Macronutrients
CarbohydratesLipids
ProteinsNucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Most important source of energy for the body
Found in plants
Made of C, H and O
Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
Disaccharides, made of two monosaccharides
Sucrose/table sugar, from sugar cane (Glu + Fru)Maltose/malts, from seeds (Glu + Glu)Lactose/from milk (Glu + Gala)
Polysaccharides, made of many monosaccharides
Starch (from plants) made of glucose. 2 kinds: Amylose: smaller (up to 1000) in a simple coil of
glucose Amylopectin: larger (more than 1000) many
longish (24 - 36) branching chains of glucose
Glycogen (in animals) made of glucose, looks like amylopectin, but with shorter branching chains (16 – 24)
Cellulose (plant cell walls) humans can't digest it. Made of glucose, has multi-layered structure, not coiled.
GlucoseDisaccharide
Lipids Store energy, components of cell membranes,
cushion organs, insulation against cold, carriers for vitamins and raw material in synthesis of hormones
Made of C, H and O Insoluble in water Most common kind triglyceride (made of
glycerol and 3 fatty acids) Another kind is phospholipid, which has a polar
phosphate group at one end
Saturated fats Animal fat No double bonds Solid at room temp Hard to break down
Unsaturated fats Plant oils Have some double bonds Liquid at room temperature Easier to break down (double bonds are
weaker)
Steroid
Proteins Structural parts of cells, build cells, repair cells,
are enzymes which speed chemical reactions, make up of muscles, nerves, skin, hair and are antibodies which defend the body.
Found in meat Made of C, H, O and N Built of amino acids (there are 20 a.a.'s just
arranged in different ways like Lego to make different proteins.)
Food protein
Digestion
amino acids
Protein synthesis
protein body makes
Nucleic acids
Do not come from food, but are in the nucleus of the cell
Make up chromosomes (DNA, RNA) Can duplicate for cell division Made of nucleotides
5 carbon sugar Phosphate group Nitrogen base
RNA Single stranded Works as a messenger, carrying information
for DNA Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil
DNA Double stranded Double helix spiral Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine
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