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PC Engineering &
NetworkingIT Support &
Networking
Module 3
ComputerNetworking
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Module Objective
After this module you will be able to:-
PlanImplement
ManageMaintain
TroubleshootPrepared by
Networks
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N+ Certification Summary
Network Technologies 20%
Network media and Topologies 20%
Network Devices 17%
Network Management 20% Network Tools 12%
Network Security 11%Prepared by
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NetworkTechnologies
Introduction to
Networking
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Objectives
Introductory Conceptual framework
Understand pros and cons of
networks Distinguish between client/server
and peer-to-peer networks
List elements common to allclient/server networks
Describe several specific uses for a
network
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Objectives (continued)
Identify some of the certificationsavailable to networking professionals
Identify the kinds of nontechnical, or
soft, skills that will help yousucceed as a networking professional
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Networking!!
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Networking !!!
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Computer Network vizNetworking
A computer networkis a group ofinterconnected computers.
Networking is the practice oflinking two or more computingdevices together for the purpose ofsharing resources.
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Computer Networking(C.N)
Computer networkingis also referred to as theengineering discipline which is concerned withcommunication between computer systems or
devices.
C.N also considered a sub-discipline of
telecommunications, computer science,information technology or computerengineering.
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Why Network?
Communication
Hardware Sharing
Data Sharing
Application Sharing Data Backup and Retrieval
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Why Use Networks?
Network:group of computers andother devices that are connected bysome type of transmission media
Advantages of using networks overstandalone computers:
Networks enable multiple users to sharethe networks resources (devices anddata)
Networks allow you to manage, or
administer, resources on multiple
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Types of Networks:Peer-to-peer Networks
Every computer can communicatedirectly with every other computer
By default, no computer has moreauthority than another
Every computer is capable of sending
and receiving information to andfrom every other computer
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Peer-to-peer Networks(continued)
Figure 1-1: Resource sharing on a simple peer-to-peer network
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Client/Server Networks
Server: central computer used tofacilitate communication andresource sharing between other
computers on the network (calledclients)
Client/server network: uses aserver to enable clients to sharedata, data storage space, and
devices
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Client/Server Networks(continued)
Figure 1-2: Resource sharing on a client/server network
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Client/Server Networks(continued)
Advantages of using client/servernetworks over peer-to-peer networks:
User logon accounts and passwords canbe assigned in one place
Access to multiple shared resources canbe centrally granted to a single user orgroups of users
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Client/Server Networks(continued)
Advantages of using client/servernetworks
Servers are optimized to handleheavy processing loads anddedicated to handling requests
from clients, enabling fasterresponse time
Because of their efficient processing and
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Wired Networks andthe Models
Choose network model dependingon:-
Role of the Network
Type of resources needed for sharing.
These models are:-
Pear-to-Pear
Client-Server
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Pear-to-PearNetworking Model
Referred to as workgroup Ease to implement
Used in small networks
All systems on this network areequal
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Pear-to-PearNetworking Model
No centralized data storage
No centralized control
Works well with 10 computers or
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Task on P2P Networking
Discuss the advantages anddisadvantages of Pear-to-Pear
Networking
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Pear-to-Pear Network:Advantages/Disadvantages
Cost
Easy Installation
Disadvantages
Security
Data backupPrepared by
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Peer-to-peer Networks(continued)
Figure 1-1: Resource sharing on a simple peer-to-peer network
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Clint Server Networking
Client server relationship
Also called Server-based network
Easily scalable
Centralized management Streamlined backup procedure
Simplified backup
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Client-serverarchitecture
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Servers
Authentication
File share
Printer
All other resources
Network administration
Require additional computational capacity
Require NOS
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Discuss the advantagesand disadvantages of
CSN
Single Point of Failure!!!
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Classification ofNetworks Networks can be classified in the
following categories:-
Scale
Connection Method
Network Architecture
Network Topology
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Classification by Scale
Based on the scale networks can beclassified as:-
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
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Scale: Local AreaNetworks A local-area network is a network covering a
small geographic area, like a home, office, orgroup of buildings consider KIITECs LAN.
The defining characteristics of LAN are muchhigher data-transfer rates, smaller geographicrange, and lack of a need for leasingtelecommunication line.
Ethernet over unshielded twisted pair cabling, andWi-Fi are the two most common technologies
currently. Prepared by
Look at a LAN example
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unshielded_twisted_pairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unshielded_twisted_pairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet8/4/2019 LT 1 N+Cerfication Principles
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Look at a LAN example
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Scale: Wide AreaNetwork Computer Network that covers a broad area.
It is any network whose communications links crossmetropolitan, regional, or national boundaries.
It uses routers and public communication links.
In contrast: PANs, LANs, CANs, or MANs are usually limitedto a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area(e.g., a city)
The largest and most well-known example of a WAN is thePrepared by
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Wide Area Networks
WANs are used to connect LANs andother types of networks together, sothat users and computers in one
location can communicate with usersand computers in other locations.
WANs provide connections from anorganization's LAN to the Internet.
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WAN
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Internet as an example of
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Internet as an example ofWAN The Internet is a global system of
interconnected computer networks thatinterchange data.
The modality of data interchange is bypacket switching .
Packet switching is done through astandardized Protocol Suite. i.e. theTCP/IP . Prepared by
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Guess what !!!
The Internet carries thefollowing:-
Resources and services: E-Mail Facilities.
Streaming Media.
File Transfers and Sharing. Voice Telephony (VoIP)
Market and E-Business
Online gamingPrepared by
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Scale: Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
Metropolitan area networks, orMANs, are large computernetworks usually spanning a city.
They typically use wirelessinfrastructure or Optical fiberconnections to link their sites
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Scale: Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN,ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities.
Might be owned and operated by a single organization, but itusually will be used by many individuals and organizations.
Also owned and operated as public utilities. They will often
provide means for internetworking of local networks.
Metropolitan area networks can span up to 50km, devices usedare modem and wire/cable
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Cl ifi ti f N t k
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Classification of Networksby Connection Method
Computer networks can also be classified according to thehardware technology that is used to connect the individualdevices in the network.
These include:-
Optical Fibre
Ethernet
Wireless LAN
Ethernet uses physical wiring to connect devices. It uses
devices such as hubs, switches, bridges, and/or routers.
Wireless LAN technology is designed to connect deviceswithout wiring. These devices use radio waves as transmissionmedium.
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A d b t
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A word aboutFibre Optic technology
An optical fiber is a glass or plasticfiber that carries light along its length.
It permits transmission over longerdistances and at higher data rates than
other forms of communications.
Fibers are used instead of metal wiresbecause si nals travel alon them withPrepared by
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LAN Topologies
Topologies refers to how anetwork is configured.
Physical or logical
Physical construction
How it functions
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Bus Topology
Also called Linear Bus
Computers are linked using a singlecable
Called trunk or backbone
Connected using T-Connectors with
terminatorsPrepared by
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Terminators
At each end of
the cable we useterminator to
prevent signalsfrom bouncing
back down thePrepared by
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Bus topology - Diagram
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Revision Question
Discuss the advantages
and disadvantages ofBus topology
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Star Topology
Devices on the network areconnected on a centralized point.
Each device must have its own cable
Connecting device such as HUB, orSwitches are required.
Multiple stars can also becombined.
Hierarchical star
It is easy to manage traffic andPrepared by
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Star Topology
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Hi hi l St t l
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Hierarchical Star topology
Star1
Star2
Star
3 Prepared by
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Review Question
Discuss theadvantages anddisadvantages
of Star Topology
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S Hi hli h !!
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Some Highlight!!
Do you agree? Add yours!!Prepared by
The Ring Topology
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The Ring Topology
Network layout forms a completering.
Computers connect to thenetwork cable directly.
Data travels in one directionfrom one computer to anotheruntil reaches the intendeddestination.
Difficult to installPrepared by
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Ring Topology
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Review Question
Discuss the advantages anddisadvantages of Ring
topology
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Some hints !
Find out more!
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Mesh Topology
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Mesh Topology
Requires each computeron the network to be
connected to every otherside.
Provides maximum reliability.
If one cable fails the system uses
alternate path to find out what itPrepared by
hi di
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this diagram?
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Advantages and
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Advantages andDisadvantages
These are mine find outPrepared by
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Wireless Topologies
Obtain anywhereanytime!
Types:- Infrastructure or managed
Ad hoc or unmanaged
WirelessTopologies
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Infrastructure or Managed
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Infrastructure or ManagedWireless Topology
Commonly used to extend awired LAN to include wirelessdevices
Wireless devices communicatewith the LAN thru a base station(Access Point, AP; or WAP)
WAP, AP forms a bridge between thePrepared by
Infrastructure Wireless
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Infrastructure WirelessTopology
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Ad hoc Wireless
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Ad hoc WirelessNetworking
Devices communicate amongthemselves without using an
access point, AP.
Used to connect a small numberof computers of network devices.
Kind of peer to peer network forthe purpose of sharing files.
Such include the BluetoothPrepared by
Ad hoc Wireless
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Ad hoc WirelessNetworking
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Food for thought !
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Speed Specification
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Speed Specification
The IEEE 802 define themaximum speed of a
network. Speed is measured inMegabits per second,
Mbps. Faster systems use gigabits
per second Gbps. (i.ePrepared by
Access Methods
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Access Methods
Governs the way system access thenetwork media and send data.
Ensure that systems cancommunicate with each other.
Access methods include:-
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Access Methods:-
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Access Methods:CSMA/CD
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