Lightning Protection andGrounding Solutions for
Wireless Networks
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Aircraft launching step leader
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Lightning Protection “101”
Why is lightning protection needed?
• Everything is grounded, right?
• Not entirely..
• About 70% of the energy propagates on the shield (grounded)
• About 30% of the energy can go down the center conductor to
the radio equipment
So what do we do about the center conductor?
• Use in-line lightning protectors
• What do these do?
– Destroy the energy?
– Absorb the energy?
– Divert the energy?
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Lightning Protection “101”What do we want in-line protectors to do during a lightning strike?
• Turn on quickly
• Let through as little voltage and energy as possible
What do we want them to do after a lightning strike?
• Turn off quickly
• Continue to protect the equipment (not fail)
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Lightning Protection “101”
What do we want them to do when there is no lightning?
• Nothing, we want them to be electrically “invisible” and non-disruptive to the transmission of RF
• Pass through RF at the operating frequency
How do we do that?
• We design and manufacture them to operate with:
– Low insertion loss
– Low return loss (VSWR)
– Low Passive Intermodulation (PIM)
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What about proper grounding of wireless systems?
– That’s a whole other subject..
Lightning Protection “101”
Radial and Ground Rod System
When rods are placed along radials with other rods, a capacitive plate is simulated for a more efficient transfer of energy into the earth.
Radials with ground rods extending out from the tower base, form a fast transient low “resistance” ground system for a single point ground coaxial cable entry panel.
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RF Protection
Technologies
Performance
Overview
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LP-BTR Series DC blocked (20-1000MHz)
•DC blocked design •Multi-strike capability•Broad band performance up to 1GHz•Exceptional RF characteristics•Universal bulkhead and flange mounting•Elongated Female connectors•Weatherization gasket included •Solid Brass design / White Bronze plating•Phosphor Bronze center pin construction•Silver plated center pin•Insertion Loss: < 0.1dB•Return Loss: <-26dB•VSWR: <1.1:1 •Energy throughput: <200uJ
•LP-BTR-NFF N Female/Female
•LP-BTR-NMP N Male on Protected
•LP-BTR-NMS N Male on Surge
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LP-BTR Series Applications
•LP-BTR-NFF N Female/Female•LP-BTR-NMP N Male on Protected•LP-BTR-NMS N Male on Surge
Potential customers and market segments• Applications requiring (20-1000MHz) band •DC blocked for surge performance•Oil/Gas•Electric Utilities•SCADA•Automation•Air Traffic Control•Public Safety•Security
•Railroads - Transportation
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LP-STR-D series DC blocked (800-2500MHz) •LP-STR-DFF DIN Female/Female•LP-STR-DMP DIN Male on Protected•LP-STR-DMS DIN Male on Surge
•Fully weatherized body to IP67•Broadband RF performance•Multi-strike capability•Maintenance free design•Maximum surge current: 50kA•Throughput voltage: 440mV•Throughput energy: 700pJ•PIM@ 900/1900/2100MHz: <-160dBc•Insertion Loss: < 0.1dB•Return Loss: <-26dB
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LP-STR-N Series DC Blocked (800-2500MHz)
•LP-STR-NFF N Female/Female•LP-STR-NMP N Male on Protected•LP-STR-NMS N Male on Surge
•Fully weatherized body to IP67•Broadband RF performance•Multi-strike capability•Maintenance free design•Maximum surge current: 50kA•Throughput voltage: 440mV•Throughput energy: 700pJ•PIM@ 900/1900/2100MHz: <-160dBc•Insertion Loss: < 0.1dB•Return Loss: <-26dB
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LP-STRL-D series DC Blocked (680-2200MHz)
•Fully weatherized body to IP67•Broadband RF performance•Multi-strike capability•Maintenance free design•Maximum surge current: 50kA•Throughput voltage: 440mV•Throughput energy: 700pJ•PIM@ 900/1900/2100MHz: <-160dBc•Insertion Loss: < 0.1dB•Return Loss: <-26dB
•LP-STR-DFF DIN Female/Female•LP-STR-DMP DIN Male on Protected•LP-STR-DMS DIN Male on Surge
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LP-STRL-N series DC Blocked (680-2200MHz)
•Fully weatherized body to IP67•Broadband RF performance•Multi-strike capability•Maintenance free design•Maximum surge current: 50kA•Throughput voltage: 440mV•Throughput energy: 700pJ•PIM@ 900/1900/2100MHz: <-160dBc•Insertion Loss: < 0.1dB•Return Loss: <-26dB
•LP-STR-NFF N Female/Female•LP-STR-NMP N Male on Protected•LP-STR-NMS N Male on Surge
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LP-STRL- Series Applications
•LP-STRL-NFF N Female/Female•LP-STRL-NMP N Male on Protected•LP-STRL-NMS N Male on Surge•LP-STRL-DFF DIN Female/Female
•LP-STRL-DMP DIN Male on Protected•LP-STRL-DMS DIN Male on Surge
Potential customers and market segments
•Network Operators – Carriers
•OEMs•Public Safety 700MHz spectrum•LTE (Long Term Evolution)•Low PIM requirements•DC blocking applications
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Times-Protect PIM Test Data – (LP-STR and LP-STRL series)
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“Competitor Brand” Ultra Low PIM protector
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DC Pass product family
•Applications requiring power•Broadband design•Bi-directional operation•Multi strike capability•Fully weatherized to IP67
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LP-GTR-D Series DC pass (DC-2500MHz)
• LP-GTR-DFF/23/35 DIN Female/Female• LP-GTR-DFM/23/35 DIN Female/Male
•Fully weatherized body to IP67•Broadband RF performance•Multi-strike capability•Bi-directional operation•90Vdc turn on (50 Watts)•230Vdc turn on (210 Watts)•350Vdc turn on (550 Watts)•White Bronze plated body•Phosphor Bronze center pin •Silver plated center pin •Insertion Loss: < 0.2dB•Return Loss: <-26dB
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LP-GTR-N Series DC Pass (DC-3000MHz)
• LP-GTR-NFF/23 N Female/Female• LP-GTR-NFM/23 N Female/Male
•Fully weatherized body to IP67•Broadband RF performance•Multi-strike capability•Bi-directional operation•90Vdc turn on voltage (50 Watts)•230Vdc turn on voltage (210 Watts)•White Bronze plated body•Phosphor Bronze center pin •Silver plated center pin•Insertion Loss: < 0.25dB•Return Loss: <-26dB
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LP-GTR Series Applications• LP-GTR-NFF/23 N Female/Female• LP-GTR-NFM/23 N Female/Male• LP-GTR-DFF/23/35 DIN Female/Female• LP-GTR-DFM/23/35 DIN Female/Male
Potential customers and market segments
•GPS receiver•Tower Mounted Electronics•DC pass requirements for 50/210/550Watts•Universal right angle bracket adaptor included
Universal GroundingMounting Bracket included with every GTR Series Device
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Universal mounting and grounding bracket LP-BFDN-CW
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The preferred method for product
recommendation is by obtaining the
actual network operating data as
opposed to competitor part number as
cross-ref. There are many overlaps in competitive
products which might otherwise
disqualify our parts, even though our
products could satisfy customer
requirements.
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Times-Protect™ new Products coming..
• LP-WBX-NFF/NMP/NMS Series (2-6GHz operation)• LP-GPX-05-NFF/NFM L1, L2 &L3 GPS Protector (1-2GHz)
• Times-Protect Product Selection Calculator
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LP-WBX-NFF/NMP/NMS (2-6GHz operation)
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LP-GPX-05-NFF & NFM (1-2GHz - L1, L2 & L3 GPS Protector)
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Surge Performance Data for LP-GPX and LP-WBX Seriesat 6kV/3kA (1.2x50/8x20us) wave-shape
LP-GPX-05-NFFLP-GPX-05-NFMBidirectional operation
LP-WBX-NFF
LP-WBX-NMPLP-WBX-NMS
User voltage: 5Vdc
Voltage throughput: <12VpkEnergy throughput: <110uJ
Voltage throughput: <2Vpk
Energy throughput: <150nJ
Pro
du
ct T
yp
e
“f”(MHz)0 1500 3000 4500 6000
LP-BTR-N
LP-STR-D & N Series
LP-GTR-N Series
(20-1000MHz) DC blocked N type – SCADA, LMR, Utilities, Public Safety, Oil, Gas
(800-2500MHz) DC blocked DIN & N type – Cellular Carriers
LP-GTR-D Series
DC-3000MHz DC pass N type (50/210 Watts)
DC-2500MHz DC pass DIN type (50/210/550 Watts)
LP-STRL- D & N Series (680-2200MHz) DC blocked DIN & N, type –LTE, 700MHz Public Safety Spectrum, Cellular Carriers
LP-WBX-N Series (2000-6000MHz) DC blocked
LP-GPX-N (1000-2000MHz) N type (5V) - L1, L2 &L3 Band GPS Protector
Product Selection Matrix
Broadband Wireless
Smart – Panel &Grounding
Accessories
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POLYPHASER Times-Protect™ TIMES-PROTECT™ ADVANTAGES NOTES
IS-B50LN-C2
IS-B50NX-C2
IS-NEMP-C2
IS-B50LN-C2-MA
IS-50NX-C2-MA
IS-NEMP-C2-MA
IS-B50LN-C2-ME
IS-50NX-C2-ME
IS-NEMP-C2-ME
LP-BTR50NFF
“
“
LP-BTR50NMS
“
“
LP-BTR50NMP
“
“
1. Lower Insertion Loss and Return Loss
2. Broader operating frequency minimizes number of parts in inventory and easier
application selection.
3. Solid brass body vs. aluminum
4. White bronze body plating vs. aluminum
Universal mounting bracket for
bulkhead and flange included.
Self captivated screws in the
bracket allow for any
orientation (flange, bulkhead)
DSXL
DSXLMA
DSXLME
LP-STRNFF
LP-STRNMS
LP-STRNMP
1. Broader frequency range (800-2500MHz vs. 800-2300MHz)
2. Much lower energy throughput (700pJ vs. <0.5uJ)
3. Better PIM <-160dBc at 900/1800/2100MHz vs. non-published
4. Much higher surge current rating 50kA (as tested) vs. 20KA for PPC
5. Much higher RF power @ 500W vs. 300W for PPC
6. Weatherization (body) to IP67 vs. IP65 for PPC
DSXL-D
DSXL-D-MA
DSXL-D-ME
LP-STRDFF
LP-STRDMS
LP-STRDMP
Broader frequency range (800-2500MHz vs. 800-2300MHz)
Much lower energy throughput (700pJ vs. <0.5uJ)
Better PIM <-160dBc at 900/1800/2100MHz vs. non-published
Much higher surge current rating 100kA (as tested) vs. 30KA for PPC
Much higher RF power @ 700W vs. 500W for PPC
Weatherization (body) to IP67 vs. IP65 for PPC
GT-DFF-AL
GT-DFM-AL
LP-GTRDFF
LP-GTRDFM
Weatherization (body) to IP67 vs. IP65 for PPC
Solid brass body vs. aluminum
White bronze plating vs. aluminum
Replaceable protection component vs. non-replaceable with PPC
PPC may be lower cost due to non-
replaceable design and aluminum
construction.
RGT
RGT-ME
LP-GTRNFF
LP-GTRNFM
Broader frequency range (DC-3000MHz vs. DC-2400MHz) for N type
Weatherization (body) to IP67 vs. IP65 for PPC
Solid brass body
White bronze plating
Phosphor bronze silver plated center pin
This comparison is for the
replaceable design from PPC, not
the aluminum N type.
Times Protect™ CROSS – REFERENCE
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Smart-Panel™
•LP-SP-12N
•LP-SP-12D•LP-SP-24N
•LP-SP-24D
Feed-throughLP-FT-DFDF
DIN PlugLP-DP
Lightning Protector
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Smart-Panel Exterior View
Nothing to steal here !!!!!
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Damage and Fix
External grounding after theft
The high impedance fix
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External view of traditional method and Smart-Panel Solution
Traditional method consisting of:• High material and labor cost• Lack of provisions for other service entries• Theft exposure• Very high impedance return path to ground• High preventative maintenance
Proposed method:
• Addresses theft issue
• Does not require external shield grounding kits• Makes provisions for Coax/EWG/Data/DC and fiber• Minimal labor cost• All prep work performed at the shelter manufacturer
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Interior view of traditional method and Smart-Panel Solution
Traditional method:• Requires separate Inside MGB (IMGB)• Trapeze or other method to ground SPDs• Performance affected by long ground wires• High impedance IMGB ground conductor• Single point ground by installation• High ground loop probability
Propose method:• All RF protectors bulkhead mounted for best surge performance• Assembly accommodates different wall thickness• Provisions for grounding of all protectors to the same SPG• Low impedance ground path for lightning current • Control of MGB potential rise due to low “L” of assembly• Accommodates for additional equipment mounting
RF Protectors
Bulkhead mounted
2/0 Conductorsto ground
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Ground lead considerations for installation of RF protectorsApplied surge wave-shape 6KV/3KA (8X20us)
Bulkhead mounted SPD without added ground “L”Surge return directly connected to protector ground
+25.6V, -9.2V
+
-
Su rge
Gen er ator
DUTCe nte
r Pin
Chass isGround
Voltage Measured
at O-scope
+
-
Surge
Generator
DUTCenter Pin
Voltag e Measured at O-
sco pe
GroundInductance
Effects of 1.5 ft ground lead inductance of #1 AWG Cu wireVoltage and energy throughput drastically increases
+544V, -176V
Note: The length of the grounding conductor connected to any lightning protection
device has a major effect on the protector performance as illustrated by the above test. Leadless/Bulkhead installation technique for RF lightning protection devices will eliminate this additive voltage and energy throughput to the protected equipment
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Benefits of new design approach
• Single point grounding accomplished by design
• 30 Degree RF feeder entries create natural drip-line
• Accommodates up to 24 RF feeder cables, wave guide, data, telemetry, DC and fiber entries
• Impedance and inductance controlled through geometry of design.
• Provisions for installation of LP Devices to create true single point grounding
• Materials: C110 copper or Al 6061-T6
• No external coax ground kits required eliminating potential water ingress
• Theft proof design
• Weatherized to IP-67
• Protection voltage during strike much lower than designs using long ground conductors
• Adjustable to shelter wall thickness
• Provisions for lightning strike counter and ground resistance monitor with remote alarms
• Allows installation of multiple lightning protectors on the same ground reference plain
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Times-Protect™ offers..Products
• Value-engineered designs
• Equal or better performance at a better price
• Broadband Low PIM performance
• Superior materials and design
• Rigid manufacturing tolerances
• Superior Grounding Solutions (Smart-Panel)
Support
• Technical sales and applications engineering expertise
• Customer visits
• Engineering seminars on grounding & lightning protection for wireless networks
• Publications http://www.timesmicrowave.com/products/protect/
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Comments, Discussion and Questions
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