Dominick
Broadstone - DIT
Phibsborough
Grangegorman
Cabra
Parnell
Marlborough
O’ConnellUpper
O’Connell - GPO
Westmoreland
Trinity
Dawson
St. Stephen’s Green
Broombridge
Annex EHuman Beings:Baseline Electromagnetic Radiation Assessment
Luas BroombridgeSt. Stephen’s Green to Broombridge(Line BXD)
Compliance Engineering Ireland LtdRAYSTOWN, RATOATH ROAD, ASHBOURNE, CO. MEATH, IRELAND
Tel: +353 1 8256722 Fax: +353 1 8256733
Client: Title:
Railway Procurement Agency Parkgate Business Centre Parkgate Street Dublin 8 Attention: Mr S Byrne
Annex E Luas Broombridge Baseline Electromagnetic Radia-tion Assessment
COPIES TO: Files
REPORT REF: N/A TESTED BY: P Reilly, N Duignan
DATE RECEIVED: N/A REPORT BY: J McAuley
ISSUE DATE: December 2009 APPROVED SIGNATORY: J McAuley
REVISION: Final JOB TITLE: Technical Manager
SIGNATURE:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 1 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents HUMAN BEINGS: RADIATION AND STRAY CURRENT ...................................................................... 3 1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 3 1.0.1 EMI – DC and Quasi-DC fields ........................................................................................... 3 1.0.2 EMI – AC magnetic fields .................................................................................................... 4 1.0.3 EMI – Radio Frequency fields ............................................................................................. 5 1.0.4 European Emission Limits for Railways .............................................................................. 5 1.0.5 Guideline Limits for Public Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields ........................................ 6 1.0.6 Guideline Limits - Immunity ................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Field Surveys ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Units of Measure .................................................................................................................. 7 2.0 EMI SURVEY MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT ................................................................... 7 2.1 DC Magnetic Field Measurement Equipment ...................................................................... 7 2.2 AC Measurement Equipment ............................................................................................... 7 2.3 RF Measurement Equipment ............................................................................................... 7 3.0 MEASUREMENT RESULTS ............................................................................................... 9 3.1 Site 1 Measurement Results, Trinity College Dublin .......................................................... 9 3.1.1 Radiated Emissions: 9kHz to 30MHz, Site 1, Figure 3 ...................................................... 9 3.1.2 Radiated Emissions: 30MHz to 300MHz, Site 1, Figure 4 ................................................. 9 3.1.3 Radiated Emissions: 300MHz to 1,000MHz, Site 1, Figure 5 ............................................ 9 3.1.4 Radiated Emissions: 1GHz to 20GHz, Site 1, Figure 6 to Figure 10 ................................. 9 3.1.5 DC Magnetic Field .............................................................................................................. 9 3.2 Site 2 Measurement Results, Rotunda Hospital ............................................................... 10 3.2.1 Radiated Emissions: 9kHz to 30MHz, Site 2, Figure 11 .................................................. 10 3.2.2 Radiated Emissions: 30MHz to 300MHz, Site 2, Figure 12 ............................................. 10 3.2.3 Radiated Emissions: 300MHz to 1,000MHz, Site 2, Figure 12 ........................................ 10 3.2.4 Radiated Emissions: 1GHz to 20GHz, Site 2, Figure 13 to Figure 18 ............................. 10 3.2.5 DC Magnetic Field ............................................................................................................ 10 3.3 Site 3 Measurement Results, Cutting Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line .......... 10 3.3.1 Radiated Emissions: 9kHz to 30MHz, Site 4, Figure 19 ................................................... 11 3.3.2 Radiated Emissions: 30MHz to 300MHz, Site 3, Figure 20 ............................................. 11 3.3.3 Radiated Emissions: 300MHz to 1,000MHz, Site 3, Figure 21 ........................................ 11 3.3.4 Radiated Emissions: 1GHz to 20GHz, Site 3, Figure 22 to Figure 26 ............................. 11 3.3.5 DC Magnetic Field ............................................................................................................ 11 3.4 Site 4 Measurement Results, Broombridge ...................................................................... 11 3.4.1 Radiated Emissions: 9kHz to 30MHz, Site 4, Figure 27 ................................................... 11 3.4.2 Radiated Emissions: 30MHz to 300MHz, Site 3, Figure 28 ............................................. 12 3.4.3 Radiated Emissions: 300MHz to 1,000MHz, Site 3, Figure 29 ........................................ 12 3.4.4 Radiated Emissions: 1GHz to 20GHz, Site 3, Figure 30 to Figure 34 ............................. 12 3.4.5 DC Magnetic Field ............................................................................................................ 12 4.0 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................. 12 4.1 DC fields ............................................................................................................................. 12 4.2 50Hz AC fields ................................................................................................................... 13 4.3 RF field ............................................................................................................................... 13 4.4 Electromagnetic fields and human health .......................................................................... 13
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 2 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
List of Figures
FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF MEASUREMENT SITES 1 TO 2 ............................................................................... 14 FIGURE 2: LOCATION OF MEASUREMENT SITES 3 AND 4 ............................................................................. 15 FIGURE 3: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 9KHZ TO 30MHZ ............................................................................. 16 FIGURE 4: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 30MHZ TO 300MHZ ........................................................................ 17 FIGURE 5: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 300MHZ TO 1,000MHZ ................................................................... 18 FIGURE 6: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 1GHZ TO 3GHZ ............................................................................... 19 FIGURE 7: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 3GHZ TO 5GHZ ............................................................................... 19 FIGURE 8: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 5GHZ TO 10GHZ ............................................................................. 20 FIGURE 9: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 10GHZ TO 15GHZ ........................................................................... 20 FIGURE 10: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 15GHZ TO 20GHZ ......................................................................... 21 FIGURE 11: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 9KHZ TO 30MHZ ....................................................................... 22 FIGURE 12: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 30MHZ TO 300MHZ .................................................................. 23 FIGURE 13: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 300MHZ TO 1,000MHZ ............................................................. 24 FIGURE 14: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 1GHZ TO 3GHZ ......................................................................... 25 FIGURE 15: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 3GHZ TO 5GHZ ......................................................................... 25 FIGURE 16: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 5GHZ TO 10GHZ ....................................................................... 26 FIGURE 17: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 10GHZ TO 15GHZ ..................................................................... 26 FIGURE 18: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 15GHZ TO 20GHZ ..................................................................... 27 FIGURE 19: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 9KHZ TO 30MHZ ............................ 28 FIGURE 20: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 30MHZ TO 300MHZ ........................ 29 FIGURE 21: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 300MHZ TO 1GHZ .......................... 30 FIGURE 22: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 1GHZ TO 3GHZ .............................. 31 FIGURE 23: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 3GHZ TO 5GHZ .............................. 31 FIGURE 24: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 5GHZ TO 10GHZ ............................ 32 FIGURE 25: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 10GHZ TO 15GHZ .......................... 32 FIGURE 26: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 15GHZ TO 20GHZ .......................... 33 FIGURE 27: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 9KHZ TO 30MHZ ............................................................................... 34 FIGURE 28: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 30MHZ TO 300MHZ .......................................................................... 35 FIGURE 29: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 300MHZ TO 1,000MHZ ..................................................................... 36 FIGURE 30: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 1GHZ TO 3GHZ ................................................................................. 37 FIGURE 31: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 3 GHZ TO 5GHZ ................................................................................ 37 FIGURE 32: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 5GHZ TO 10GHZ ............................................................................... 38 FIGURE 33: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 10GHZ TO 15GHZ ............................................................................. 38 FIGURE 34: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 15GHZ TO 20GHZ ............................................................................. 39
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 3 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ HUMAN BEINGS: RADIATION AND STRAY CURRENT 1.0 Introduction
In 2008, Compliance Engineering Ireland Ltd. (CEI) was commissioned by the RPA to carry
out an Environmental Impact Assessment of Luas Broombridge. Baseline monitoring along
the proposed alignment was carried out by CEI in order to inform the Human Beings: Radia-
tion and Stray Current baseline (Book 1, Chapter 15) and impact assessment (Books 2 and
3, Chapter 6) of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).
1.0.1 EMI – DC and Quasi-DC fields
Interference risks related to AC magnetic fields are relatively well known and documented in
the literature. In part that is because the use of electricity and the fields that emanate from
power sources are widespread. Less well known are interference issues related to DC or
slowly varying (Quasi-DC) fields, although some of the principles are identical to AC mag-
netic field interference. DC fields are not fields, but rather, lines of flux. These lines of flux
emanate from the earth and provide a compass with the ability to indicate “Magnetic North”.
The “flux density” of the Earth’s magnetic field varies from place to place on the globe, but
can be thought of as around 50µT.
In most circumstances, even equipment that is “sensitive” to elevated AC magnetic fields, is
unaffected by elevated DC fields. Since they are, for most purposes, considered static – they
do not move or increase/decrease in field strength – they do not induce changes in the elec-
tronics. However, under certain circumstances, these DC fields can be made to act like an
AC field. Their ability to interfere with electronics is then correspondingly increased.
Since magnetic fields prefer to travel inside of iron or steel, a large mass of steel (a train, car
or a truck) moving through a DC field will distort the lines of flux temporarily. When the mass
of iron is outside of the influence of the flux lines, they will return to their original position.
This movement will resemble, technically and in effect, a slowly oscillating AC field.
Although the Earth’s DC fields are relatively stable, there are inherent slight variations in both
field direction and strength, over time. These minor temporal instabilities are usually well be-
low the sensitivity of most electronic instruments and can usually be ignored. However, some
instruments like electron microscopes are sensitive to very small variations in field strength
or changes in direction. The movement of a mass of ferromagnetic material through the
Earth’s field will alter both the field strength and the direction of the Earth’s DC field. This
influence can be measured at relatively large distances from the source of the perturbation
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 4 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ and changes in the DC field environment caused by the external influences described above
(moving vehicles, trains, elevators, etc.) can adversely impact the stability and accuracy of
these instruments.
In DC railways the power supplied by the local utility (AC electricity) is converted by rectifiers
to DC. The magnetic fields from DC are identical with those from the earth, but, like AC
fields, are the result of a complete electrical circuit. The field strength from these circuits is a
function of the current (direct relationship) and the distance between the positive and nega-
tive currents (indirect relationship). In DC railways maximum current will flow when trains are
accelerating or braking and therefore the fields will increase when trains are either coming
into or leaving the stations – particularly during peak traffic.
1.0.2 EMI – AC magnetic fields
AC magnetic fields are naturally emitted by alternating current-carrying electrical conductors
and devices. The AC magnetic field strength emitted by electrical circuits is directly propor-
tional to the magnitude of electrical current. However, multiple conductor cables carrying bal-
anced currents have a low net emission; a consequence of natural cancellation of magnetic
fields between opposing conductors. If electrical current from a circuit returns via an alternate
path, then magnetic field levels emitted from such a circuit can increase significantly. This
condition usually occurs if neutral circuits are “cross connected” or unintentional connections
are made between a neutral and ground in an electrical distribution system. This is often re-
ferred to as “stray”, “ground” or “net-current” conditions.
AC magnetic fields decrease naturally in intensity as function of distance (d) from the source.
The rate of decrease however, can vary dramatically depending on the source. For example,
magnetic fields from motors, transformers, etc. decrease very quickly (1/d3) while circuits in a
typical conduit decay slower (1/d2). Magnetic fields from “stray” current on water pipes, build-
ing steel, etc. tend to decay much slower (1/d). Simply increasing the distance from the
source(s) of an area with elevated magnetic field strengths can often reduce magnetic fields
to an acceptable level.
Unlike electric fields that are relatively easily shielded by common materials used in com-
mercial construction, magnetic fields are capable of penetrating all but a very few, specially
manufactured and installed materials. AC magnetic fields will pass undiminished through
earth, concrete and most metals, including lead. The actual AC magnetic flux densities (B)
encountered within a given commercial building typically range from under 0.04µT in open
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 5 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ areas to several hundred near electrical equipment, but for practical purposes, an ambient
range of from 0.04 to 0.4µT can be considered typical.
AC magnetic fields at relatively low levels are capable of producing interference patterns on
computer monitors and have been shown to otherwise interfere with electronic equipment.
Equipment placed on the European Union (EU) market is required under EMC Directive
2004/108/EC to comply with AC magnetic field limits between 1.25µT and 38µT depending
on the intended application.
1.0.3 EMI – Radio Frequency fields
Radio Frequency (RF) fields are normally caused by private mobile radio (two way radios),
mobile phones, broadcasting and radar transmitters. Considering the rail environment these
fields will be predominately caused by two way radio or mobile phones and general EMI from
the vehicle. Depending on the type of equipment, radio frequency fields are normally consid-
ered to present an EMI risk to electronic equipment when the field strength exceeds
1 to 3V/m. Certain equipment, in particular medical and research equipment are more sensi-
tive and consequently, have much lower interference thresholds.
Electronic equipment will produce low level narrow and broadband signals at frequencies up
to and above 1GHz. The EU EMC Directive limits the maximum amounts of Radio Frequency
Interference (RFI) that equipment is permitted to generate. These limits are set in order to
prevent electrical and electronic equipment from interfering with the operation of radio and
television receivers.
1.0.4 European Emission Limits for Railways
Table 1: Maximum Radiated Emissions at 10 meters EN 50121-2; 750 Vdc Systems
Frequency (MHz) Limit Measurement Bandwidth 9kHz to 150kHz 50dB(µA/m) to 25dB(µA/m) 200Hz
150kHz to 30MHz 60dB(µV/m) to 10dB(µV/m) 10kHz
30MHz to 1GHz 85dB(µV/m) to 60dB(µV/m) 120kHz
Transient electromagnetic fields are produced by the switching of inductive loads such as may be caused by the sliding contact on the catenary wire. A transient signal in a cable pro-duces a radiated emission with a spectral content dependent on the amplitude, rise time and pulse width.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 6 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.0.5 Guideline Limits for Public Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields
The guideline limits for public exposure to Electromagnetic Fields are published by ICNIRP and in the EU Recommendation 1999/519/EC.
Table 2: Guideline Limits for Public Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields
Frequency Range E – Field Strength
(Vm-1)
H – Field (Am-1)
B – Field (μT)
Equivalent plane wave
power S (Wm-2)
up to 1Hz - 3.2 x 104 4 x 104 - 1 – 8Hz 10,000 3.2 x 104/f2 4 x 104/f2 - 8 – 25Hz 10,000 4,000/f 5000/f - 0.025 – 0.8kHZ 250/f 4/f 5/f - 0.8 – 3kHZ 250/f 5 6.25 - 3 – 150kHZ 87 5 6.25 - 0.15 – 1MHz 87 0.73/f 0.092/f 1 – 10MHz 87/f2 0.73/f 0.092/f - 10 – 400MHz 28 0.16 0.092 2 400 – 2000MHz 1.375f1/2 0.0037f1/2 0.0046f1/2 f/200 2 – 300GHz 61 0.16 0.20 10
1.0.6 Guideline Limits - Immunity
Immunity of non radio electrical/electronic equipment is set by the EU EMC Directive 2004/108/EC. Limits or threshold values, used to analyse the measurement data are recog-nized industrial guidelines. 50Hz AC fields are considered a risk above 1.26µT or 38µT de-pending on the equipment type. Radiated RF fields are compared to a limit of 3V/m (129dBµV) or 10 V/m (140dBµV) depending on the classification of the equipment.
DC fields are not covered in current EU EMC standards. Traditionally, DC fields in excess of 200µT or with temporal shifts greater than 7.5µT are considered a risk to Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) based displays or analytical instruments.
It should be noted that these limits are “investigation” levels and are considered as guidance. There are instruments (Linear Accelerators, Computed Tomography (CT) Scanners, Mag-netic Resonance Imaging, Scanning Electron Microscopes, etc.) that are more sensitive to elevated fields. In certain cases, further examination of the interference and threshold immu-nities may be necessary. The limits for these items of equipment can vary from 50µT to 1µT.
1.1 Field Surveys
The primary means of establishing the base data was via field surveys. These are detailed in
Sections 3.0. The field surveys were performed using broadband radiation meters, spectrum
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 7 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ analysers and appropriate antennas. The frequency range covered was from DC (0Hz) to
18GHz. The location of the field surveys are shown in Figure 1and Figure 2.
1.2 Units of Measure
Magnetic flux densities (B) for AC and DC magnetic fields are reported using units of micro-
tesla (µT); (1µT = 0.000001 Tesla) for magnetic flux densities. Many equipment manufactur-
ers use the United States units of milliGauss. The conversion between these two units is 1
milliGauss = 0.1µT.
RF data are presented in either the EMI international standard units Volts per meter (V/m) or
microVolts per meter (μV/m) and in the logarithmic scale dB(μV/m). In the frequency range of
9kHz to 30MHz it is common to express the field strengths in the magnetic field units of
dB(µA/m).
2.0 EMI SURVEY MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT
A variety of instrumentation was utilized to measure DC and AC magnetic field and RF condi-tions at the project site. A discussion according to frequency class follows.
2.1 DC Magnetic Field Measurement Equipment
For DC field measurements an Applied Physics Systems Magnetometer (APS538) was used. This sensor was monitored using Labview data acquisition and analysis software.
Measurements were taken at a standard elevation of 1-metre above grade, using a non-metallic support. The equipment was configured to record data in the three orthogonal planes (x, y and z) from which the resultant field was calculated. The resultant magnetic field is comparable to a maximum field value and is calculated as the square root of the sum of the squares for all three orthogonal axes Br = √(Bx² + By² + Bz²).
2.2 AC Measurement Equipment
AC magnetic field measurements were taken using a Narda ELT400 and electric field read-ings were measured using an EFM-111 meter. The measurements were carried out at 1m above ground as required by international standards.
2.3 RF Measurement Equipment
The equipment used included Rohde and Schwarz ESHS30 and ESVS30 Measuring Re-ceivers. In the microwave range an Agilent E4408L Spectrum Analyser was used. A range of antennas was used to document RF field strengths at the sites.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 8 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Table 3 RF Resolution Bandwidths
Frequency Range Wave Type Resolution Bandwidth
10kHz to 30MHz Magnetic Field 10kHz
30MHz to 300MHz Electric Field 120kHz
300MHz to 1,000MHz Electric Field 120kHz
1GHz to 18GHz Electric Field 1MHz
Unless otherwise stated, the RF measurements were carried out in peak detector mode.
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3.0 MEASUREMENT RESULTS
3.1 Site 1 Measurement Results, Trinity College Dublin
Monitoring was carried out at this location (Figure 1) due to the potential sensitivity to elec-tromagnetic radiation of research equipment within the campus.
3.1.1 Radiated Emissions: 9kHz to 30MHz, Site 1, Figure 3
The maximum emissions were primarily caused by broadcast transmitters with low level broadband interference probably caused by underground electricity cables. Also, there was no evidence, during the measurement and observation time of this study of any transient or intermittent events.
The highest levels measured were found to be within the limits discussed in Section 1.0.6.
3.1.2 Radiated Emissions: 30MHz to 300MHz, Site 1, Figure 4
The ambient signals were primarily caused by FM broadcast transmitters, TV transmitters, two way radio and paging systems. The RF levels as documented in this frequency band were not of sufficient amplitude to be of concern from an EMI point of view and were found to be within the 3V/m limit discussed in Section 1.0.6.
3.1.3 Radiated Emissions: 300MHz to 1,000MHz, Site 1, Figure 5
The ambient spectrum comprised radio, TV and other licensed radio sources. The RF emis-sions profile in this frequency range was well below typical risk levels.
At this site the strongest emission was caused by a GSM900 mobile signal. Other RF levels in this band were caused by mobile radio, TV and cellular telephone transmissions. RF levels in this band of frequencies were less than the 3V/m limit specified in Section 1.0.6.
3.1.4 Radiated Emissions: 1GHz to 20GHz, Site 1, Figure 6 to Figure 10
The RF emissions in these bands were attributable to mobile telephone base stations in the 1,800MHz and 2GHz bands, wi-fi at 2.45GHz. At frequencies above 3GHz there was no evi-dence of radio frequency signals.
The RF emissions profile in this frequency range was well below typical 3V/m risk levels dis-cussed in Section 1.0.6.
3.1.5 DC Magnetic Field
The Earth’s DC magnetic flux density (B) was measured for a period of 1 hour at this loca-tion. The maximum variation was seen to be 0.21µT.
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3.2 Site 2 Measurement Results, Rotunda Hospital
Monitoring was carried out at this location (Figure 1) due to potentially sensitive receptors being identified as a result of the RPA sensitive equipment questionnaire such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
3.2.1 Radiated Emissions: 9kHz to 30MHz, Site 2, Figure 11
In the range of 9kHz to 150kHz the ambient spectrum comprised broadcast transmitters. The levels were not sufficiently strong to pose a risk to equipment and were measured to be within the limits discussed in Section 1.0.6.
3.2.2 Radiated Emissions: 30MHz to 300MHz, Site 2, Figure 12
The ambient spectrum comprised radio, TV and other licensed radio sources. The RF emis-sions profile in this frequency range was well below the typical risk levels of 3V/m.
3.2.3 Radiated Emissions: 300MHz to 1,000MHz, Site 2, Figure 13
The ambient spectrum comprised radio, TV and other licensed radio sources. The RF emis-sions profile in this frequency range was well below the typical risk levels of 3V/m.
3.2.4 Radiated Emissions: 1GHz to 20GHz, Site 2, Figure 14 to Figure 18
The RF emissions in these bands were attributable to mobile telephone base stations in the 1,800MHz and 2GHz bands, wi-fi at 2.45GHz. At frequencies above 3GHz there was no evi-dence of radio frequency signals.
The RF emissions profile in this frequency range was well below the typical risk levels of 3V/m.
3.2.5 DC Magnetic Field
The earths DC magnetic flux density (B) was measured for a period of 1 hour. The maximum field variation was seen to be 0.3µT. This was caused by the operation of an electric gate, which was within 5m of the measurement location.
3.3 Site 3 Measurement Results, Cutting Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line
Measurements were carried out at this location (Figure 2) as it is the point where the pro-posed scheme crosses the Irish Rail Phoenix Park railway line.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 11 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.3.1 Radiated Emissions: 9kHz to 30 MHz, Site 3, Figure 19
In the range of 9kHz to 150kHz the ambient spectrum comprised broadcast transmitters. The levels were not sufficiently strong to pose a risk to equipment and were measured to be within the limits discussed in Section 1.0.6.
3.3.2 Radiated Emissions: 30MHz to 300MHz, Site 3, Figure 20
The ambient signals were primarily caused by FM Broadcast transmitters, TV transmitters, two way radio and paging systems. The RF levels as documented in this frequency band were not of sufficient amplitude to be of concern from an EMI point of view as they were less than 3V/m.
3.3.3 Radiated Emissions: 300MHz to 1,000MHz, Site 3, Figure 21
The ambient spectrum comprised fixed and mobile radio communications, TV and other li-censed radio sources. At this site the strongest emission was caused by the GSM900 mobile signal band. The RF emissions profile in this frequency range was well below 3 V/m.
3.3.4 Radiated Emissions: 1GHz to 20GHz, Site 3, Figure 22 to Figure 26
The RF emissions in these bands were attributable to mobile telephone base stations in the 1,800MHz and 2GHz bands, wi-fi at 2.45GHz. A signal was also detected at 5.1GHz. At fre-quencies above this there was no evidence of radio frequency signals. The RF emissions profile in this frequency range was well below the typical risk levels of 3V/m discussed in Section 1.0.6.
3.3.5 DC Magnetic Field
The Earth’s DC magnetic flux density (B) was measured for a period of 1 hour at this loca-tion. The maximum variation was seen to be 0.01µT reflecting the quiet nature of the meas-urement location.
3.4 Site 4 Measurement Results, Broombridge
Measurements were carried out at this location (Figure 2) due to its proximity to the Irish Rail station at Broombridge and an ESB 110kV substation.
3.4.1 Radiated Emissions: 9kHz to 30MHz, Site 4, Figure 27
In the range of 9kHz to 150kHz the ambient spectrum comprised broadcast transmitters. Emissions were also detected which could be resulting harmonics from localised sources. The levels were not sufficiently strong to pose a risk to equipment and were within the limits discussed in Section 1.0.6.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 12 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.4.2 Radiated Emissions: 30MHz to 300MHz, Site 4, Figure 28
The ambient spectrum comprised radio, TV and other licensed radio sources. The RF emis-sions profile in this frequency range was well below typical risk levels of 3V/m.
3.4.3 Radiated Emissions: 300MHz to 1,000MHz, Site 4, Figure 29
The ambient spectrum of comprised radio, TV and other licensed radio sources. At this site the strongest emission was caused by the GSM900 mobile signal band. A strong radio signal at 390MHz was also measured. The RF emissions profile in this frequency range was well below typical risk levels of 3V/m.
3.4.4 Radiated Emissions: 1GHz to 20GHz, Site 4, Figure 30 to Figure 34
The RF emissions in these bands were attributable to mobile telephone base stations in the GSM1800 and UMTS (2GHz) bands. Wi-Fi was also present at 2.45GHz. From 2.7 to 3.1GHz and at 5.6GHz radar was also detected due to the proximity of Ballymun to Dublin airport. At 3.5GHz Fixed Wireless Access Local Area (FWALA) broadband was detected. There were no other signals detected above 10GHz. The mobile phone signals measured at this location were stronger than at the previous two sites due to the measurement location being within 50m of a mobile phone mast, but the levels measured were still well below typi-cal risk levels
The RF emissions profile in this frequency range was well below typical interference risk lev-els of 3V/m.
3.4.5 DC Magnetic Field
The Earth’s DC magnetic flux density (B) was measured for a period of 1 hour. The maxi-mum variation was seen to be 1µT. This value was higher than those for the other sites due to a number of trains passing during the course of the measurements.
4.0 CONCLUSIONS
4.1 DC fields
The DC fields measured throughout the surveys were, in general, low. The levels measured at each site were equal to the earth’s magnetic flux density and the time variant aspect was typically less than 1µT. At locations where the field was not perturbed by neighbouring steel-work the earth’s magnetic field was between 48µT and 49µT.
The DC field variations measured at each site are a snapshot of typical levels. This is due to the level of traffic experienced differing quite significantly from one hour to the next so the results are only indicative and not the maximum possible value for each site.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 13 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.2 50Hz AC fields
There are at least two sites where the proposed line would pass high voltage underground power lines. The pre-existing 50Hz AC electric and magnetic levels were adequately below human health limits.
4.3 RF field
There was no evidence of potentially interfering RF emissions in the RF spectrum. Any new system installed is required to comply with the EU EMC Directives. As such, the telecommu-nications systems located along the proposed route should not experience interference from the Luas Broombridge system.
The surveys of the ambient electromagnetic spectrum also showed that there are no signifi-cant risks to the operation of the Luas Broombridge system, taking into account the compli-ance of the system with the applicable standards such as EN 50121-3-2 as required by the EU EMC Directive.
4.4 Electromagnetic fields and human health
The field strengths measured during these surveys also indicate that the existing environ-ment is benign from a human health standpoint.
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Figure 1: Location of Measurement Sites 1 to 2
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Figure 2: Location of Measurement Sites 3 and 4
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Figure 3: Site 1, Trinity College, 9kHz to 30MHz
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16. Feb 09 11:22
PAGE 1
Scan Settings (2 Ranges) |--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 9k 150k 200Hz 200Hz PK 20ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB 150k 30M 10k 10k PK 20ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB
Transducer No. Start Stop Name 6 9k 30M 6502
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
dBuA/m 80
0.009MHz300.1 1 10
50121
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 17 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 4: Site 1, Trinity College, 30MHz to 300MHz
Luas Broombridge Line Test Spec: EN50121
16. Feb 09 11:04
PAGE 1
Fast Scan Settings (1 Range) |--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 30M 300M 40k 120k PK 0.10ms 10dBLD ON 60dB
Transducer No. Start Stop Name 21 30M 300M Bicn_615
0
20
40
60
80
100
dBuV/m
120
30MHz 30040 80 120 160 200 240 280
50121
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 18 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 5: Site 1, Trinity College, 300MHz to 1,000MHz
Luas Broombridge LineTest Spec: EN50121
16. Feb 09 11:16
PAGE 1
Fast Scan Settings (1 Range) |--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 300M 1000M 40k 120k PK 0.10ms 10dBLD ON 60dB
Transducer No. Start Stop Name 22 300M 1000M LogP_615
0
20
40
60
80
100
dBuV/m
120
300MHz1000400 500 600 700 800 900
50121
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 19 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 6: Site 1, Trinity College, 1GHz to 3GHz
Figure 7: Site 1, Trinity College, 3GHz to 5GHz
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
Frequency (GHz)
Leve
l (dB
uV)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5
Frequency (GHz)
Leve
l (dB
uV)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 20 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 8: Site 1, Trinity College, 5GHz to 10GHz
Figure 9: Site 1, Trinity College, 10GHz to 15GHz
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
Frequency (GHz)
Leve
l (dB
uV)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15
Frequency (GHz)
Leve
l (dB
uV)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 21 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 10: Site 1, Trinity College, 15GHz to 20GHz
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 20
Frequency (GHz)
Leve
l (dB
uV)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 22 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 11: Site 2, Rotunda Hospital, 9kHz to 30MHz
Luas Broombridge Line LOOPLISN
16. Feb 09 14:28
PAGE 1
Scan Settings (2 Ranges) |--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 9k 150k 200Hz 200Hz PK 20ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB 150k 30M 10k 10k PK 20ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB
Transducer No. Start Stop Name 6 9k 30M 6502
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
dBuA/m 80
0.009MHz 300.1 1 10
50121
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 23 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 12: Site 2, Rotunda Hospital, 30MHz to 300MHz
Luas Broombridge LineTest Spec: EN50121
16. Feb 09 14:12
PAGE 1
Fast Scan Settings (1 Range) |--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 30M 300M 40k 120k PK 0.10ms 10dBLD ON 60dB
Transducer No. Start Stop Name 21 30M 300M Bicn_615
0
20
40
60
80
100
dBuV/m
120
30 MHz 30040 80 120 160 200 240 280
50121
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 24 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 13: Site 2, Rotunda Hospital, 300MHz to 1,000MHz
Luas Broombridge LineTest Spec: EN50121
16. Feb 09 13:56
PAGE 1
Fast Scan Settings (1 Range) |--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 300M 1000M 40k 120k PK 0.10ms 10dBLD ON 60dB
Transducer No. Start Stop Name 22 300M 1000M LogP_615
0
20
40
60
80
100
dBuV/m
120
300MHz1000400 500 600 700 800 900
50121
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 25 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 14: Site 2, Rotunda Hospital, 1GHz to 3GHz
Figure 15: Site 2, Rotunda Hospital, 3GHz to 5GHz
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
Frequency (GHz)
Leve
l (dB
uV)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5
Frequency (GHz)
Leve
l (dB
uV)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 26 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 16: Site 2, Rotunda Hospital, 5GHz to 10GHz
Figure 17: Site 2, Rotunda Hospital, 10GHz to 15GHz
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
Frequency (GHz)
Leve
l (dB
uV)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15
Frequency (GHz)
Leve
l (dB
uV)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 27 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 18: Site 2, Rotunda Hospital, 15GHz to 20GHz
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 20
Frequency (GHz)
Leve
l (dB
uV)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 28 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 19: Site 3, Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line, 9kHz to 30MHz
Compliance Engineering Ireland Ltd.Radiation Hazards Operator: Comment:
30. May 110 30:26
Scan Settings (2 Ranges)|--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 9k 150k 200Hz 1k PK 10ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB 150k 30M 10k 9k PK 1ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB
Transducer No. Start Stop Name 7 9k 30M LOOP6502
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
dBuA/m 80
0.009 MHz300.1 1 10
50121
Mkr : 87.40 kHz 0.8 dBuA/m
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 29 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 20: Site 3, Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line, 30MHz to 300MHz
Compliance Engineering Ireland Ltd.Radiation Hazards Operator: Comment:
30. May 110 30:40
Scan Settings (1 Range)|--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 30M 300M 120k 120k PK 1ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB
Transducer No. Start Stop Name 2 12 20M 300M BICON 21 300k 2643.03M NPS_1551
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
dBuV/m
100
30 300MHz
100
50121
Mkr : 46.0800 MHz 16.2 dBuV/m
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 30 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 21: Site 3, Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line, 300MHz to 1GHz
Compliance Engineering Ireland Ltd.Radiation Hazards Operator: Comment:
30. May 110 30:47
Scan Settings (1 Range)|--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 300M 1000M 120k 120k PK 1ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB
Transducer No. Start Stop Name 5 14 300M 1000M LOGP 21 300k 2643.03M NPS_1551
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
dBuV/m
100
300MHz1000400 500 600 700 800 900
50121
Mkr : 301.5600 MHz 18.3 dBuV/m
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 31 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 22: Site 3, Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line, 1GHz to 3GHz
Figure 23: Site 3, Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line, 3GHz to 5GHz
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0Freq (GHz)
Level (dBuV)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0Frequency (GHz)
Level (dBuV)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 32 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 24: Site 3, Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line, 5GHz to 10GHz
Figure 25: Site 3, Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line, 10GHz to 15GHz
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0Freq (GHz)
Level (dBuV)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0Freq (GHz)
Level (dBuV)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 33 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 26: Site 3, Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line, 15GHz to 20GHz
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0Freq (GHz)
Level (dBuV)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 34 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 27: Site 4, Broombridge, 9kHz to 30MHz
Compliance Engineering Ireland Ltd.Radiation Hazards Operator: C FeeComment: Mulliungar Garda Station
26. Jun 09 11:17
Scan Settings (2 Ranges) |--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 9k 150k 200Hz 1k PK 10ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB 150k 30M 10k 9k PK 1ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB
Transducer No. Start Stop Name 7 9k 30M LOOP6502
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
dBuA/m 80
0.009MHz300.1 1 10
50121
Mkr : 82.80 kHz 8.9 dBuA/m
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 35 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 28: Site 4, Broombridge, 30MHz to 300MHz
Compliance Engineering Ireland Ltd.Radiation Hazards Operator: C FeeComment: Mulliungar Garda Station
26. Jun 09 11:31
Scan Settings (1 Range)|--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 30M 300M 120k 120k PK 1ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB
Transducer No. Start Stop Name 12 20M 300M BICON
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
dBuV/m
100
30 300MHz
100
50121
Mkr : 76.3200 MHz 22.8 dBuV/m
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 36 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 29: Site 4, Broombridge, 300MHz to 1,000MHz
Compliance Engineering Ireland Ltd.Radiation Hazards Operator: C FeeComment: Mulliungar Garda Station
26. Jun 09 11:44
Scan Settings (1 Range)|--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 300M 1000M 120k 120k PK 1ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB
Transducer No. Start Stop Name 14 300M 1000M LOGP
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
dBuV/m
100
300 MHz1000400 500 600 700 800 900
50121
Mkr : 347.2800 MHz 22.4 dBuV/m
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 37 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 30: Site 4, Broombridge, 1GHz to 3GHz
Figure 31: Site 4, Broombridge, 3GHz to 5GHz
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0Freq (GHz)
Level (dBuV)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0Frequency (GHz)
Level (dBuV)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 38 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 32: Site 4, Broombridge, 5GHz to 10GHz
Figure 33: Site 4, Broombridge, 10GHz to 15GHz
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0Freq (GHz)
Level (dBuV)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0Freq (GHz)
Level (dBuV)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 39 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 34: Site 4, Broombridge, 15GHz to 20GHz
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0Freq (GHz)
Level (dBuV)
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