Mammalian Phylogeny and Diversity
Rodentia Sub-orders (Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed., 2005)
Sub-order Masseteric condition Mandibular condition
Number of
families / species
Sciuromorpha
protogomorphous (Aplodontidae), sciuromorphous (Sciuridae),
“pseudo-myomorphous” (Gliridae)
sciurognathous 3 / 307
Castorimorpha sciuromorphous sciurognathous 3 / 102
Myomorpha myomorphous sciurognathous 7 / 1569
Anomaluromorpha hystricomorphous sciurognathous 2 / 9
Hystricomorpha hystricomorphous
sciurognathous (only
Ctenodactylidae)
hystricognathous (rest)
18 / 290
"We retain Brandt’s (1855) names for three of the five suborders (Sciuromorpha, Myomorpha, and Hystricomorpha), whereas some foremost rodent authorities have pointedly advised against continued employment of these Brantian epithets, especially at the subordinal rank (e.g., Landry, 1999:283; Wood, 1985). They have argued that the descriptive meaning of the terms does not strictly concord with the morphologies of included members, and that this contradiction will only continue to engender confusion. That the logical connotation of a taxon’s name should uniformly correspond to its taxonomic intention strikes us as puzzling. Not all members of the Superorder Afrotheria live in Africa, nor are all species of the Order Carnivora carnivorous. The species- to family-group ranks are rife with valid names whose logical meaning, as intended by the original descriptor, is partially inconsistent or actually misleading in terms of the currently accepted contents of the taxon, whether in strict morphological accuracy, indication of distribution, or implication of phylogenetic alliance. In reviewing 150 years of rodent classifications, we are impressed that few of our predecessors applied the features of infraorbital configuration and jaw shape in an overridingly typological touchstone of all rodent classification. Most made the distinction between, e.g., Myomorpha in its taxic sense and myomorphy as a morphological condition and routinely consulted additional traits. Thus, the hystricomorphous Dipodidae have been nearly always included within Myomorpha (in retrospect, correctly it would seem), and the sciuromorphous Geomyoidea have been considered by many to also fit within Myomorpha (in retrospect, perhaps incorrectly). And while Brandt’s taxonomic names qua morphological descriptors may not perfectly correspond to all members, they nonetheless do conform very well. The core family members of Sciuromorpha, Myomorpha, and Hystricomorpha have remained largely the same, and most, not all, do exhibit those fundamental zygomasseteric structures. More importantly, these core assemblages have survived recent scrutiny using ever more explicit principles for systematic classification and sophisticated methods for inferring phylogenetic relationship and assessing descent from a common ancestor."
Carleton & Musser, 2005, p. 751
Rodentia Sub-orders (Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed., 2005)
Sub-order Masseteric condition Mandibular condition
Number of
families / species
Sciuromorpha
protogomorphous (Aplodontidae), sciuromorphous (Sciuridae),
“pseudo-myomorphous” (Gliridae)
sciurognathous 3 / 307
Castorimorpha sciuromorphous sciurognathous 3 / 102
Myomorphamyomorphous
(except Dipodidae, hystricomorphous)
sciurognathous 7 / 1569
Anomaluromorpha hystricomorphous sciurognathous 2 / 9
Hystricomorpha hystricomorphous
sciurognathous (only
Ctenodactylidae)
hystricognathous (rest)
18 / 290
Aplodontidae
• Monotypic (1 species)
• Restricted to NW US• “Primitive” rodent• Protrogomorphous-
Sciurognathous
Sciuridae
• 50 genera, 273 species
• Worldwide except Australia and southern South America
• Wide range of ecolomorphs
Ground Tree Flying
TamiasSpermophilusMarmota
SciurusTamiasciurus
Glaucomys
Squirrel body plans(N. American examples)
Tamias minimusLeast Chipmunk
Rodentia Sub-orders (Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed., 2005)
Sub-order Masseteric condition Mandibular condition
Number of
families / species
Sciuromorpha
protogomorphous (Aplodontidae), sciuromorphous (Sciuridae),
“pseudo-myomorphous” (Gliridae)
sciurognathous 3 / 307
Castorimorpha sciuromorphous sciurognathous 3 / 102
Myomorphamyomorphous
(except Dipodidae, hystricomorphous)
sciurognathous 7 / 1569
Anomaluromorpha hystricomorphous sciurognathous 2 / 9
Hystricomorpha hystricomorphous
sciurognathous (only
Ctenodactylidae)
hystricognathous (rest)
18 / 290
Castoridae
• 1 genus, 2 species• Holarctic• Semi-aquatic• Specialize on
cambium
Rodentia Sub-orders (Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed., 2005)
Sub-order Masseteric condition Mandibular condition
Number of
families / species
Sciuromorpha
protogomorphous (Aplodontidae), sciuromorphous (Sciuridae),
“pseudo-myomorphous” (Gliridae)
sciurognathous 3 / 307
Castorimorpha sciuromorphous sciurognathous 3 / 102
Myomorphamyomorphous
(except Dipodidae, hystricomorphous)
sciurognathous 7 / 1569
Anomaluromorpha hystricomorphous sciurognathous 2 / 9
Hystricomorpha hystricomorphous
sciurognathous (only
Ctenodactylidae)
hystricognathous (rest)
18 / 290
Muridae• >250 genera, >1300
species• Mice, rats, voles,
hamsters, gerbils
Muridae: Subfamilies
Murinae Old World mice & rats
Sigmodontinae New World mice & rats
Arvicolinae voles
Gerbillinae gerbils
Spalacinae blind mole-rats
+ 12 others!!!
Alaska
Muridae: Subfamilies
Murinae Old World mice & rats
Cricetidae! voles
Sigmodontinae New World mice & rats
Gerbillinae gerbils
Spalacinae blind mole-rats
+ 12 others!!!
Alaska
Rodentia Sub-orders (Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed., 2005)
Sub-order Masseteric condition Mandibular condition
Number of
families / species
Sciuromorpha
protogomorphous (Aplodontidae), sciuromorphous (Sciuridae),
“pseudo-myomorphous” (Gliridae)
sciurognathous 3 / 307
Castorimorpha sciuromorphous sciurognathous 3 / 102
Myomorphamyomorphous
(except Dipodidae, hystricomorphous)
sciurognathous 7 / 1569
Anomaluromorpha hystricomorphous sciurognathous 2 / 9
Hystricomorpha hystricomorphous
sciurognathous (only
Ctenodactylidae)
hystricognathous (rest)
18 / 290
Anomaluridae
• Scaly-tailed squirrels
• 3 genera, 7 species• Western-central
Africa
Rodentia Sub-orders (Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed., 2005)
Sub-order Masseteric condition Mandibular condition
Number of
families / species
Sciuromorpha
protogomorphous (Aplodontidae), sciuromorphous (Sciuridae),
“pseudo-myomorphous” (Gliridae)
sciurognathous 3 / 307
Castorimorpha sciuromorphous sciurognathous 3 / 102
Myomorphamyomorphous
(except Dipodidae, hystricomorphous)
sciurognathous 7 / 1569
Anomaluromorpha hystricomorphous sciurognathous 2 / 9
Hystricomorpha hystricomorphous
sciurognathous (only
Ctenodactylidae)
hystricognathous (rest)
18 / 290
Suborder: HystricomorphaAfrica
AKA “Phiomorpha”
Bathyergidae mole rats
Hystricidae Old World porcupines
Petromuridae rock rats, dassie rats
Thryonomyidae cane rats
Suborder: HystricomorphaSouth America
AKA “Caviomorpha”
Erethizontidae
Chinchillidae
Dinomyidae
Caviidae
Hydrochaeridae
Dasyproctidae
Agoutidae
Ctenomyidae
Octodontidae
Abrocomidae
Echimyidae
Capromyidae
Myocastoridae
New World Monkeys
(Platyrrhines)
Erethizontidae
• New World porcupines• 4 genera, 12 species• Lowland tropics to
montane forests, deserts, coniferous forests
• Herbivores
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