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MANGROVES FOR COASTALSUSTAINABILITY
Presented in Workshop on
Environmental Stability Through
Sirsi, Uttara Kannada
29-30 October 2010
KSCST & Forestry College, Sirsi
Dr. M. Jayakara Bhandary
Department of Botany
Government Arts and Science College
Karwar 581301
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Coasts are very important! Coastal Areas of the
World - Resource Rich Most inhabited,
Exploited GeographicalUnits
Supports 50% GlobalPopulation
Provides 90% globalish su l
Sink for 90% of Riverload/Pollutants
Anything thataffects the Coastal
Ecological Balanceaffect smajority ofPeople on Earth!
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Coastal
Rich &Productive
ent
ial
ction&
atio
n
Demand for Space & Resources
Environment
Changing
GloballySignificant
Beautiful
Tou
rismP
ot
Ne
edsProt
Conserv
Modified from: Sudarshan et al., 2000, Subtle Issues in Coastal Management, IIRS
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Fragile & Prone for Natural
Disasters.
Super Cyclone (1999)
Winds of 160 mile speed, More than 10,000 deaths, Coast
of Orissa washed away! ea y sunam
Waves of 10 mt height, 10,880 deaths (in India), Total about
2,30,000, 13 countries affected. Worst hit Indonesia,
Thailand, Srilanka & India.
Floods
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MangrovesMangrovesMangrovesMangroves were associatedwere associatedwere associatedwere associated
withwithwithwith statistically significantstatistically significantstatistically significantstatistically significant
reductions in human deathsreductions in human deathsreductions in human deathsreductions in human deaths
Post- Disaster Analysis..
Eye Openers on the
ecological value ofCoastal Ecosystems!?
during theduring theduring theduring the cyclonecyclonecyclonecyclone that struckthat struckthat struckthat struck
the eastern coast of India inthe eastern coast of India inthe eastern coast of India inthe eastern coast of India in
October 1999October 1999October 1999October 1999....
Source:
Mangroves protected villages and reduced death toll
during Indian super cyclone,
Saudamini Das and Jeffrey R. Vincent, 2009
www.pnas.org_cgi_doi_10.1073_pnas.0810440106
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Pre-tsunamiSimulation models illustrated
that a wide (100 m) belt of dense mangrove
trees (referred to as a greenbelt) could
reduce a tsunami pressure flow by more than90% Hiraishi and Harada, 2003 .
Post tsunamiIn an area of S.E. India
there was significantly less damage where
mangroves had been conserved (Danielsenet al., 2005; Science)
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Ecological Value of
MANGROVES rediscovered?
What are Mangroves?
Mangroves are woody plants thatgrow along the landsea interface,bays, estuaries, lagoons,backwaters, and in the rivers,
reaching upstream up to the pointwhere the water still remainssa ne as m, .
These plants and their associatedorganisms (microbes, fungi, otherplants and animals) constitute themangrove forest community ormangal.
The mangal and its associatedabiotic factors constitute themangrove ecosystem.
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Global Distribution.
120 tropical and
Sub tropical
Countries.
18.1 milion.
Source: Spalding et al., 1997, The World Mangrove Atlas
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State-wise mangrove cover -2005(in sq. km.)
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Speciality of Sundarbans..Speciality of Sundarbans..Speciality of Sundarbans..Speciality of Sundarbans..
ContainsContainsContainsContains 37373737 speciesspeciesspeciesspecies ofofofof 'obligate''obligate''obligate''obligate'
mangrovemangrovemangrovemangrove plantsplantsplantsplants stretchedstretchedstretchedstretched overoveroverover
anananan areaareaareaarea of ofofof 2222,,,,200200200200 kmkmkmkm2222,,,, thethethethe
largestlargestlargestlargest diversitydiversitydiversitydiversity ofofofof mangrovemangrovemangrovemangrove
plantsplantsplantsplants onononon thethethethe GlobeGlobeGlobeGlobe....
ThisThisThisThis isisisis alsoalsoalsoalso thethethethe onlyonlyonlyonly mangrovemangrovemangrovemangrove
areaareaareaarea onononon earthearthearthearth hathathathat isisisis inhabitedinhabitedinhabitedinhabited
bybybyby tigerstigerstigerstigers....
ItItItIt alsoalsoalsoalso containscontainscontainscontains 127127127127 speciesspeciesspeciesspecies ofofofof
euryhalineeuryhalineeuryhalineeuryhaline fish,fish,fish,fish, aaaa totaltotaltotaltotal ofofofof 1287128712871287
animalanimalanimalanimal speciesspeciesspeciesspecies comprisingcomprisingcomprisingcomprising 873873873873
invertebrates,invertebrates,invertebrates,invertebrates, oneoneoneone speciesspeciesspeciesspecies of ofofof
HemichordataHemichordataHemichordataHemichordata,,,, andandandand 413413413413 speciesspeciesspeciesspecies
ofofofof vertebratesvertebratesvertebratesvertebrates....
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Mangroves of Karnataka
Official Estimates
2 - 3 Km2 -
Underestimated!
Along estuaries,
Kali, Aghanashini,
Sharavathi,
Kundapura,
Nethravathi mainlocations
Fragmented Patches
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Mangroves of Kali
Estuary14 out of 15 True
mangrove species
of Karnataka growhere
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Floral Diversity
Global About 90 species
India
East Coast 60 species
West Coast 34 species
True Mangroves- Exclusivemangroves
Mangrove Associates Alsofound outside mangrove habitats
Rhizophoraceae,Avicenniaceae,Sonneratiaceae Major families
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Mangrove diversity..
e iceras corniculatum
Excoecaria agallocha
Lumnitzera racemosa
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Acrostichum aureum
(Mangrove fern)
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Species Diversity
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Mangrove associatesMangrove associates
olichandrone s athaceae
Derris spp.
Clerodendrum sp.
Premna sp.
Caesalpina crista
ongamia sp.
Cyperus sp.
Canavalia sp.
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Biological Speciality Highly
adapted to mangrove habitats
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Vivipary
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ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCECoastal Shore Protection -
Bioshields
Breeding Ground for crabs,
shrimps, Fishes
Tsunami/Cyclone Protection ?
Nutrient source for marine Food
Web
Habitat for Birds, other animals
Source of Firewood and other
domestic needs
Carbon Sequestering
Eco-Tourism Spots
Educational/Research materials
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mangrove forests sustain more thanmangrove forests sustain more thanmangrove forests sustain more thanmangrove forests sustain more than
70 direct human activities, ranging70 direct human activities, ranging70 direct human activities, ranging70 direct human activities, ranging
from fuelfrom fuelfrom fuelfrom fuelwood collection to fisherieswood collection to fisherieswood collection to fisherieswood collection to fisheries
(Dixon, 1989; Lucy, 2006).(Dixon, 1989; Lucy, 2006).(Dixon, 1989; Lucy, 2006).(Dixon, 1989; Lucy, 2006).
Fix greater amounts of CO2 per unitFix greater amounts of CO2 per unitFix greater amounts of CO2 per unitFix greater amounts of CO2 per unit
area, than what the phytoplankton doarea, than what the phytoplankton doarea, than what the phytoplankton doarea, than what the phytoplankton do
in the tropical oceans (Kathiresan &in the tropical oceans (Kathiresan &in the tropical oceans (Kathiresan &in the tropical oceans (Kathiresan &
Bingham, 2001).Bingham, 2001).Bingham, 2001).Bingham, 2001).
capable of accumulating and storingcapable of accumulating and storingcapable of accumulating and storingcapable of accumulating and storing
carbon in the soil in large quantities. Acarbon in the soil in large quantities. Acarbon in the soil in large quantities. Acarbon in the soil in large quantities. A
20202020year old plantation of mangrovesyear old plantation of mangrovesyear old plantation of mangrovesyear old plantation of mangroves
stores 11.6 kg mstores 11.6 kg mstores 11.6 kg mstores 11.6 kg m2 of carbon with C2 of carbon with C2 of carbon with C2 of carbon with C
burial rate of 580 g mburial rate of 580 g mburial rate of 580 g mburial rate of 580 g m
2 yr2 yr2 yr2 yr
1 (Fujimoto,1 (Fujimoto,1 (Fujimoto,1 (Fujimoto,2000)2000)2000)2000)
support 30% of fish catch and almost
100% of shrimp catch in South-East
Asian countries
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THREATSMost threatened!THREATSMost threatened!
Deforestation / Landreclamation
Sand/Shell mining
Prawn/fish Farming
Reduction in
Freshwater discharge
Tourism activities/
Other coastal
developmental
Pressures
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The planet has lost 35%of its mangrove forestsover the last twentyyears.
The rate of loss ofmangroves each year topsthe loss of the rainforestat 2.1%
The countries that were hithardest b the tsunami
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and
Thailand have experienced
recent net losses of mangrove
cover.
Between 1980 2000, the total
area of mangroves in these four
countries was reduced by
28%%, from over
5 million to 3.6 million
hectares.
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Conservation
Protected Areas Sundarban, Gulf ofMannar ( BR), BhitarKannika (NP),Coringa Sanctuary,etc. About 16, 500
ha fforestation /
Enhancement
Inventorisation /Survey
Public Education /Awareness
Local Involvement /Economic Incentives
National Programme MOEF 1986-87
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Thank you..
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