1
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
An
Upd
ate
on th
e Li
thiu
m-Io
n C
ell
Low
-Ear
th-O
rbit
Verif
icat
ion
Test
Pro
gram
20
06
NA
SA A
eros
pace
Bat
tery
Wor
ksh
opH
olid
ay I
nn
Res
earc
h P
ark
Hu
nts
ville
, AL
Nov
14
-16
, 200
6
Con
cha
M. R
eid,
Mic
hel
le A
. Man
zo, T
hom
as B
. Mill
er, a
nd
Bar
bara
I. M
cKis
sock
NAS
A G
lenn
Res
earc
h Ce
nter
Clev
elan
d, O
H
Will
iam
Ben
net
tAS
RC A
eros
pace
Co.
Clev
elan
d, O
H
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070022412 2020-05-18T02:20:56+00:00Z
An
Upd
ate
on th
e Li
thiu
m-Io
n C
ell L
ow-E
arth
-Orb
it Ve
rific
atio
n Te
st P
rogr
am
A L
ithiu
m-Io
n C
ell L
ow-E
arth
-Orb
it V
erifi
catio
n Te
st P
rogr
am is
bei
ng c
ondu
cted
by
NA
SA
Gle
nn R
esea
rch
Cen
ter t
o as
sess
the
perfo
rman
ce o
f lith
ium
-ion
(Li-i
on) c
ells
ove
r a w
ide
rang
e of
low
-Ear
th-o
rbit
(LE
O) c
ondi
tions
. The
dat
a ge
nera
ted
will
be
used
to
build
an
empi
rical
mod
el fo
r Li-i
on b
atte
ries.
The
goa
l of t
he m
odel
ing
will
be
to d
evel
op a
tool
to p
redi
ct th
e pe
rform
ance
and
cyc
le
life
of L
i-ion
bat
terie
s op
erat
ing
at a
spe
cifie
d se
t of m
issi
on c
ondi
tions
. Usi
ng th
is to
ol, m
issi
on p
lann
ers
will
be a
ble
to d
esig
n op
erat
ion
poin
ts o
f the
bat
tery
sys
tem
whi
le fa
ctor
ing
in m
issi
on re
quire
men
ts a
nd th
e ex
pect
ed li
fe a
nd p
erfo
rman
ce o
f the
bat
terie
s.
Test
con
ditio
ns fo
r the
pro
gram
wer
e se
lect
ed v
ia a
sta
tistic
al d
esig
n of
exp
erim
ents
to s
pan
a ra
nge
of fe
asib
le o
pera
tiona
l co
nditi
ons
for L
EO
aer
ospa
ce a
pplic
atio
ns. T
he v
aria
bles
und
er e
valu
atio
n ar
e te
mpe
ratu
re, d
epth
-of-d
isch
arge
(DO
D),
and
end-
of-
char
ge v
olta
ge (E
OC
V).
The
base
line
mat
rix w
as fo
rmed
by
gene
ratin
g co
mbi
natio
ns fr
om a
set
of t
hree
val
ues
for e
ach
varia
ble.
Te
mpe
ratu
re v
alue
s ar
e 10
°C
, 20
°C a
nd 3
0 °C
. D
epth
-of-d
isch
arge
val
ues
are
20%
, 30%
and
40%
. EO
CV
val
ues
are
3.85
V, 3
.95
V, a
nd 4
.05
V. T
est c
ondi
tions
for i
ndiv
idua
l cel
ls m
ay v
ary
slig
htly
from
the
base
line
test
mat
rix d
epen
ding
upo
n th
e ce
ll m
anuf
actu
rer’s
reco
mm
ende
d op
erat
ing
cond
ition
s. C
ells
from
eac
h ve
ndor
are
bei
ng e
valu
ated
at e
ach
of te
n se
ts o
f tes
t co
nditi
ons.
C
ells
from
four
cel
l man
ufac
ture
rs a
re u
nder
goin
g lif
e cy
cle
test
s. L
ife c
yclin
g on
the
first
set
s of
cel
ls b
egan
in S
epte
mbe
r 200
4.
Thes
e ce
lls c
onsi
st o
f Saf
t 40
ampe
re-h
our (
Ah)
cel
ls a
nd L
ithio
n 30
Ah
cells
. The
se c
ells
hav
e ac
hiev
ed o
ver 1
0,00
0 cy
cles
eac
h,
equi
vale
nt to
abo
ut 2
0 m
onth
s in
LE
O. I
n th
e pa
st y
ear,
the
test
pro
gram
has
exp
ande
d to
incl
ude
the
eval
uatio
n of
Min
e S
afet
y A
pplia
nces
(MS
A) 5
0 A
h ce
lls a
nd A
BS
L ba
ttery
mod
ules
. The
MS
A c
ells
will
beg
in li
fe c
yclin
g in
Oct
ober
200
6. T
he A
BS
L ba
ttery
m
odul
es c
onsi
st o
f com
mer
cial
Son
y ha
rd c
arbo
n 18
650
lithi
um-io
n ce
lls c
onfig
ured
in s
erie
s an
d pa
ralle
l com
bina
tions
to c
reat
e no
min
al 1
4.4
volt,
3 A
h pa
cks
(4s-
2p).
Thes
e m
odul
es h
ave
accu
mul
ated
app
roxi
mat
ely
3000
cyc
les.
R
esul
ts o
n th
e pe
rform
ance
of t
he c
ells
and
mod
ules
will
be
pres
ente
d in
this
pap
er.
The
life
pred
ictio
n an
d pe
rform
ance
mod
el fo
r Li
-ion
cells
in L
EO
will
be
built
by
anal
yzin
g th
e da
ta s
tatis
tical
ly a
nd p
erfo
rmin
g re
gres
sion
ana
lysi
s. C
ells
are
bei
ng c
ycle
d to
failu
re
so th
at d
iffer
ence
s in
per
form
ance
tren
ds th
at o
ccur
at d
iffer
ent s
tage
s in
the
life
of th
e ce
ll ca
n be
obs
erve
d an
d ac
cura
tely
mod
eled
. C
ell t
estin
g is
bei
ng p
erfo
rmed
at t
he N
aval
Sur
face
War
fare
Cen
ter i
n C
rane
, IN
.
2
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Lith
ium
-Ion
LEO
Ver
ific
atio
n T
est
Pro
gram
•In
itiat
ed in
200
2•
Flex
ible
pro
gram
for
the
ass
essm
ent
of L
i-Ion
tec
hnol
ogy
capa
bilit
ies
for
Low
Ear
th O
rbit
–Pr
ovid
e in
form
atio
n ab
out
mul
tiple
ven
dors
–Pr
ovid
e fo
r as
sess
men
t of
tec
hnol
ogy
deve
lopm
ents
•St
atis
tical
Des
ign
of E
xper
imen
ts a
ppro
ach
addr
esse
s pr
ogra
m
test
goa
ls a
nd r
esou
rce
limita
tions
•D
ata
will
be
used
to
deve
lop
an e
mpi
rical
mod
el t
o pr
edic
t lif
e of
ce
lls a
s a
func
tion
of D
OD
, tem
pera
ture
, and
EO
CV•
Test
ing
is c
ondu
cted
at
the
NSW
C in
Cra
ne, I
N
Rep
rese
ntat
ive
prod
ucts
from
eac
h ve
ndor
. Lef
t to
Rig
ht: A
BSL
mod
ules
, Saf
tcel
l, Li
thio
nce
ll, M
SA c
ells
3
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Test
Art
icle
s•
40 L
ithio
n (3
0 Ah
) ce
lls–
INCP
95/
28/1
54–
Del
iver
ed 4
/02
•40
Saf
t (4
0 Ah
) ce
lls–
G4
chem
istr
y sp
ace
cells
(H
E542
45)
–D
eliv
ered
4/0
2
•40
MSA
(50
Ah)
cel
ls
–50
G01
–D
eliv
ered
10/
05
•20
4s-
2p m
odul
es w
ith 1
.5 A
h So
ny h
ard
carb
on 1
8650
cel
ls
from
ABS
L–
4S-2
P-SS
TB–
Del
iver
ed 7
/05
4
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Test
Set
-up
Saft
, Lith
ion
and
MSA
cel
ls•
Four
cel
ls a
re t
este
d at
eac
h se
t of
co
nditi
ons
•Ce
lls a
re c
onne
cted
in s
erie
s, h
owev
er
the
char
ging
of
each
cel
l is
cont
rolle
d in
divi
dual
ly w
ith t
he u
se o
f ch
arge
co
ntro
l ele
ctro
nics
•
Cells
at
each
tes
t co
nditi
on a
re
indi
vidu
ally
pac
kage
d an
d ho
used
in
the
sam
e ch
ambe
r•
Tem
pera
ture
is m
onito
red
on e
ach
cell
ABSL
mod
ules
•2
ABSL
mod
ules
con
nect
ed in
par
alle
l ar
e te
sted
at
each
con
ditio
n•
Indi
vidu
al c
ell v
olta
ges
are
mon
itore
d•
Char
ging
and
dis
char
ging
is c
ontr
olle
d at
the
mod
ule
com
bina
tion
leve
l•
Tem
pera
ture
is m
onito
red
on e
ach
mod
ule
5
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Ch
arac
teri
zati
on a
nd
Test
ing
•Ac
cept
ance
Tes
ting
•Ch
arac
teriz
atio
n Te
stin
g•
Actu
al C
apac
ity D
eter
min
atio
n•
Self-
Dis
char
ge R
ate
•Ca
paci
ty a
t LE
O t
est
cond
ition
s•
LEO
Life
Cyc
ling
–Ch
arge
and
dis
char
ge r
ates
ar
e ca
lcul
ated
usi
ng t
he
aver
age
actu
al d
isch
arge
ca
paci
ty o
f th
e ce
lls a
t 20
°C
•O
pera
tiona
l cap
acity
che
cks
LEO
Tes
t M
atri
x
Tem
p(°C
)En
d-of
-Ch
arge
V
olta
ge/c
ell (
V)
DoD
(%)
304.
053 /
4.04
20
303.
8520
103.
8520
303.
9530
203.
9520
103.
8540
1 /35
2
203.
8530
303.
8540
1 /35
2
204.
053 /
4.04
401 /
352
104.
053 /
4.04
30
1 –
All v
endo
rs e
xcep
t Sa
ft3
–Al
l ven
dors
exc
ept
MSA
2 -
Saft
4 -
MSA
6
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Act
ual C
apac
ity D
eter
min
atio
n P
roce
dure
Test
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)20
Cha
rge
Cut
off V
olta
ge (V
)M
anuf
actu
rer’
s Rec
omm
ende
d V
olta
geSa
ft, L
ithio
n-4
.1, M
SA -
4.0,
AB
SL -
4.2
(use
d 4.
1)D
isch
arge
Cut
off V
olta
ge (V
)3.
0
Sequ
ence
Stab
ilize
to 2
0°C
Star
t with
C =
nam
epla
teC
/2 d
isch
arge
to 3
VC
/5 c
harg
e to
reco
mm
ende
d cu
t-off
vol
tage
Cla
mp,
tape
r to
C/5
0O
pen
Circ
uit f
or 6
0 m
inut
esC
/2 d
isch
arge
to 3
V-c
apac
ity fr
om th
is st
ep
beco
mes
C v
alue
Rep
eat c
yclin
g un
til c
hang
e in
cap
acity
from
C/2
di
scha
rge
step
s ≤1%
7
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Saft
and
Lith
ion
Cells
•LE
O t
estin
g st
arte
d in
Sep
tem
ber
2004
•Ce
lls h
ave
accu
mul
ated
app
roxi
mat
ely
1100
0 cy
cles
MSA
Cel
ls•
Char
acte
rizat
ion
test
ing
com
plet
e•
LEO
cyc
ling
will
beg
in in
Nov
embe
r 20
06
ABSL
Mod
ules
•LE
O c
yclin
g be
gan
in A
pril
2006
•M
odul
es h
ave
com
plet
ed a
ppro
xim
atel
y 28
00 c
ycle
s
Test
ing
Stat
us a
s of
Oct
ober
200
6
8
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Res
ult
s of
Cap
acit
y C
har
acte
riza
tion
•Ca
paci
ty r
esul
ts f
or e
ach
vend
or a
t te
mpe
ratu
res
of -
30 °
C, -
10 °
C, 0
°C,
10
°C, 2
0 °C
, 30 °C
, 40 °C
, 50 °C
(Sa
ftan
d M
SA c
ells
wou
ld n
ot c
ycle
at
-30 °C
)•
Capa
city
is m
easu
red
at C
/2 a
nd 2
0° C
from
4.1
V t
o 3.
0 V
(fro
m 4
.0 V
to
3.0
V fo
r M
SA c
ells
). C
ells
are
cha
rged
at
C/5
for
capa
city
cha
ract
eriz
atio
n.•
ABSL
cap
acity
res
ults
are
for
tw
o pa
ralle
l mod
ules
(fo
ur p
aral
lel s
trin
gs)
Aver
age
Capa
city
at
20 °
CSa
ft:
45.
9 Ah
Lith
ion:
32
.7 A
hM
SA:
66.4
Ah
ABSL
:
4.3
1 Ah
Capacity
(°C
)
9
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Saft
En
d-of
-Dis
char
ge V
olta
ges
vers
us
Cyc
les
as a
Fu
nct
ion
of
Tem
pera
ture
End-of-Discharge Voltage (V)
10
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Lith
ion
En
d-of
-Dis
char
ge V
olta
ges
vers
us
Cyc
les
as a
Fu
nct
ion
of
Tem
pera
ture
End-of-Discharge Voltage (V)
11
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Saft
Cap
acit
ies
at T
est
Con
diti
ons
to 3
.0 V
ver
sus
Cyc
les
as a
Fu
nct
ion
of
Tem
pera
ture
Capacity (Ah)
12
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Lith
ion
Cap
acit
ies
at T
est
Con
diti
ons
to 3
.0 V
ver
sus
Cyc
les
as a
Fu
nct
ion
of
Tem
pera
ture
Capacity (Ah)
13
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Com
paris
on o
f Spe
cific
Ene
rgy
and
EO
DV
ve
rsus
Cyc
les
Tren
ds
Lith
ion
Pac
k at
Tes
t Con
ditio
ns 2
0 °C
, 20%
DO
D a
nd 3
.95
V E
OC
V
Spe
cific
Ene
rgy
(Wh/
kg)
E
OD
V (V
)
14
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Com
paris
on o
f Spe
cific
Ene
rgy
and
EO
DV
ve
rsus
Cyc
les
Tren
ds
Saf
tPac
k at
Tes
t Con
ditio
ns 2
0 °C
, 20%
DO
D a
nd 3
.95
V E
OC
V
Spe
cific
Ene
rgy
(Wh/
kg)
E
OD
V (V
)
15
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Com
paris
on o
f Spe
cific
Ene
rgy
vers
us C
ycle
s fo
r Lith
ion
and
Saf
tP
acks
at T
est C
ondi
tions
20
°C, 2
0% D
OD
and
3.9
5 V
EO
CV
Lith
ion
Saf
t
16
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Com
paris
on o
f Spe
cific
Ene
rgy
and
EO
DV
ve
rsus
Cyc
les
Tren
ds
Lith
ion
Pac
k at
Tes
t Con
ditio
ns 1
0 °C
, 30%
DO
D a
nd 4
.05
V E
OC
V
Spe
cific
Ene
rgy
(Wh/
kg)
E
OD
V (V
)
17
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Com
paris
on o
f Spe
cific
Ene
rgy
and
EO
DV
ve
rsus
Cyc
les
Tren
ds
Saf
tPac
k at
Tes
t Con
ditio
ns 1
0 °C
, 30%
DO
D a
nd 4
.05
V E
OC
V
Spe
cific
Ene
rgy
(Wh/
kg)
E
OD
V (V
)
18
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Com
paris
on o
f Spe
cific
Ene
rgy
vers
us C
ycle
s fo
r Lith
ion
and
Saf
t
Pac
ks a
t Tes
t Con
ditio
ns 1
0 °C
, 30%
DO
D a
nd 4
.05
V E
OC
V
Lith
ion
Saf
t
19
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
•A
cel
l is
cons
ider
ed fa
iled
if its
EO
DV
falls
bel
ow 3
.0 V
dur
ing
LEO
cyc
ling.
•S
ix c
ells
hav
e co
mpl
eted
thei
r life
cyc
ling
by c
yclin
g to
failu
re.
•A
ll fa
ilure
s oc
curr
ed in
cel
ls o
pera
ting
at th
e lo
wes
t EO
CV
and
the
high
est
DO
D fo
r eac
h ve
ndor
.–
Five
of t
he s
ix fa
ilure
s w
ere
in c
ells
ope
ratin
g at
the
low
est t
empe
ratu
re, 1
0 °C
.–
The
sixt
h fa
iled
cell
was
ope
ratin
g at
30
°C.
–Fi
ve o
f the
cel
ls w
ere
Lith
ion
cells
, inc
ludi
ng th
e ce
ll cy
clin
g at
30
°C.
The
sixt
h ce
ll w
as a
Saf
tcel
l.
Prel
imin
ary
stat
istic
al m
odel
s th
at in
corp
orat
e ea
rly f
ailu
re d
ata
are
bein
g bu
ilt
Saft
and
Lith
ion
Failu
re S
umm
ary
20
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Saft
and
Lith
ion
Failu
re S
umm
ary
Ven
dor
Tem
p (°
C)
End-
of-C
har
ge
Vol
tage
/cel
l (V
)D
oD(%
)N
um
ber
of
failu
res
404
Lith
ion
303.
8540
168
00
135
Nu
mbe
r of
cyc
les
ach
ieve
d be
fore
fa
ilure
Lith
ion
103.
8590
0 (1
), 31
00 (3
)
Saf
t10
3.85
8400
21
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
•S
afta
nd L
ithio
nce
lls h
ave
achi
eved
ove
r 11,
000
cycl
es e
ach,
equ
ival
ent t
o ab
out 2
2 m
onth
s in
LE
O.
•S
aftc
ells
gen
eral
ly h
ave
a hi
gher
end
-of-d
isch
arge
vol
tage
(EO
DV
) tha
n Li
thio
nce
lls o
pera
ting
at th
e sa
me
cond
ition
s.
•S
aftc
ells
hav
e a
low
er E
OD
V d
ispe
rsio
n am
ong
cells
ope
ratin
g at
the
sam
e co
nditi
ons
than
Lith
ion
cells
. •
For b
oth
vend
ors,
whe
n ce
lls a
re o
pera
ting
at th
e hi
ghes
t DO
D, t
he E
OD
V o
f th
e ce
lls v
arie
s m
ore
than
the
EO
DV
for t
he c
ells
ope
ratin
g at
the
low
er
DO
Ds.
•
As
a ce
ll’s
EO
DV
get
s lo
wer
and
low
er, o
pera
tiona
l cap
acity
che
cks
tend
toha
ve a
mor
e pr
ofou
nd re
cond
ition
ing
effe
ct o
n th
e ce
ll.
Sum
mar
y -C
ompa
rison
of S
afta
nd L
ithio
nR
esul
ts
22
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
•M
SA
cel
ls w
ill be
gin
life
cycl
ing
in N
ovem
ber 2
006.
•
Act
ual c
apac
ity d
eter
min
atio
n, o
pen
circ
uit v
olta
ge s
tand
, and
cap
acity
ch
arac
teriz
atio
n at
diff
eren
t tem
pera
ture
s is
com
plet
e.
•A
BS
L m
odul
es h
ave
accu
mul
ated
app
roxi
mat
ely
2800
cyc
les.
•
Issu
es h
ave
aris
en re
gard
ing
test
con
ditio
ns.
•Te
st c
ondi
tions
are
bei
ng re
eval
uate
d.
Sum
mar
y of
MS
A C
ells
and
AB
SL
Mod
ules
Top Related