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Before you can understand the topicsBefore you can understand the topics
in this unit there are some keyin this unit there are some key
vocabulary terms you need to know.vocabulary terms you need to know.
MacromoleculeMacromolecule
PolymerPolymer
MonomerMonomer
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What do these words mean?
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So What Is AMacromolecule?A very large molecule, such as apolymer or protein, consisting
of many smaller structural unitslinked together. Also called
supermolecule.
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Biological
Macromolecule
All biological macromoleculeare made up of a small number
of elements: !arbon, "ydrogen,#$ygen, %itrogen, Phosphorus
and &ulfur
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Next Word..
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Polygons
PolygamyPolyester
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What does
Mono
mean?
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A PolymerA PolymerHere are some analogies to betterunderstand what polymers andmonomers are.
EXAMPLE ofPOLYMER
MONOMER
A TRAIN ?
A NECKLACE ?
'f the train is the whole polymer, what would be the'f the train is the whole polymer, what would be the
small groups that make up the train( 'f thesmall groups that make up the train( 'f thenecklace is the ol mer, what are the monomersnecklace is the polymer, what are the monomers
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A PolymerA PolymerHere are some analogies to betterunderstand what polymers andmonomers are.
EXAMPLE ofPOLYMER
MONOMER
A TRAIN THE CARS
A NECKLACE EACH PEARL
'f the train is the whole polymer, what would be the'f the train is the whole polymer, what would be the
small groups that make up the train( 'f thesmall groups that make up the train( 'f thenecklace is the ol mer, what are the monomersnecklace is the polymer, what are the monomers
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Now you and a buddy
need to think of at least 2 other
analogies for a polymer and itsmonomers.
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Three out of the 4 types of
biochemical macromoleculescan be found on food
nutrition labels
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Look at the label to the left. 3
of the 4 macromolecules can
be found in foods.The 3 biochemical molecules
found on a nutrition label
are:1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
(13 grams in this product)
(9 grams in this product)
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The 4th type of
biochemicalmacromolecules are the
%)!*+'! A!'&The types of Nucleic Acids
DNA (DeoyriboNucleicAcid!"NA ("iboNucleic Acid!
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DNA is short for
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
Now you know why they just call it DNA!
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Keep the following in mind
when studying this material:
%ucleic Acids -hat they look like!arbohydrates -hat theydo-here are they
*ipids -hat are they madeup of
at the level of atoms
Proteins
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LETS BEGIN WITH
CARBOHYDRATES
They are the main source for the body togain energy. They are our fuel/
They make up the cell wall in plants whichallow them to grow tall, without this
carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess/This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose.
T"'%0: !A1B&2 +%+134 and !+**-A**&
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CARBOHYDRATES
#'n plant foods in the cell'n plant foods in the cell
walls of plants in fruits,walls of plants in fruits,
vegetables, peas, beans,vegetables, peas, beans,&)3A1 comes from a plant&)3A1 comes from a plant
and so does 5*#)1/ 6pasta,and so does 5*#)1/ 6pasta,
potatoes, bread, candy,potatoes, bread, candy,cookies7cookies7
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CARBOHYDRATES
T"+1+ A1+ 8 T4P+& #5T"+1+ A1+ 8 T4P+& #5
!A1B#"41AT+&!A1B#"41AT+&
&imple&imple !omple$!omple$
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Simple Sugars are carbohydrates
made up of 1 or 2 monomers.They also taste sweet.
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Simple Sugars
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Complex
Carbohydrates
What are they?
Complex Cabohydrates are polymersComplex Cabohydrates are polymers
made up of many monomers.made up of many monomers.
Most also taste starchy.Most also taste starchy.
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Complex Carbohydrates
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CARBOHYDRATES
!arbohydrates are chains!arbohydrates are chains
6polymers7 made of6polymers7 made of
monomers. The most commonmonomers. The most commonmonomer of carbohydratesmonomer of carbohydrates
is9is9
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The shape of Glucose is
a hexagonal ring
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CARBOHYDRATES
+ach carbohydrate is made up+ach carbohydrate is made up
of9of9
T"'%0: !"#;T"'%0: !"#;
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NOW ONTO PROTEINS
They are the ma
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MORE ON PROTEINS
The following slidesThe following slides
give you a little moregive you a little morein depth info onin depth info on
things that are madethings that are made
of proteins9of proteins9
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Muscles, ligaments,
tendons, and bones
Without theseparticular structural
proteins, we would
look more like this.
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$ell% maybe not eactly$ell% maybe not eactly
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Hair, Skin, and Nails
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Microscope View of
Skin and Nails
This is skin This is a nail
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Cell Membrane
The cell membrane surrounds everything in a cell so it doesntleak out. It is kind of like the balloon in a water balloon.
The cell membrane is made mostly of protein AND lipids.
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Antibodies are part of the immune system. When
something enters the body that isnt supposed to bethere, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader
and stick themselves onto it. When a white blood cell
finds the invader covered with antibodies, it knows it
doesnt belong there and kills it.
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Enzymes are proteins that speed
up chemical reactions. If you
didnt have enzymes in yourstomach to speed up digestion, the
food would rot in your stomach
because it would take so long!
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"ormones are chemicals made in glandsthat are in one place in the body and thenput into the blood to be used in another.
These are where the
hormone producing
glands are located
in your body.
The thyroid is found in the middle of your neck by your voice box
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The thyroid is found in the middle of your neck, by your voice box.
Here is a picture of those cells secreting the thyroid hormone.
Thyroid hormone regulates how fast your body uses energy.If you have an over active thyroid, you use energy quickly and tend to be
very thin and have a hard time putting on weight.
If you have an under active thyroid gland, you use energy very slowly
and tend to carry more body fat and have a difficult time losing it.
Dont be quick to think you have a thyroid problem if you are
overweight, chances are its actually your eating and exercise habits!
6The yellow stu> isthyroid hormone7
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Proteins
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://school.discovery.com/clipart/images/milk.gif&imgrefurl=http://school.discovery.com/clipart/clip/milk.html&h=393&w=375&sz=7&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=sEWD3eGa_FAtUM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmilk%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den8/10/2019 Lipid Proteins Carbohydrates
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Proteins
Aside from the proteinAside from the protein
found in animal sources9found in animal sources9
protein can also be found inprotein can also be found infruits, vegetables, grains,fruits, vegetables, grains,
and nuts.and nuts. (it &ust does not ha'e as many amino acids!(it &ust does not ha'e as many amino acids!
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.swest.k12.in.us/images/veggies600.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.swest.k12.in.us/comm/comm.html&h=450&w=600&sz=36&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=GHlePS9GCepj6M:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dveggies%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.swest.k12.in.us/images/veggies600.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.swest.k12.in.us/comm/comm.html&h=450&w=600&sz=36&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=GHlePS9GCepj6M:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dveggies%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.swest.k12.in.us/images/veggies600.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.swest.k12.in.us/comm/comm.html&h=450&w=600&sz=36&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=GHlePS9GCepj6M:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dveggies%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den8/10/2019 Lipid Proteins Carbohydrates
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PROTEINS
Proteins are made of longProteins are made of long
chains 6polymers7 made ofchains 6polymers7 made of
monomers. All proteins aremonomers. All proteins aremade of the monomer9made of the monomer9
The shapes of proteins are
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The shapes of proteins arelike a balled up piece of
string
mino
cid
chain
ll
woun
d up
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PROTEINS
+ach protein is made up of9+ach protein is made up of9
T"'%0: !"#%&;T"'%0: !"#%&;
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LIPIDS ARE NEXT
They are a great source of &T#1+ +%+134so we have it in the future.
They '%&)*AT+ the body to maintain normal
body temperature and they !)&"'#% theinternal organs for protection.
They produce hormones for the body called
&T+1'#&They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants,and fruits these are wa$es/
T"'%0: -aterproof, insulate, steriods, energy,cushion9 -'&+ !;
LIPIPS S i i i f
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LIPIPSSome interesting info
#ruits produce a waycoating to )eep from dryingout.
#The cells in a tulip ma)e awa which helps coat thelea'es.
#*ar wa traps dust% sand%and other foreign particlesfrom going deeper into theear and causing damage.
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LIPIPSSome interesting info
There are many di>erent types ofThere are many di>erent types of
steroids. They are all lipids. Theirsteroids. They are all lipids. Theirfunctions vary. &ome commonfunctions vary. &ome common
steroids are:steroids are:
&+@ &T+1#'&&+@ &T+1#'& A%AB#*'!A%AB#*'!
&T+1'#&&T+1'#&
!"#*+&T+1#*!"#*+&T+1#*
*ike testosterone*ike testosterone
and estrogenand estrogen
They increaseThey increase
musclemuscle
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LIPIPSSome interesting info
&ome anabolic&ome anabolic
steroids aresteroids are
illegalillegal
And can be dangerous
and
%AT)1A* &T+1'#& '% #)1%AT)1A* &T+1'#& '% #)1
B#4 '%!1+A&+ M)&!*+B#4 '%!1+A&+ M)&!*+
31#-T" A% B#%+31#-T" A% B#%+++*#PM+%T A% A1+++*#PM+%T A% A1+
3##. T"+ '**+3A* #%+&3##. T"+ '**+3A* #%+&T"AT A1+ &4%T"+T'! A1+T"AT A1+ &4%T"+T'! A1+
BA.BA.
LIPIDS
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LIPIDS
#'n plants in the seeds'n plants in the seeds
#'n animals in adipose tissue,'n animals in adipose tissue,
connective tissue, in animalsconnective tissue, in animals
LIPIDS
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LIPIDS
LIPIDS
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LIPIDS
*ipids are chains 6polymers7*ipids are chains 6polymers7
made of monomers. The mostmade of monomers. The most
common monomer of lipidscommon monomer of lipidsis9is9
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The Shape of a triglyceride is like
the letter E
This is a triglyceride molecule
LIPIDS
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LIPIDS
+ach carbohydrate is made up+ach carbohydrate is made up
of9of9
T"'%0: !"#;T"'%0: !"#;
OH NO CHO!
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OH NO CHO!
Lipids like Carbs?You might have noticed that both carbohydrates and lipids have the
elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
CHO
A carbohydrate, has twice as many hydrogen atoms as the
number of oxygen atoms.
EX: C6H12O6
(This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to
O)
On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount
hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.
EX: C27H46O cholesterol
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ENERGY
Three of the B'3 provideThree of the B'3 provide
us with energy through theus with energy through the
food we eat:food we eat:BIG 4MACROMOLECULES
Number of Calories itprovides
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
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ENERGY
+nergy that is gained by+nergy that is gained by
consuming food is called aconsuming food is called a
E th t i b th
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Energy that we gain by the
consumption of food is measured
in Calories.
If you drink a glass of skim milk, you
will get a gain of 90 Calories of
ener for our bod . Energy Gained From
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Energy Gained From
Carbohydrates
Eating 1 gramof carbohydrate provides
your body with 4 Calories.
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Energy Gained from Lipids
Eating 1 gram of fat provides your body with
9 Calories.
Notice if you eat 1 gram of fat, you aregaining more than twicethe amount of
Calories than from a gram of
carbohydrate or protein!
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Nucleic acidsThe nucleic acids in food are
not considered a substancethat the body uses to gain
energy.
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ENERGY
&o9&o9
BIG 4MACROMOLECULES
Number of Calories it
provides
Carbohydrates 4
Proteins 4
Lipids 9
Nucleic Acids 0
T+&T:T+&T: Are you smart? If you eat a sandwhich with 46 grams of carbs and
24 grams of protein and 10 grams of fat, how much energy will you gain?
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Simple tests can detect the
presence of proteins, lipids andcarbohydrates in given samples
(i.e. various food items)
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Testing for carbohydrates
*ugolCs reagent 6iodinesolution7BenedictCs solution
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Testing for simple carbohydrates
+enedicts solution
is used to test forsimplecarbohydrates.
+enedicts solutionis a blue colored
li0uid that contains
Testing for simple carbohydrates
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Testing for simple carbohydrates
$hen +enedicts solution andsimple carbohydrates are heated%
the solution changes to orange red/
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Testing for lipids
3rease spot testBrownpaper test
&udan 1ed test
Brown paper test for lipids
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Brown paper test for lipids
As we all )nowfrom
eperience%lipids lea'etranslucent
spots (greasespots! on
ungla1ed brown
Sudan Red test for lipids
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Sudan Red test for lipids
2udan red is afat,soluble dye
that stains lipidsred. 3sing2udan red can
show theamount and the
location of
Testing for proteins
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Testing for proteins
Buiret test+uiret solution is a blue li0uidthat changes to purple when
proteins are present and to pin)in the presence of short chains of
polypeptides. The copper atom ofthe biuret solution reacts withthe peptide bonds to cause the
color change
Testing for proteins
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Testing for proteins
Buiret test
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