I. SUBJECT & VERB AGREEMENTPlease remember that subject and verb in a sentence must agree with each other.Example: The elevator works very well. (singular)The elevators work very well. (plural)1. Subject separated from the verb: In English, subject and verb are often separated from each other. English learners have a bit difficulty to decide exactly how they are agreed in person and number.Example: The boys in the room (is or are) watching TV
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Very often, if the subject and verb are separated, they will be separated by a prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase had no effect on the verb.
Subject + [prepostional phrase] + verb
More Examples: Several theories on this subject have been proposed.The study of languages is very interesting.The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.
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The following expressions also have no effect on the verb:∙ together with∙ along with∙ accompanied by∙ as well as
Example: The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.
2. Words that always take singular verbs and pronouns: Some words are often confused by English learners as being plural. The
following words must be followed by singular verbs and pronouns in formal written English.
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any + singular noun no + singular noun some + singular noun
anybody nobody Somebody
anyone noone Someone
anything nothing Something
every + singular noun each + singular noun
everybody Each person
everyone *either
everything *neither
* Either and Neither are singular if they are not used with or and nor.
Examples: - Everybody who has not purchased a ticket should be in this line.- Something is under the table.- If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the project.- Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to the desk.- No problem is harder to solve than this one.- Nobody works harder than him.
Either / Neither:When either and neither are followed by or and nor, the verb may be singular or plural, depending on whether the noun following or and nor is singular or plural. Let's check out the following formulas.neither/either + noun + nor / or + plural noun + plural verbExample: Neither Bob nor his friends are going to the beach today.Either Bob or his friends are going to the beach today.neither/either + noun + nor/or + singular noun + singular verbExample: Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today.Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.
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3. None / No:3.1. None can take either singular or plural verb, depending on the noun which follows it.
none + of the + non-count noun + singular verbExample: None of the counterfeit money has been found.
none + of the + plural count noun + plural verbExample: None of the students have finished the exam yet.
3.2. No can take either a singular or plural verb depending on the noun which follows it.
no + singular / non count noun + singular verbExample: No ticket is required.
no + plural noun + plural verbExample: No tickets are required.
4. Gerunds As Subjects:If a sentence begins with {verb+ing} (gerund), the verb must be a singular. Let's study the following examples.Example: - Working for him is the best choice I've made.- Going out at night doesn't seems interesting to me.- Not studying has cause him many problems.
5. Collective Nouns- Many words indicating a number of people or animals are singular. The following nouns are usually singular. In some cases they are plural if sentence indicates that the individual members are acting separately.
congress family group committee class
organization team army club crowd
government jury majority* Minority public
* majority can be singular or plural. If it is alone it is usually singular; if it is followed by plural noun, it is usually plural.
The majority believes that we are in no danger.The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.
Examples of collective nouns:- The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.- The family was elated by the news.- The crowd was wild with excitement.- Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.- The organization has lost many members this years.- Our team is going to win the game.
The following nouns are used to indicate groups of certain animals. They mean the same as group and thus are considered singular.
flock of birds, sheep school of fish
herd of cattle pride of lions
pack of dogs
Examples: + The flock of birds is circlling overhead.+ The herd of cattle is breaking away.+ A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.
6. A Number Of / The Number Of :A number of + plural noun + plural verb.....: m t sộ ốThe number of + plural noun + singular verb....: sốExample: - A number of students are going to the class picnic. (a number of = many)- The number of the days in a week is seven.- A number of the applicants have already been interviewed.- The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small.
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7. Nouns are that always plural:The following nouns are always considered plural. They can not be singular. In order to speak of them as singular, we must say "a pair of eyeglasses".
Let's study the following examples:- The pants are in the drawer.- A pair of pants is in the drawer.- The pliers were on the table.- The pair of pliers was on the table.- These scissors are dull.- This pair of scissors is dull.
scissors shorts pants jeans tongs
trousers eyeglasses pliers tweezers
Lưu ý: DANH TỪ CÓ (S) NHƯNG DÙNG SỐ ÍT: Nhóm Môn học: physics (vật lý ),mathematics
(toán).... Nhóm Bệnh tật: Measles (sởi), mumps (quai bị ). Nhóm Tên nước : The United States (Nước Mỹ), the
Philipines, … Chữ NEWS: tin tức
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Exercise: Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences. 1. Neither Bill nor Mary (is / are) going to the play tonight.2. Anything (is / are) better than going to another movie tonight.3. Skating (is / are) becoming more popular every day.4. A number of reporters (was / were) at the conference yesterday.5. Anybody who (has / have) a fever must go home immediately.6. Your glasses (was / were) on the bureau last night.7. There (was / were) some people at the meeting last night.8. The committee (has / have) already reached a decision.9. A pair of jeans (was / were) in the washing machine this morning.10. Each student (has / have) answered the first three questions.
11. Either John or his wife (make, makes) breakfast each morning.12. After she had perused the material, the secretary decided that everything (was / were) in order.13. The crowd at the basketball game (was / were) wild with excitement.14. A pack of wild dogs (has / have) frightened all the ducks away.15. The jury (is / are) trying to reach a decision.16. The army (has / have) eliminated this section of the training test.17. The number of students who have withdrawn from class this quarter (is / are) appalling.18. There (has / have) been too many interruptions in this class.19. Every elementary school teacher (has / have) to take this examination.20. Neither Jill nor her parents (has / have) seen this movie before.
CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN1. Có th x y raể ả (ở hiện t iạ )M t ng c viên t ng th ng nói r ng:ộ ứ ử ổ ố ằ N u tôi tr thành ế ởt ng th ng, tôi s b nhi m anh làm th ký.ổ ố ẽ ổ ệ ư2. Gi đ nh, không có th t, không th x y raả ị ậ ể ả (ở hiện t iạ )M t ng i không ra ng c t ng th ng nói r ng:ộ ườ ứ ử ổ ố ằN u tôi tr thành t ng th ng, tôi s b nhi m anh làm th ký.ế ở ổ ố ẽ ổ ệ ư3. Không x y ra, gi đ nh trong quá khả ả ị ứM t ng i ng c t ng th ng nh ng không trúng c nói ộ ườ ứ ử ổ ố ư ửr ng:ằN u tôi tr thành t ng th ngế ở ổ ố vào năm ngoái thì tôi đã b ổnhi m anh làm th kệ ư ý.
I. FIRST CONDITIONALSA. FormWe use the present simple tense in the if clause and the future with will in the main clause. We usually use a comma (,) when the if clause is first, but not when the main clause is first.
If she eats all that ice cream, she will feel terrible.If I have time, I‘ll phone you later. You‘ll be hungry if you don’t have some dinner.They won’t arrive on time if they miss the bus.
Note: We do not use will in the if clause.If it rains, we’ll go to the cinema.NOT If it will rain, we’ll go to the cinema.
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I. FIRST CONDITIONALSB. UseFirst conditionals predict the results of a real or probable action or event.If you get up late, you’ll miss the appointment.(There is a real chance that you’ll get up late.)We won’t go if it rains.(There is a real chance that it will rain.)
II. SECOND CONDITIONALSA. Form We use the past simple form in the if clause and would + infinitive without to in the main clause. We usually use a comma (,) when the if clause is first, but not when the main clause is first.
If I had enough money, I would buy that house. If you didn’t eat so much, you‘d lose weight.He‘d feel better if he didn’t smoke so much.They wouldn’t play tennis if it was raining.
Note: We do not use would in the if clause.If I had enough money … NOT If I would have enough money …
II. SECOND CONDITIONALSB. UseSecond conditionals describe unreal, unlikely, or imaginary situations.
If we had more money, we’d travel business class.What would you do if you saw a ghost?
III. THIRD CONDITIONALSA. FormWe use the past perfect (continuous) form in the if clause and would have + past participle in the main clause. We usually use a comma (,) when the if clause is first, but not when the main clause is first.If you hadn’t studied so hard, you would have failed.I would have passed if I‘d worked harder. They wouldn’t have come if they hadn’t wanted to see you.
III. THIRD CONDITIONALSB. Use We use third conditionals to describe something that didn’t happen, an imaginary situation in the past. If I had worked harder I would have passed the exam.(I didn’t work hard, and I didn’t pass the exam.)You wouldn’t have crashed if you hadn’t been driving so fast.(You were driving too fast, and you crashed.) Without using ifHad I worked harder I would have passed the exam.Had you not been driving so fast, You wouldn’t have crashed.
1. If they had left the house earlier, they _______ (be; negative) so late getting to the airport that they could not check their baggage2. If I finish the dress before Friday, I (give) it to my sister for her birthday.3. If I had seen the movie. I _______ (tell) you about it last night.4. Had Bob not interfered in his sister`s marital problems, there —— (be) peace between them.5. He would give you the money if he _____ (have) it. 6. She would call you immediately if she _____ (need) help.7. Had they arrived at the sale early, they ______ (find) a better selection.8. If you have enough time, please ___(paint) the chair before you leave.9. We could go for a drive if today _______ (be) Saturday.10. If she wins the prize, it will be because she ______ (write) very well. .11. I ——————— (accept) if they invite me to the party.12. If your mother ________(buy) that car for you, will you be happy?13. If he _____(decide) earlier, he could have left on the afternoon flight.14. Had we known your address, we _______ (write) you a letter.15. If the roofer doesn`t come soon, the rain _______ (leak) inside.16. My dog always wakes me up if he ______ (hear) strange noises.17. If you _______ (see) Mary today, please ask her to call me.18. If he ______ (get) the raise, it will be because he does a good job.19. The teacher will not accept our work if we ______ (turn) it in late.20. If he had left already, he ______ (call) us.21. If they had known him, they ______ (talk) to him.22. He would understand it if you ______ (explain) it to him more slowly.23. I could understand the French teacher if she ___(speak) more slowly.
CÁC THỦ THUẬT ĐỌC Đọc lướt qua các câu hỏi trước. Khi đọc bài đọc, lưu ý đến các nội dung liên quan đến câu hỏi.
Đọc lướt, bỏ qua những từ vựng không biết, có thể đoán nghĩa.
Trả lời các câu hỏi.
Thông tin th a (redundancy)ừ Không dùng song song c 2 t d i đây trong cùng m t câuả ừ ướ ộ :
advance forwardproceed forwardprogress forward
C 3 t ả ừ advance, proceed, progress đ u có nghĩa ti n lên, ti n v phía tr c: ề ế ế ề ướ"to move in a forward direction". Vì v y ậ forward là th a.ừ
return backrevert back
C 2 t ả ừ return, revert đ u có nghĩa: "to go back, to send back". Vì v y ề ậ back là th a.ừ
sufficient enought Hai t này nghĩa nh nhauừ ư
compete togethercompete = đua tranh, c nh tranh v i nhau "to take part in a contest against ạ ớ
others"
reason... because Hai t này có nghĩa nh nhau. M u đúng ph i là "reason... that"ừ ư ẫ ả
join togetherjoin có nghĩa "to bring together", "to put together", "to become a part or a
member of..."
repeat again repeat có nghĩa "to say again"
new innovation innovation có nghĩa là m t ý t ng m i "a new idea"ộ ưở ớ
matinee performance matinee = bu i bi u di n chi uổ ể ễ ề
same identical hai t này nghĩa gi ng nhauừ ố
two twins twins = two brothers or sisters
the time / when Hai t này nghĩa gi ng nhauừ ố
the place / where Hai t này nghĩa gi ng nhauừ ố
Khi thông tin trong câu bị lặp đi lặp lại không cần thiết thì nó bị gọi là thông tin thừa, cần phải loại bỏ phần thừa đó. Ví dụ: Người Anh không dùng the time when mà chỉ dùng một trong hai.It is (the time/ when) I got home.Người Anh không dùng the place where mà chỉ dùng một trong hai.It is (the place/ where) I was born.
Cấu trúc song song trong câu Khi thông tin trong một câu được đưa ra dưới dạng liệt kê thì các thành phần được liệt kê phải tương ứng với nhau về mặt từ loại (noun noun, adjective adjective, ...). Ví dụ:
SAI ĐÚNG
Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician, and he teaches.
Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician, and a teacher.
Peter is rich, handsome, and many people like him. Peter is rich, handsome, and popular.
The cat approached the mouse slowly and silent.
The cat approached the mouse slowly and silently.
She like to fish, swim and surfing. She like to fish, to swim and to surf.She like fishing, swimming and surfing.
When teenagers finish highschool, they have several choices: going to college, getting a job, or the army.
When teenagers finish highschool, they have several choices: going to college, getting a job, or joining the army.
Tim entered the room, sat down, and is opening his book.
Tim entered the room, sat down, and opened his book.
Tuy nhiên nếu thời gian trong các mệnh đề khác nhau của câu là khác nhau thì động từ cũng phải tuân theo qui luật thời gian. Lúc đó cấu trúc câu song song về thời của các động từ (như ví dụ ở dòng cuối bảng trên) không được áp dụng. Ví dụ:She is a senior, studies every day, and will graduate a semester early.
Một số ngữ động từ (phrasal verb) thường gặpĐó là những động từ kết hợp với 1, 2 hoặc đôi khi 3 giới từ, khi kết hợp ở dạng như vậy ngữ nghĩa của chúng thay đổi hẳn so với nghĩa ban đầu.To break off: ch m d t, c t đ t, đo n tuy t. ấ ứ ắ ứ ạ ệTo bring up: nêu ra, đ a lên m t v n đ ư ộ ấ ềTo call on: yêu c u / đ n thăm ầ ếTo care for: thích / trông nom, săn sóc (look after) To check out (of/from) a library: m n sách th vi n v ượ ở ư ệ ềTo check out: đi u tra, xem xét. ềTo check out (of): làm th t c đ ra (khách s n, sân bay) <> check in. ủ ụ ể ạTo check (up) on: đi u tra, xem xét. ềTo close in (on): ti n l i g n, ch y l i g n ế ạ ầ ạ ạ ầTo come along with: đi cùng v i ớTo count on = depend on = rely on To come down with: m c ph i m t căn b nh ắ ả ộ ệTo do away with = get rid of: t ng kh , lo i b , tr kh ố ứ ạ ỏ ừ ửTo daw up = to draft: so n th o (m t k ho ch, m t h p đ ng) ạ ả ộ ế ạ ộ ợ ồTo drop out of = to withdraw from: b (đ c bi t là b h c gi a ch ng) ỏ ặ ệ ỏ ọ ữ ừ
To figure out: Hình dung ra đ c, hi u đ c. ượ ể ượTo find out: khám phá ra, phát hi n ra. ệTo get by: L n h i qua ngày, s ng sót qua đ c ầ ồ ố ượTo get through with: k t thúc ếTo get through to: thông tin đ c cho ai, g i đ c cho (đi n tho i), tìm ượ ọ ượ ệ ạcách làm cho hi u ểTo get up: d y/ t ch c. ậ ổ ứTo give up: b , t b ỏ ừ ỏTo go along with: đ ng ý v i ồ ớTo hold on to: v n gi v ng, duy trì ẫ ữ ữTo hold up: c p / v n gi v ng, v n duy trì, v n s ng bình th ng, ướ ẫ ữ ữ ẫ ẫ ố ườv n dùng đ c (b t ch p s c ép bên ngoài ho c s d ng lâu) ẫ ượ ấ ấ ứ ặ ử ụTo keep on doing smt: v n ti p t c không ng ng làm gì ẫ ế ụ ừTo look after: trông nom, săn sóc To look into: đi u tra, xem xét ềTo pass out = to faint: ng t (n i đ ng t , không dùng b đ ng) ấ ộ ộ ừ ị ộTo pick out: ch n ra, l a ra, nh t ra ọ ự ặTo point out: ch ra, v ch ra ỉ ạ
To figure out: Hình dung ra đ c, hi u đ c. ượ ể ượTo find out: khám phá ra, phát hi n ra. ệTo get by: L n h i qua ngày, s ng sót qua đ c ầ ồ ố ượTo get through with: k t thúc ếTo get through to: thông tin đ c cho ai, g i đ c cho (đi n tho i), tìm ượ ọ ượ ệ ạcách làm cho hi u ểTo get up: d y/ t ch c. ậ ổ ứTo give up: b , t b ỏ ừ ỏTo go along with: đ ng ý v i ồ ớTo hold on to: v n gi v ng, duy trì ẫ ữ ữTo hold up: c p / v n gi v ng, v n duy trì, v n s ng bình th ng, ướ ẫ ữ ữ ẫ ẫ ố ườv n dùng đ c (b t ch p s c ép bên ngoài ho c s d ng lâu) ẫ ượ ấ ấ ứ ặ ử ụTo keep on doing smt: v n ti p t c không ng ng làm gì ẫ ế ụ ừTo look after: trông nom, săn sóc To look into: đi u tra, xem xét ềTo pass out = to faint: ng t (n i đ ng t , không dùng b đ ng) ấ ộ ộ ừ ị ộTo pick out: ch n ra, l a ra, nh t ra ọ ự ặTo point out: ch ra, v ch ra ỉ ạ
To put off: trì hoãn, đình hoãn To run across: khám phá, phát hi n ra (tình c ) ệ ờTo run into sb: g p ai b t ng ặ ấ ờTo see about to: lo l ng, săn sóc, ch y v y ắ ạ ạTo take off: c t cánh <> to land ấTo take over for: thay th cho ếto talk over: bàn so n, th o lu n v ạ ả ậ ềto try out: th nghi m, dùng th (s n ph m) ử ệ ử ả ẩto try out for: th vai, th gi ng (1 v k ch, bu i bi u di n) ử ử ọ ở ị ổ ể ễTo turn in: giao n p, đ trình / đi ng ộ ệ ủTo watch out for: c nh giác, đ m t, trông ch ng (c nghĩa đen ả ể ắ ừ ảl n nghĩa bóng) ẫ
CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI Câu hỏi đuôi là một dạng câu hỏi rất thông dụng trong tiếng Anh.
Mặc dù câu trả lời cho câu hỏi đuôi cũng giống như câu trả lời cho câu hỏi YESNO, nhưng câu hỏi đuôi có sắc thái ý nghĩa riêng biệt.
Câu hỏi đuôi được thành lập sau một câu nói khẳng định hoặc phủ định, được ngăn cách bằng dấu phẩy (,) vì vậy người đặt câu hỏi đã có thông tin về câu trả lời. Tuy nhiên, thường thì người hỏi không chắc chắn lắm về thông tin này.
Nếu người hỏi chắc chắn, tự tin rằng mình đã có thông tin về câu trả lời nhưng vẫn hỏi thì khi chấm dứt câu hỏi đuôi, người hỏi sẽ lên giọng.
CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI* Nguyên tắc chung khi lập câu hỏi đuôi:
Nếu câu nói trước dấu phẩy là câu khẳng định, câu hỏi đuôi phải ở thể phủ định. Nếu câu nói trước dấu phẩy là câu phủ định, câu hỏi đuôi phải ở thể khẳng định
• Cấu tạo của câu hỏi đuôi: Câu hỏi đuôi gồm một trợ động từ tương ứng với thì được dùng trong câu nói trước dấu phầy, có NOT hoặc không có NOT và một đại từ nhân xưng tương ứng với chủ ngữ của câu nói trước dấu phẩy.
TD: You are afraid, aren't you? You didn't do your homework, did you?
CÂU HỎI ĐUÔICách thành lập câu hỏi đuôi cho các thì1. Hiện tại đơn với TO BE:
He is handsome, isn't he? 2. Hiện tại đơn với động từ thường: mượn trợ động từ DO hoặc
DOES tùy theo chủ ngữ They like me, don't they?
She loves you, doesn't she? 3. Thì quá khứ đơn với động từ thường: mượn trợ động từ DID,
quá khứ đơn với TO BE: WAS hoặc WERE4. Thì hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn:
mượn trợ động từ HAVE hoặc HAS They have left, haven't they? The rain has stopped, hasn't it?
CÂU HỎI ĐUÔICách thành lập câu hỏi đuôi cho các thì5. Thì quá khứ hoàn thành hoặc quá khứ hoàn thành
tiếp diễn: mượn trợ động từ HAD: He hadn't met you before, had he? 6. Thì tương lai đơn:
It will rain, won't it?
CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI* Những trường hợp đặc biệt cần lưu ý** HAD BETTER: thường được viết ngắn gọn thành 'D
BETTER chỉ cần mượn trợ động từ HAD để lập câu hỏi đuôi.
TD: He'd better stay, hadn't he? ** WOULD RATHER: thường được viết gọn là 'D RATHER
chỉ cần mượn trợ động từ WOULD để lập câu hỏi đuôi. TD: You'd rather go, wouldn't you?
** If the main clause is " I am" , tag question must be "aren't I?“
EX: I am coming here ,aren't I? Với I AM NOT, câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là AM I như quy tắc.
+ I am not guilty, am i?
CÂU HỎI ĐUÔIIf the main clause have "let's",tag question must be "
shall we?"TD: Let's go to the movies, shall we?
If the main clause is request, tag question must be "will you?"TD: Open the window, will you?
If the main clause is invation, tag question must be "won't you?"TD: Take your seat, won't you?
If the main clause have: "seldom, rarely, hardly, no, without, never,..." , tag question must be affirmation.TD: He never goes to school late, does he?
Tr cắ nghiệm
Nhưng lôi dê măc trong tiêng Anh
Tr cắ nghiệm
cac t diên ta thông tin trai ng c ư ươ
Trắc nghiệmMẫu câu thích hợp khi viết thư
Trắc nghiệmNguyên nhân va hê qua
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