimumworkingconditionsformediapractitioners.




continued

Cluster6:Content

EnsuretherespectforandpromotionofculturalandlinguisticdiversityaswellasgenderbalanceinAfrica’smedia,andinparticularsupporttheuseoflocallanguages.

Facilitatetheconductingofaudiencesurveystodeterminerelevantcontent/formats.

Strengthenawarenessofthemedia’sresponsibilityandcriticalroleinaddressingtheburningdevelopmentchallengesfacingAfrica–includinginhealth,governance,conflictandpeacebuilding,andglobalization.

Ensuretheproductionanddisseminationofcontentthatreflectsthediversityofinterests,theopinionsandthevoicesofdifferentsocialactors,includingthemarginalized.

PromotetheusebymediaofICTstodigitizeandsharecontentacrossAfrica.


ActivelypromotetheadoptionanddomesticationbyallAfricangovernmentsoftheDeclarationofPrinciplesonFreedomofExpressioninAfrica,aswellasArticle9oftheAfricanCharteronHumanandPeople’sRights,onfreedomofexpression.

Advocatefortheadoption,ratification,domesticationandimplementationofallinternationalandcontinentalfreedomofinformationprinciples,normsandstandards.


AdvocateforthelicensingofcommunitymediainallAfricancountries.

Promotetheestablishmentoflegislationtoensurethattheimportantpotentialofconvergenceasanopportunityformediadevelopmentisrealized.

Cluster4:Sustainability

Advocateforpublicfundingtoensurethedevelopmentandsustainabilityofcommunity,local,smallandemergingmediaaswellasmediaproducingpublicinterestcontent.

Advocatefortheremovalofunfaircompetitionfromstatemediafundedbypublicresources–e.g.foranendtopreferentialaccessofstatemediatopublicadvertising.






continued

Cluster6:Content

Advocatefor‘publicinterest’fundswithincountriesandinthecontextofregionalmechanismsandinitiativessuchasNEPADandtheAfricanUnion,tobeallocatedtomediaacrosssectorsproducingcontentinthepublicinterest.SuchfundscouldbemodelledonuniversalaccessfundscreatedtopromotetheuseofICTsinruralareas.



PromotegoodcorporategovernanceamongAfricanmediaenterprises.



backtocontentspage 2007 UNDP Towards a common UN system approach:

Harnessing communication to achieve the MDGs (draft) Paper for 10th inter-agency round table






Recommendation&proposalsforincorporatingC4DintotheUNDAF/CCAandothercountrylevelplanningprocesses:

a UNDGtakesresponsibilityforensuringthattheCCAguidelinesincludeprovisionsforconductinginformation&communicationneedsassessments.

b UNResidentCoordinatorstakeresponsibilityforensuringthatinformation&communicationneedsassessmentsareincorporatedintoCCAs.

c UNResidentCoordinatorestablishedandchairsanongoingcoordinationmechanismforcommunicationfordevelopment.

d Mainstreamingcommunicationfordevelopmentwhilstalsobuildingstrongercapacityanddedicatedstaffing.

e Developmentofaframeworkandparametersforsupportingnationalpartnerstoagreeoncommonindicatorsagainstwhichworkofcommunicationfordevelopmentcanbemeasured.

f Developingsupportmechanismsthatencourageinnovationandindependenceincommunicationfordevelopment.






Recommendations All


backtocontentspage 2007 UNESCO Towards a common UN system approach:

The role of communication for development in achieving the MDGs Paper for 10th inter-agency round table






TentativeplanofactionforjointUNinter-agencycollaboration:

5.1 CreatingandenablingenvironmentforC4D(policyadvocacy;technicalassistanceinpreparinglegislation;harnesstheroleofnationalbroadcastingservicestoenhancepolicyformulation;providesupporttobuildpluralisticanddemocraticmediasystems).

5.2 Strengthencapacities&skills(buildinstitutionalcapacitytodelivertraining),

5.3 Enhancepublicparticipationinpolicymaking.

5.4 MainstreamC4DintheUNsystem.






Recommendations All


backtocontentspage 2007 10th Inter-agency round table on communication for development: Recommendations






[Participantsrequest]thechiefexecutivesboardoftheUnitedNationssystem:

a toimpressuponsenior-leveldecision-makersofUnitedNationsSpecializedAgencies,ProgrammesandFundstheimportanceofprioritizingcommunicationfordevelopmentprinciplesandmethodologiesinallprogrammaticareas,andtheneedtoallocatehuman,technicalandfinancialresourcesforthiseffort

b toadvisetheheadsofrespectiveagencies,programmesandfundstointegratecommunicationfordevelopmentprinciplesandmethodologiesintoprogrammeandprojectplanning,execution,monitoringandevaluation;toensuretheincorporationofcommunicationfordevelopmentprinciplesandmethodologies,includingneedsassessments,intoCCA/UNDAFguidelines,orequivalentexercises,soastoimprovedevelopmentresults

c tocallupontheUNResidentCoordinatorSystemtoensuregreatercoherenceandcoordinationofcommunicationfordevelopmentatthecountrylevel

d toestablishaformalinter-agencymechanismpromotingandenhancingcommunicationfordevelopmentwithintheUnitedNationsSystem.






Recommendations All

PanosLondon9WhiteLionStreetLondonN19PDUnitedKingdom

tel+44(0)2072781111fax+44(0)[email protected]
