• Gender Mainstreaming tools • presentation of good practices
Topic XIV. Gender analysis • How and where can we use Gender analysis • how GA can improve the policy/program development and/or implementation process to
support gender equality • Analytical techniques and tools (checklists; guidelines and terms of reference; Gender
impact assessment, Harvard framework) • Public policy on women and gender issues in Georgia
Topic XV. Gender Analysis of Gender Sensitivity of organizations • Gender Analysis of vision, mission, values, strategies, structure, systems, procedures,
management, leadership, competencies, staff of the organisation. • Cordaid’s Analytical Tool for Assessing Gender Sensitivity of organizations
48
socialur mecnierebaTa seria
genderi
da
politika
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris
akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze
intensiuri seminari
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis
lela xomeriki
Tbilisi
2006
socialur mecnierebaTa seria
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10
el. fosta: [email protected]
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa
centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.
ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 5 - 8
Topic III. Gender aspects of electoral systems • Differential impact of the electoral systems on female political representation • Electoral behaviour of woman voters • Electoral system of Georgia from gender perspectives Topic IV. Positive action in the field of equality between women and men
• Definitions and the international legal framework for positive action • Legal and administrative basis of positive action in the field of equality between
women and men • The practice of positive action in the different member States of the Council of
Europe • Examples of how to reach gender balance in appointed bodies, boards and councils
Topic V. Strategies for enchancing women’s political participation
• women’s parallel campaigns • The Nordic Case
Topic VI. Gender Politics of sistems and organizations • Gender blinde, Gender awere, Gender transformative politics
Topic VII. Gender politics of Media. • Methods of Gender analysis of Media • Gender aspects of Georgian media
Topic VIII. State Gender Policy • Main Components of Gender state Policy • Gender equality supporting legislation • What is Institutional machinery for Enhancing Gender Equality? • Beijing Platform for Action and National Plans of Action Topic IX. Gender-sensitive Budget • Defining concept of a gender-sensitive budget • How budget have differential effects on men and women • How to perform a gender analysis of budgets • The ways of responding to the specific needs of both men and women, mechanisms and
methods for developing a gender-sensitive budget. Topic X. Georgian State policy in the Field of Gender Equality. • Gender Equality Institutional Machinery (background and current situation) • National Plan of Action Topic XI. Gender policy on the Regional level • Legal mechanisms (Case study – Gender equality law of Saarland) • Action plans and specific programs on regional level
Topic XII. Gender statistics - as a tool for policy planning and evaluation • Defining concepts of gender disaggregated data and gender statistics • Main functions of gender statistics • Producing gender statistics • Presenting gender statistics (preparing easily accessible, user-friendly formats)
Topic XIII. Gender Mainstriming • What is gender mainstreaming? • Importance of gender mainstreaming • Actors of gender mainstreaming
47
LELA KHOMERIKI
GENDER AND POLITICS
Duration of the course: one academic term, 15 weeks, 30 classroom hours plus 95 hours of student’s independent work. Course description: The course reviews gender problems in modern political theory, trends of development of women’s right concept, national and international legal mechanisms of protection of women’s political rights. The course also reviews main directions of state gender policy, as well as gender equality supporting legislation and institutional machinery. Along with providing students with theoretical knowledge the course is also aiming at helping students apply concrete instruments of gender analysis. The course structure allows teacher supplement theoretical presentations with practical assignments, based on the knowledge obtained through the course, students will conduct gender analysis of Georgian legislation and specific aspects of political processes. Course objectives: At the completion of the course, students will be able to apply gender as one of the categories for analysis of political processes and will better understand gender aspects of different political systems, institutions and policies. Students will be able to identify gender related problems in politics. They will compare different gender policies. They will be able to list main components of gender state policy and describe structure and competences of institutional machinery for Gender equality. They will be introduced to concepts of gender analysis, gender mainstreaming, gender Budget, gender statistics. Homework, discussions, case studies will familiarize students with concrete instruments of gender analysis, help them practice skills of gender analysis and apply the knowledge and skills obtained through the course in practice. Methods of teaching: Theoretical presentations, group discussions, group work, student presentations, case studies, writing of essay, mini researches. Course Content Topic I. Women's participation in politics. Obstacles to women’s participation in politics. Women’s representation in decision making bodies on different levels. • Dynamics of women's participation in elective decision-making bodies • Obstacles to women’s political participation (Political, socio- economic and
psychological hindrances) • How far the entry of women on the parliamentary scene produces a qualitative change in
legislative work. • Participation of women in local government bodies. Topic II. Women in Political Parties • How women are incorporated in the decision-making structures of parties. • Political Parties and Special Measures Enhancing Women's Participation in Electoral
Processes. • The role of political parties in recruiting candidates for elections, the nomination of and
party support for candidates, including financial support; • Women's section of parties; • Gender problems in parties programs. • Female participation in political parties of Georgia (membership, management, electoral
lists, party programs, work with women electorate)
46
s a r C e v i
Tema I
qalTa monawileoba politikaSi, qalTa warmomadgenloba
saxelmwifo struqturebSi sxvadasxva doneze,
qalTa politikaSi winsvlis Semaferxebeli mizezebi .......................6
Tema II
genderuli parametrebi politikur partiebSi.....................................10
Tema III
saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis genderuli aspeqtebi ..................12
Tema IV
specialuri droebiTi zomebi politikaSi
qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis .............13
Tema V
qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gazrdis strategiebi .....18
Tema VI
sistemebisa da organizaciebis genderuli politika......................22
Tema VII
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis genderuli politika.
mediaSi politikis gaSuqebis genderuli aspeqtebi ..........................24
Tema VIII
saxelmwifo politika genderuli da
qalTa problemebis sferoSi ............................................................................26
Tema IX
genderuli biujeti ................................................................................................30
Tema X
genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli
politikis ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi ................................................31
Tema XI
genderuli politikis ganxorcieleba regionul doneze ...............35
Tema 12
genderuli statistika _ politikis Sefasebis,
analizis, dagegmvis instrumenti ..................................................................37
Tema XIII
genderuli meinstrimingi ...................................................................................40
Tema XIV
genderuli analizi. cnebis ganmarteba,
genderuli analizis instrumentebi ............................................................42
savaldebulo literatura .......................................................................................44
damatebiTi literatura da sxva saswavlo masala ....................................45
GENDER AND POLITICS .................................................................................................46
saswavlo kursis xangrZlivoba: erTi semestri (15 kvira).
saswavlo kursis mizani
saseminaro kursi mimoixilavs genderul problematikas Tanamedrove politikur
TeoriaSi, qalTa politikuri uflebebis koncefciis ganviTarebas, qalTa poli-
tikuri uflebebis dacvis saerTaSoriso da erovnul samarTlebriv meqanizmebs.
studentebi gaecnobian da imsjeleben erTi mxriv, politikaSi qalTa winsvlis
Semafarxebel mizezebze, meore mxriv, qalTa politikuri monawileobis gazrdis
sxvadasxva strategiebze. ganxiluli iqneba saxelmwifo genderuli politikis
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, genderuli Tanasworobis xelSemwyobi kanonmdebloba
da saxelmwifo struqturebi. kursi orientirebulia Teoriuli codnis
paralelurad studentebs aswavlos genderuli analizis instrumentebis gamo-
yeneba. amisaTvis kursi isea agebuli, rom konkretuli saleqcio Temis gacnobis
paralelurad, studentebi miRebul codnaze dayrdnobiT ganaxorcieleben
qarTuli kanonmdeblobisa da politikuri procesebis garkveuli aspeqtebis
genderul analizs.
saswavlo kursis formati
swavlebis dros gamoyenebuli iqneba swavlebis Semdegi formebi: Teoriuli
prezentacia, fasilitirebuli diskusia, konkretuli SemTxvevebis ganxilva,
mcire jgufebSi muSaoba, damoukidebeli muSaoba, literaturis damuSaveba,
mcire genderuli analizis ganxorcieleba.
swavlis Sedegebi
kursi gavlis Semdeg studentebi SesZleben gamoiyenon genderi, rogorc erT-
erTi kategoria politikuri procesebis SeswavlisaTvis da gaanalizon sxva-
dasxva politikuri sistemis, institutebis, programebis genderuli aspeqtebi.
studentebs SeeZlebaT politikaSi genderuli problemebis identificireba da
sxvadasxva tipis genderuli politikebis Sedareba. studentebs SeeZlebaT
ganmarton genderuli analizis, genderuli meinstrimingis, genderuli biu-
jetis, genderuli statistikis cnebebi. SemTxvevebis ganxilvis, saSinao dava-
lebebis Sesrulebisa da diskusiebis dros gavarjiSdebian politikis genderuli
eqspertizis ganxorcielebaSi, rac maT SemdgomSi saSualebas miscems miRebuli
codna praqtikuladac gamoiyenon.
saswavlo kursis Sinaarsi
Tema I. qalTa monawileoba politikaSi, politikaSi qalTa winsvlis Semafer-
xebeli mizezebi, qalTa warmomadgenloba saxelmwifo struqturebSi
sxvadasxva doneze
• qalTa warmomadgenlobis dinamika sakanonmdeblo organoebSi
• qalebi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi
Tema II. genderuli parametrebi politikur partiebSi
• Sida partiuli demokratia da qalebis monawileoba
• politikuri partiebi da saarCevno procesebSi qalTa monawileobis gazrdis
zomebi
• politikuri partiebis mier kandidatTa rekrutirebisa da mxardaWeris (maT
Soris, finansuri) formebis mimoxilva
• qalTa seqciebi partiebSi
• genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebi partiaTa programebSi
Tema III. saarCevno sistemaTa genderuli aspeqtebi
saarCevno sistemebis gavlena qalTa warmomadgenlobaze politikaSi
amomrCevel qalTa saarCevno qceva, amomrCevel qalTa interesTa jgufebi
4
damatebiTi literatura da sxva saswavlo masala:
• Jill M. Bystydzienski, Women in Electoral Politics, 1995.
• Global Database of Quotas for Women, International IDEA and Stockholm University, http://www.idea.int/gender/quotas.cfm
• http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/meetings/2004/EGMelectoral
• sonia lokari, qalTa politikuri moanwileobis gazrdis gzebi, 2006, Tbilisi,
seminaris masalebi.
• nino javaxiSvili, feminizmis mimarTulebebi, feministuri da genderuli
moZraoba/gederuli problematika saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2002. gv. 63-78.
• qali masmediaSi: portreti Tu karikatura, JurnalistTa asociaci, gender
media kavkasia, Tbilisi, 2005.
• Global Database of Quotas for Women, International IDEA and Stockholm University, http://www.idea.int/gender/quotas.cfm
• http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/meetings/2004/EGMelectoral
• sonia lokari, qalTa politikuri moanwileobis gazrdis gzebi, 2006, Tbilisi,
seminaris masalebi.
• saqarTvelos genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis erovnuli samoqmedo
gegmis proeqti, qalTa organizaciebis koaliciis instituciuri meqanizmebis
jgufi, 2006
• genderuli Tanasworobis kanonmdeblobis nimuSi, germaniis saaris mxaris
kanonmdeblobis magaliTi, qalTa informaciisa da ganaTlebis centri,
Tbilisi, 2000.
• samcxe-javaxeTis regionis genderuli politikis samoqmedo gegma, qalTa
regionuli centri, axalcixe, 2006.
• qali da mamakaci saqarTveloSi, weliwdeuli, 2005, saqarTvelos statistikis
departamenti.
45
savaldebulo literatura:
• Men and Women in Politics: Democracy Still in the Making. A World Comparative Study, Inter-
Parliamnetary Union, 1997.
• l. xomeriki, qalTa monawileoba adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi/ qalebi da
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, qalTa ganaTlebisa da informaciis centris
almanaxi, Tbilisi, 2001.
• l. xomeriki, genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxi postsabWoTa saqarTvelo-
Si/demokratiis mSenebloba saqarTveloSi, demokratiisa da saarCevno
daxmarebis saerTaSoriso instituti, 2003.
• saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, politikuri partiebi: miRwevebi,
gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi, redaqtorebi: gia nodia, alvaro pinto
sqoltabaxi, mSvidobis. demokratiis da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti,
niderlandebis mravalpartiuli demokratiis instituti, Tbilisi, 2006 w.
• Richard E. Matland, Enhancing Women’s Political Participation: Legislative Recruitment and Electoral Systems/Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1998.
• l. xomeriki, “dasavleTis qveynebis gamocdileba politikaSi qalTa
warmomadgenlobis gazrdis sferoSi”/genderuli problematika saqarTve-
loSi, Tbilisi, 2003.
• Using quotas to increase women’s political representation/Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1998. pp. 91-115.
• sonia lokari, qalTa politikuri monawileobis gazrdis gzebi, 2006, Tbilisi,
seminaris masalebi.
• l. xomeriki, n. javaxiSvili, m. nikuraZe, genderuli politika da masmedia,
Tbilisi, 2002.
• l. xomeriki, saxelmwifo genderuli politika/genderuli problematika
saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2003.
• lela xomeriki, genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli
politikis ganxorcielebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2006.
• Gender Statistics, UNECE's Gender Statistics Website for Europe & North America! http://www.unece.org/stats/gender/web
• Gender mainstreaming - Conceptual framework, methodology and presentation of good practices, Section Equality between Women and Men, Directorate General of Human Rights, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, February 1999
• Parliament, the Budget and Gender, Joachim Wehner (Germany) and Winnie Byanyima, MP (Uganda), the handbook jointly produced by the IPU, UNDP, WBI and UNIFEM/Chapter 4, A gender perspective on the budget, Chapter 5, Strengthening legislative participation, pages 55-81.
• An Integrated Approach to Gender-based Analysis, Gender-based analyses directorate, Status of Women Canada, 2004 Edition.
• genderuli analizis instrumenti — harvardis analitikuri CarCo.
• Analytical Tool for Assessing Gender Sensitivity of organizations, Cordaid, 2004.
44
Tema IV. specialuri droebiTi zomebi politikaSi qalisa da mamakacis
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis
• specialuri droebiTi zomebis definicia da misi saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi CarCo
• samarTlebrivi da administraciuli bazisi specialuri droebiTi
zomebisaTvis
• specialuri droebiTi zomebis ganxoricielebis praqtika evropis qveynebSi
• rogor mivaRwioT genderul balanss daniSnul sabWoebsa da Tanamdebobebze
Tema V. qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gazrdis strategiebi — e. w.
qalTa paraleluri kampaniebi, paritetuli koaliciebi. norvegiis magaliTis
Seswavla.
Tema VI. sistemebisa da organizaciebis genderuli politika. genderuli
linzebi. genderulad brma, genderulad gacnobierebuli da genderulad
transformaciuli politika. SemTxvevebis Seswavla.
Tema VII. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis genderuli politika. mediaSi
politikis gaSuqebis genderuli aspeqtebi. mediis genderuli analizis
instrumentis SemuSaveba da ramdenime media saSualebis genderuli Seswavlis
ganxorcieleba.
Tema VIII. saxelmwifo genderuli politika
• saxelmwifo genderuli politikis ZiriTadi komponentebi
• genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli kanonmdebloba
Tema IX. genderuli biujeti. cnebis ganmarteba da konceptis Camoyalibebis
mokle istoria. genderuli biujetis mniSvneloba.
Tema X. genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli politikis
ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi
• genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis instituciuri meqanizmebi
• genderuli Tanasworobis erovnuli samoqmedo gegma
Tema XI. genderuli politikis ganxorcieleba regionul doneze
• sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebi (saaris mxaris magaliTis ganxilva)
• samoqmedo gegmebi da programebi
Tema XII. genderuli statistika _ politikis Sefasebis, analizis, dagegmvis
instrumenti.
Tema XIII. genderuli meinstrimingis cnebis ganmarteba. politikis sxvadasxva
sferoSi genderuli meinstrimingis saukeTeso praqtikebis ganxilva
Tema XIV. genderuli analizi
cnebis ganmarteba, genderuli analizis instrumentebis gacnoba (longves
uflebamosilebaTa CarCo, harvardis analitikuri sqema). SemTxvevis Seswavla
genderuli analizis instrumentis gamoyenebiT.l
Tema XV. struqturebsa da organizaciebSi genderuli midgomebis danergvis
Sefaseba. organizaciis genderuli mgrZnobiarobis Sefasebis analitikuri
instrumentis Seswavla.
5
Tema I
qalTa monawileoba politikaSi, qalTa warmomadgenloba
saxelmwifo struqturebSi sxvadasxva doneze, qalTa
politikaSi winsvlis Semaferxebeli mizezebi.
qalTa warmomadgenloba politikaSi
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevr qveyanaSi qalma warmatebas miaRwia ganaTlebis,
samarTlis, ekonomikis, sportisa Tu xelovnebis sferoebSi, politikur arenaze
qalebi mainc cotani arian. marTalia, meoce saukunis bolosaTvis qveynebis 95%-
Si qalebs mopovebuli hqondaT saarCevno uflebebi, 1998 wlisaTvis msoflio
masStabiT qali lideri hyavda partiebis mxolod 11%-s, xolo parlamentari
qalebi msoflio parlamentarTa ricxvis 11,4%-s Seadgendnen. 2006 wlisaTvis
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis sakanonmdeblo organoebSi qalTa ricxvma
umniSvnelod moimata da saSualod 16,3% Seadgina.
sakanonmdeblo organoebSi qalTa monawileobis saSualo procentuli
maCvenebeli msoflio masStabiT 2006 wlis ianvris mdgomareobiT Semdegnairia:
orive palata erTad
parlamentarTa jamuri
raodenoba 44'204
genderulad
dacalkevebuli statistika
arsebobs
43'387
kaci 36'827
qali 7'160
qalTa monawileobis % 16.3%
erTpalatiani parlamentebi da
qveda palata
parlamentarTa jamuri
raodenoba 37'269
genderulad
dacalkevebuli statistika
arsebobs
36'994
kaci 30'887
qali 6'107
qalTa monawileobis % 16.5%
zeda palata an senati
parlamentarTa jamuri
raodenoba 6'935
genderulad
dacalkevebuli statistika
arsebobs
6'993
kaci 5'940
qali 1'053
qalTa monawileobis % 15.1%
6
SesaZloa nebismieri sferos genderuli analizis ganxorcieleba. mogvyavs mcire
magaliTi, romelSic dasaqmebis politikis genderuli aspeqtebia warmoCenili.
SemTxvevis Seswavla. dasaqmebis politikis genderuli analizi
dasaqmebis bazarze dRemde dominantur modelad iTvleba sruli samuSao dRe
dadgenili saaTebiT. nel-nela inergeba moqnili samuSao drois sistemac, Tumca
normad mainc dadgenili saaTebi rCeba.
saWiroa zogadad samuSaos bunebis axleburad gaazreba da imis gacnobiereba,
rom mouqneli samuSao saaTebis sistemas Tavisi genderuli aspeqti aqvs. raki
dRemde ZiriTadad qalebi arian saojaxo saqmisa da bavSvebis aRzrdaze
pasuxismgebelni, maT mamakacebze metad sWirdebaT da awyobT arasruli samuSao
dRe, an Tundac sruli samuSao dRe oRond moqnili da ara dadgenili saaTebiT.
aris meore momentic, mag. did britaneTSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebis komisiis
mier 2004 wels ganxorcielebulma arasruli da moqnili samuSaos (part-time job)
kvlevam aCvena, rom arasruli samuSao dReze momuSave qalebis anazRaureba
TiToeuli namuSevari saaTisaTvis 40% naklebia, vidre mTlian samuSao dReze
dakavebuli mamakacebisa.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi moqnili samuSao dRiT momuSaveTa ricxvi izrdeba,
magram amgvari modelis ufro farTod danergvas Semdegi winaaRmdegobebi
xvdeba: • Sromis bazari mouqnelia da SezRudul SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs.
• moqnili samuSao dRis modeli efeqturi rom iyos, menejersa da
daqiravebuls Soris kargi komunikacia da ndobaa saWiro.
• xSirad moqnili samuSao droiT momuSaves problemebi eqmneba sapensio
sferoSi.
genderuli analizis instrumentebi mimarTulia specifiur sferosa Tu
sakiTxis genderuli ganzomilebis gamovlenisaken da aCvenebs Tu rogor aris
damokidebuli sxvadasxva faqtorebi, genderze, asakze, socialur fenaze,
eTnikurobaze.
arsebobs genderuli analizis sxvadasxvagvari instrumentebi, imis Sesabamisad
Tu ra sferos an ra tipis programas vaanalizebT. magaliTad mogvyavs genderuli
analizis erTerTi intrumenti, romelic gamoiyeneba konkretuli SemoTavaze-
buli midgomis sxvadasxva jgufis uflebamosilebis gaZlierebaze zemoqmedebis
Sesafaseblad.
longves uflebamosilebaTa CarCo
qali mamakaci
procesi zemoqmedeba procesi zemoqmedeba
kontroli
mobilizacia
cnobiereba
misawvdomoba
keTildReoba
wyaro: Gender Equity Builging Blocks, Care, 2002.
43
Tema XIV
genderuli analizi. cnebis ganmarteba,
genderuli analizis instrumentebi
genderuli analizi warmoadgens qalsa da mamakacze, ama Tu im politikis,
programis, strategiuli midgomis, institutis gansxvavebuli zemoqmedebis
gamovlenasa da Seswavlas. genderuli analizi zogadi politikuri da socialur-
ekonomikuri analizis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia.
genderuli analizi bunebrivia moiTxovs sqesis niSniT gancalkevebul mona-
cemebs. genderuli analizisas, aanalizeben resursebis misawvdomobas, resur-
sebis kontrols, saqmianobis saxeebs, xelisSemSlel faqtorebs, saWiroebebsa da
moTxovnilebebs, calke qalebisa da calke mamakacebisaTvis.
genderuli analizis mizania, maqsimalurad gacnobierdes genderuli gansxva-
vebebi da politika Tu programa ise daigegmos da ganxorcieldes, rom maq-
simalurad upasuxos gansxvavebul saWiroebebs. genderuli analizi aumjobesebs
marTvasa da efeqturi politikis SemuSavebas, radgan orientirebulia maq-
simalurad upasuxos mravalferovan da gansxvavebul interesebs. genderuli
analizi xels uwyobs procesebSi qalebisa da mamakacebis srul CarTulobas da
Sesabamisad, adamianuri resursebis srulyofil gamoyenebas.
politikis ganxorcielebisas genderuli meinstrimingis aucileblobis gacno-
bierebam genderuli analizis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. magaliTad, kanadaSi
genderuli analizis mniSvneloba saxelmwifo donezea aRiarebuli, genderul
Tanasworobaze momuSave specialur struqturam - kanadis qalTa statusma — 1999
wels Seqmna genderuli analizis direqtorati.
es direqtorati Semdegnairad gansazRvravs genderuli analizis sayrden
principebs:
aucilebelia yvela sferoSi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris konstruqciuli
TanamSromlobis ganviTareba;
yoveli programa, qmedeba, proeqti, socialur-ekonomikuri tendencia
sxvadasxvagvarad aisaxeba qalsa da mamakacze;
genderuli Tanasworoba niSnavs qalisa da mamakacis Tanabari statusis da
ara msgavsebis miRwevas;
Tanabari mopyroba ar niSnavs Tanabari Sedegebis miRwevas. genderuli
Tanasworobis Tanamedrove koncefcia acnobierebs, rom qalebsa da
mamakacebs zogjer gansxvavebuli mopyroba sWirdebaT, raTa Tanabar
Sedegebs miaRwion.
qali ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri procesebis ara mxolod
samizne, aramed agentic unda iyos;
arsebuli genderuli uTanasworobis dasaZlevad specialuri zomebis
miRebaa saWiro;
qalis statusis gaZliereba sakvanZoa genderuli Tanasworobis miRwe-
visaTvis zrunvisas;
ar unda iqnes daviwyebuli, rom politikurma da socialur-ekonomikurma
tendenciebma SesaZloa mamakacebzec moaxdinos negatiuri gavlena.
42
saSualo maCvenebeli regionebis mixedviT
erpalatiani
parlamentebi
da qveda
palatebi
zeda
palata an
senati
orive
palata
erTad
skandinaviis qveynebi 40.0% --- 40.0%
amerika 20.1% 19.9% 20.1%
evropa — euTos wevri
qveynebi skandinaviuri
qveynebis CarTviT 19.0% 16.3% 18.4%
evropa — euTos wevri
qveynebi skandinaviuri
qveynebis gamoklebiT 16.9% 16.3% 16.8%
saharis qvemo afrika 16.4% 17.6% 16.6%
azia 16.1% 14.5% 15.9%
wynari okenis qveynebi 12.0% 26.5% 13.9%
arabuli qveunebi 7.0% 5.9% 6.8%
wyaro: parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri (The Inter-parliamentary Union), http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm
qalTa warmomadgenloba sakanonmdeblo organoebSi qveynebis mixedviT ix.
danarTSi.
saqarTveloSi sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis suraTi
Semdegia:
arCevnebis
TariRi
sakanonmdeblo
organos
dasaxeleba
deputatTa
saerTo
raodenoba
deputat
qalTa
raodenoba
qalTa
monawileobis
%
1919 w. damfuZnebeli
kreba
130 4 3%
1990 w. uzenaesi sabWo 250 18 7,2%
1992 w. parlamenti 222 14 6,3%
1995 w. parlamenti 250 16 6,4%
1999 w. parlamenti 235 17 7,2%
2004 w. parlamenti 235 22 9,4%
2001 wlis Semodgomaze nino burjanaZe gaxda saqarTvelos parlamentarizmis
istoriaSi pirveli spikeri qali. 2004 wels isev n. burjanaZe iqna arCeuli
parlamentis Tavmjdomared.
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. 1998 wlisa da 2000 wlis mTavrobis reorga-
nizaciebis Sedegad or-ori ministri qali iyo mTavrobaSi. 2003 wels, vardebis
revoluciis win mTavrobaSi 18 ministridan mxolod 2 iyo qali (nino CxobaZe,
garemos dacvis ministri da sesili gogiberiZe, kulturis ministri). vardebis
revoluciis Semdeg 2004 wlis TebervalSi dakompleqtebul ministrTa kabinetSi
7
4 ministri qali iyo (Tamar lebaniZe — garemos dacvis ministri, Tamar suluxia —
infrastruqturis ministri, eTer astemirova - ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis
ministri, Tamar beruCaSvili — evropasTan integraciis saxelmwifo ministri,
mogvianebiT maT daemata sagareo saqmeTa ministri — salome zurabiSvili) da
ministr qalTa ricxvma mTavrobis wevrTa 20% Seadgina, rac saqarTvelosaTvis
rekorduli maCvenebeli iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTavrobis dakompleqtebisas
pirvelad gaesva xazi, genderul maxasiaTebels. 2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis
mTavrobaSi ministr qalTa ricxvi mkveTrad Semcirda da ministris postze
mxolod erTi qali darCa (samoqalaqo integraciis saxelmwifo ministri —
zinaida bestaeva).
qalTa monawileoba politikaSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze
saqarTveloSi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi qalTa monawileobis
maCveneblebi arc ise saxarbieloa: 1998 wels Catarebuli arCevnebiT sakrebulos
wevrTa Soris qalebma mxolod 14% Seadgines.
2002 wlis arCevnebis Sedegad qalTa ricxvma sakrebuloebSi kidev ufro iklo
da pirveli donis TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi mxolod 11,9% Seadgina.
adgilobriv organoebSi qalTa monawileobis xarisxi regionebis mixedviTac
gansxvavdeba. yvelaze dabali procentia eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul
raionebSi, gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac kompaqturad cxovrobs azerbaijaneli
mosaxleoba: magaliTad, marneulSi — 1,9%, bolnisSi 4,7%.
orive arCevnebis Sedegad gamoikveTa Zalze sayuradRebo tendencia: rac
ufro msxvildeba administraciuli erTeuli, miT ufro klebulobs qalTa
procenti adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi. 1998 wels soflis
sakrebuloebSi qalebi Seadgenen 15%-s, raionuli mniSvnelobis qalaqebsa da
dabebSi — 13%-s, raionis sakrebuloebSi 9-%-s, did qalaqebSi ki mxolod 7,4%-s.
2002 welsac didi qalqis sakrebuloebSi qalTa ricxvi 7%-s ar scildeba.
ukiduresad arasaxarbielod arian warmodgenili qalebi adgilobrivi TviT-
mmarTvelobis xelmZRvanel poziciebze: magaliTad, 1998 wels 60 raionis
sakrebulodan mxolod erTis Tavmjdomare iyo qali (1,6%). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
sadac meti Zalaufleba da resursia, iq naklebi qalia.
2002 wels mkveTrad Semcirda qalTa warmomadgenloba raionul sakre-
buloebSi, radganac axali saarCevno kanoniT raionis sakrebulo kompleqtdeba
soflis sakrebuloTa TavmjdomareebiT da radganac, qali praqtikulad ver
xvdeba xelmZRvanel postze, Sesabamisad, meore donis TviTmmarTvelobaSic
ukiduresad mcired aris warmodgenili.
2006 wels TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi axali kanoniT Catardeba, romelic
TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis gamsxilebasa da Sesabamisad, maTi ricxvis mkveTrad
Semcirebas iTvaliswinebs, rac adgilebze politikur konkurencias gazrdis da
qali kandidatebis Sansebs Seamcirebs. amitom, TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi
qalTa warmomadgenlobis gazrdisaTvis gadaudebeli amocanaa winasaarCevno
periodSi kandidat qalTa mxardamWeri programebis ganxorcieleba.
mniSvnelovania, seriozuli muSaobis warmarTva politikur partiebTan, raTa
partiebSi kandidatTa SerCevis mkafio da dadgenili procedura Camoyalibdes,
romelSic genderuli xedvac iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. kargia, qalTa
organizaciebma erToblivi ZalebiT miadevnon Tvalyuri, Tu ramdeni kandidati
qali hyavs dasaxelebuli ama Tu im partias. mniSvnelovania aseve, amomrCevel
qalTa samoqalaqo ganaTlebis programebis ganxorcileba, raTa daCqardes maTi
interesebisa da moTxovnebis mkafio formulireba, rac aiZulebs politikur
partiebs meti yuradRebiT moekidon qali kandidatebis wamowevasa da genderuli
problematikis CarTvas winasaarCevno programebSi.
politikaSi qalTa winsvlis Semaferxebeli mizezebi
wyaro: Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1998.
8
daisva sakiTxi, ra ufro swori da efeqturia: calkeuli, specialuri proeqtebi
qalebisaTvis Tu qalTa komponentis integracia yvela proeqtSi (msoflio bankis
parqtika).
ganviTarebis tradiciuli Teoriebis mixedviT, modernizacias avtomaturad
mohyveba qalTa mdgomareobisa da statusis gaumjobeseba. feministebi Tvlidnen,
rom modernizacias qalis mxolod nawilobrivi emansipacia SeuZlia da
aucilebelia axali midgomis SemuSaveba.
genderuli meinstrimingis argumenti, ara mxolod socialuri samarTlianobaa,
aramed efeqturobac _ qalis potencialis srulad gamoyeneba (ara marto qalebi
moigeben ganviTarebiT, aramed ganviTarebac qalTa monawileobiT). midgoma WID (qalebi ganviTarebaSi) Seicvala GAD (genderi da ganviTareba).
genderuli meinstrimingis operacionalizacia anu praqtikaSi danergva
genderuli meinstrimingis realizacia or doneze xdeba — politikur da
teqnikur doneze. (UNIFEN).
teqnikuri done gulisxmobs _ momzadebuli kadrebis arsebobas, Teoriuli
bazisa da kvlevis Sedegebis qonas. politikur doneze — politikuri nebis
Camoyalibebas — saTanado kanonmdeblobis qonas, adamianTa uflebebis dacvis,
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis efeqturi meqanizmebis arsebobas.
genderuli meinstrimingis ganxorcielebis SefasebisaTvis auclebelia krite-
riumebis qona: magaliTad, evrosabWos aqvs sqema konkretuli sferoebisaTvis,
romelsac SeuZlia asaxos dinamika. magaliTad, dasaqmebis sferos sqema.
genderuli meinstrimingis araswori interpretaciaa, roca imis nacvlad rom
fokusi gakeTdes genderul Tansworobaze, rogorc mizanze, ZiriTadi aqcenti
keTdeba qalebis CarTvaze saqmianobaSi, sadac qalebis roli umniSvneloa (sara
longve, evropis ganviTarebis komitetisaTvis Catarebuli kvleva).
mniSvnelovania ara ubralo monawileoba, aramed monawileoba garkveuli
pirobebiT - ara marto dRis wesrigSi Sesvla, aramed dRis wesrigis formireba.
41
Tema XIII
genderuli meinstrimingi
genderuli meinstrimingi aris qalTa da mamakacTa prioritetebisa da
saWiroebebis sistemuri integracia politikis formirebis, ganxorcielebis,
monitoringisa da Sefasebis procesSi, genderuli Tanasworobis xelSewyobis
mizniT.
genderuli meinstrimingi _ rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi da dinamiurad
ganviTarebadi konceptia. ar arsebobs misi erTiani, martivi ganmarteba.
Tanxmobaa mxolod misi miznis _ genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis
gansazRvraSi.
ekososis ganmartebiT, genderuli meinstrimingi “yoveli dagegmarebadi
saqmianobis, maT Soris, kanonmdeblobis, politikis, nebismieri sferosa da yvela
donis programebis qalebsa da mamakacebze zegavlenis Sefasebis procesia”.
evrosabWos ganviTarebis daxmarebis komiteti: - “genderuli meinstrimingi aris
iniciativebi, romlebic rogorc qalebs, ise mamakacebs saSualebas aZlevs
gamoxaton TaviTi Sexedulebebi da miiRon monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis
miRebaSi TavianTi problemebis gadasaWrelad”.
evrokomisia ganmartavs genderul meinstrimings, rogorc “strategiuli
grZelvadiani midgomas, romelic nergavs genderul Tanasworobas sistemebSi,
struqturebSi, institutebSi, programebSi, politikasa da praqtikaSi”.
genderuli menistrimingi praqtikuli amocanaa, magram safuZvlad udevs
sxvadasxva filosofiuri, sociologiuri da politikuri Sexedulebebi.
sityva meinstrimingis Sesatyvisis moZebna qarTulad sakmaod Znelia. ara mxolod
qarTvelebi frangebi, Svedebi, holandielebi, rusebic pirdapir iyeneben am
termins. meinstrimingi niSnavs periferiidan ZiriTad nakadSi moqcevas (arsebobs
azri, rom es termini gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad gadmoRebulia
ganaTlebis politikisa da praqtikis leqsikonidan, sadac meinstrimingi niSnavs
moswavlis gadayvanas specialuri kompensatoruli ganaTlebis kursidan ZiriTad
saswavlo nakadSi).
genderuli meinstrimingis idea warmoiSva 1970-ian wlebSi, damuSavda da
ganviTarda 1980-ian wlebSi ZiriTadad ganviTarebis sakiTxebiT dakavebuli
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wiaRSi (aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento
(USAID), msoflio banki, Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia). pekinis moqmedebaTa
platformam mkafiod gansazRvra genderuli meinstrimingi, rogorc praqtikuli
politikis mizani.
sami ZiriTadi jgufi SeiZleba gamoiyos im struqturebis, romlebmac
ganaviTares genderuli meinstrimingis idea: 1) ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso
saagentoebi, 2) gaeros struqturebi (gansakuTrebiT: gaeros ganviTarebis
programa UNDP, gaeros qalTa programa UNIFEM), 3) evropuli struqturebi.
genderuli meinstrimingis idea amoizarda midgomidan `qalebi ganviTarebis
procesSi~ (Women in Development). es midgoma Tavdapirvelad SeimuSava
ganviTarebis sakiTxebze momuSave socialurad da politikurad aqtiurma qalTa
jgufma vaSingtonSi.
40
gamoyofen politikaSi qalTa rolis gazrdis xelisSemSlel politikur,
socialur, ekonomikur, kulturul da fsiqologiur mizezebs.
arsebul politikur sistemebSi bevri dabrkolebaa qalTa politikaSi
winsvlisaTvis, kerZod:
• politikuri cxovreba da saxelmwifo struqturebi maskulinuri mode-
lisaa;
• politikur arenaze mamakacebi dominireben, isini gansazRvraven
politikuri TamaSis wesebs da politikosis Sefasebis standartebs;
• politikuri cxovreba da muSaobis reJimi organizebulia mamakacuri
normebisa da mamakacis cxovrebis stilis Sesabamisad;
• politika dafuZnebulia `gamarjveba-damarcxebisa~ da Sejibrisa da kon-
frontacis modelze da ara urTierTpativiscemaze, TanamSromlobasa da
konsensusis miRwevaze;
• aseTi zedmetad mamakacuri politika aRiqmeba WuWyian saqmed da qalebs ar
surT aseT garemoSi moxvedra;
• kandidat qalebs partiebis mxridan naklebi mxardaWera aqvT, maT Soris
finansuri mxardaWera.
garda politikuri sistemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli barierebisa, SeiZleba
gamovyoT sxva xelisSemSleli mizezebic:
• saojaxo movaleobebis araTanabari gadanawileba da socialuri samsa-
xurebis nakleboba qalebs araTanabar pirobebSi ayenebs politikuri
aqtivobisaTvis saWiro drois TvalsazrisiT.
• masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi arasakmarisad warmoadgens qalTa
politikur xmebs, maT Sexedulebebs, liderobis moTxovnebs. es niSnavs, rom
qalebs ar gaaCniaT sakuTari politikuri identifikaciis modeli.
• qalTa ufro dabali Semosavali da Sesabamisad dabali ekonomikuri
statusi, winaswari ganwyoba, rom qalis Semosavali mTlianad ojaxis
saWiroebebze unda midiodes araTanabar finansur sastarto pirobebs qmnis
qalisa da mamakacisaTvis.
• Zaladobisa da kontrolis kerZo Tu sazogadoebrivi formebi, romlebic
gamoiyeneba qalebis mimarT, zRudaven da akontroleben qalTa qcevas,
gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac saWiroa gadawyvetilebebis miReba sarisko
situaciaSi.
wyaro: g. aSvordi, genderuli midgomebis danergvis praqtikuli saxelmZRva-
nelo, UNDP.
9
Tema II
genderuli parametrebi politikur partiebSi
qalTa monawileoba saqarTvelos politikuri partiebSi
qalTa da genderuli sakiTxebi qarTul politikur diskursSi saerTod ar
JRers. arc erT partias jerjerobiT ara aqvs Camoyalibebuli pozicia genderul
sakiTxze; wevrTa genderuli statistikac ki ar warmoebs. gamokiTxvisas isini
aRniSnavdnen, rom am niSniT ar ganasxvaveben TavianT wevrebs da kiTxvaze:
“ramdeni qalia Tqvens partiaSi?”, yvelaze tipuri pasuxia _ wevrTa daaxloebiT
mesamedi.
am Sefasebas adasturebs 1998 da 2001 wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvebi1,
romelTa mixedviTac qalebi politikuri partiebis wevrTa saerTo raodenobis
daaxloebiT 30%-s Seadgenen. qalTa monawileobis procenti gacilebiT dabalia
partiebis mmarTvel organoebSi. 1995 wels partiaTa centralur xelmZRvanel
organoebSi qalTa ricxvi mxolod 9% iyo, Semdgom ki umniSvnelod moimata da
11%-s miaRwia.
1997 wels 158 politikuri partiidan qalebi xelmZRvanelobdnen aTs
(partiaTa saerTo ricxvis 6%). 1998 wels arsebuli 79 partiidan qali lideri
hyavda mxolod 4 partias (5%). 1999 wels registrirebuli 124 partiidan qalebi
xelmZRvanelobdnen 5 partias (4%).
partiebis programebi qalTa sakiTxebs srulebiT ar iTvaliswinebs. zogierTi
partia Tvlis, rom qveyanaSi Seqmnili saerTo mZime mdgomareobis fonze es
problema jerjerobiT aqtualuri ar aris. bevris azriT, ar aris aucilebeli
qalTa problematikis gadasawyvetad specifikuri, mizanmimarTuli saqmianobis
warmarTva, radgan socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamosworeba
avtomaturad moagvarebs qalTa problemebsac. iSviaTi gamonaklisis saxiT
partiul programebSi gvxdeba dedobis xelSewyobis sakiTxi (igulisxmeba
mravalSvilian, martoxela da CvilbavSvian dedaTa daxmareba).
zogadad, qarTul politikur partiebs araTanmimdevruli da bundovani
ideologiuri poziciebi aqvT, Sesabamisad, Znelia am bundovan ideologiur
suraTSi mkafio genderuli xedvebisaTvis adgilis moZebna.
im politikuri partiebidan, romlebic SedarebiT mniSvnelovan rols
asruleben politikur cxovrebaSi, qalTa seqciebi erT-or partiaSi Tu aris
Seqmnili, magram ar arian imdenad Zlierni, rom gavlenas axdendnen partiis
prioritetebis Camoyalibebaze. jerjerobiT partiebSi ar Canan genderulad
mgrZnobiare da Tanasworobis sakiTxebze samuSaod motivirebuli qalebi,
romlebic SeZlebdnen qarTul politikur diskursSi qalTa da genderuli
problematikis wamowevas.
2005 wlis Semodgomaze kavkasiuri institutis mier Catarebuli kvlevis
Sedegebis Tanaxmad partiebis qalTa seqciebi ZiriTadad, saqvelmoqmedo
saqmianobiT arian dakavebuli, «qalTa organizaciebis iniciativiT partiebs
bevrjer gauweviaT mravalSviliani da invalidi ojaxebisaTvis daxmareba. isini
aRricxaven socialurad daucvel ojaxebs, swavloben maT problemebs da
SesaZleblobebis farglebSi gascemen... finansur da sxva materialur
daxmarebebs». calkeul SemTxvevebSi politikuri partiebis wevr qalebs
liderobisa da sxva saWiro unar-Cvevebis treningebs saerTaSoriso da
1 xomeriki l., n. CubiniZe, qalebi saqarTvelos politikur partiebSi/cnobari -
saqarTvelos politikur partiaTa cnobari, samoqalaqo kulturis saerTaSoriso
centri, Tbilisi, 1998.
l. xomeriki, S. murusiZe, qalTa monawileoba saqarTvelos politikur partiebSi,
genderuli problematika saqarTveloSi, qalTa ganaTlebisa da informaciis centri,
Tbilisi, 2002.
10
qorwinebis statusis mixedviT, eleqtoratis raodenoba da sxva. zemoaRniSnuli
sakiTxebi saWiroebs specialuri statistikuri kvlevebis Catarebas. statitikis
departamenti aRniSnavs, rom bolo wlebSi moTxovna genderul TanasworobasTan
dakavSirebul statistikur informaciaze gaizarda; agreTve gafarTovda
momxmarebelTa wre.
39
genderuli statistikis gavrceleba
genderuli statistikis Semdgomi ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan gzad miCneulia
mopovebuli monacemebis iseTi formiT gavrceleba, romelic morgebulia
momxmarebelTa saWiroebaze. amisaTvis aucilebelia momxmarebelTan kavSirebis
ganviTareba da maTgan Sesabamisi ukukavSiris miReba. magaliTad, did britaneTSi
am mizniT specialuri jgufic ki aris Seqmnili: genderuli statistikis
momxarebelTa jgufi. es jgufi miznad isaxavs imgvari monacemebis mopovebisa da
gavrcelebis ganviTarebas, romelic genderuli gansxvavebebisa da
uTanasworobis gaazrebasa da am mimarTulebiT politikis SemuSavebisa da
Sefasebis gaumjobesebas emsaxureba.
genderuli statistikis momxmarebelTa jgufis amocanebia:
• statistikis Seqmnisa da gavrcelebis im aspeqtebisa da sakiTxebis
gamovlena, romelsac gaumjobeseba esaWiroeba;
• Tematuri diskusiiebis organizeba konkretul sferoebSi genderuli
statistikis gaumjobesebis gzebis gamosavlenad;
• mWidro kavSiris Camoyalibeba statistikis mwarmoeblebsa da
momxareblebs Soris, momxmarebelTa interesebis wardgena saxelmwifo
statistikuri samsaxurisa da oficialuri statistikis sxva mwarmoebelTa
winaSe ;
• momxmarebelTa Soris informaciisa da genderuli statistikis saukeTeso
praqtikis nimuSebis gacvlis xelSewyoba.
wyaro: www.eoc.org.uk
genderuli statistika saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departaments garkveuli gamocdileba
aqvs genderuli statistikis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT, TumcaRa mwiri finansuri
resursebis gamo srulyofilad ver flobs informacas genderul WrilSi.
SvedeTis statsamsaxuris daxmarebiT saqarTvelos statistikis departamentma
garkveuli nabijebi gadadga genderulad dacalkevebuli statistikuri
monacemebis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT. kerZod, statistikuri dakvirvebis
formebs daemata rigi maCveneblebi, romlis Sesabamisad gamoica statistikuri
publikacia “qali da kaci saqarTveloSi” 1999, 2003 da 2005 wlebSi.
miuxedavad amisa, saWiroa, kidev ufro daixvewos genderuli indikatorebi,
SesabamisobaSi movides saerTaSoriso standartebTan da dainergos informaciis
Sekrebis yvela doneze. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania genderuli statistikis
gavrcelebis axali formatebis SemuSaveba, raTa erTi mxriv, sazogadoeba
informirebuli iyos genderuli problemebis Sesaxeb da meore mxriv, sxvadasxva
sferoSi erovnul, Tu adgilobriv doneze politikis SemuSavebisas ar moxdes
genderuli faqtorebis ignorireba.
statistikis departamentis monacemebiT, jerjerobiT miuwvdomelia
genderulad dacalkevebuli monacemebi iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa:
anazRaurebadi da aunazRaurebeli Sroma, drois biujetis gamoyeneba, bavSvTa
dacvis maCveneblebi asakisa da ganTavsebis struqturis mixedviT, calkeuli
daavadebebis da asakobrivi jgufebis, eqimTan vizitebis sixSire, specialisti
eqimebis raodenoba, dasalevi wylis misawvdomoba, damnaSaveoba danaSaulis
saxeebis mixedviT, Zaladobis msxverpli danaSaulis saxeebis mixedviT,
trefikingi, kinoTeatrebSi, TeatrebSi, biblioTekebSi, eklesiebSi, sportul
darbazebSi, sakoncerto darbazebSi daswrebaTa, mwevelTa raodenoba asakisa da
38
adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi utareben, «Tumca, msgavsi
proeqtebi araregularulia da maTSi monawileTa raodenoba SezRudulia2».
partiebSi qalTa rolis gamokveTisaTvis saintereso masalas iZleva partiaTa
saarCevno siebi. maTi Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom im SemTxveveaSic ki, rodesac
partiuli sia genderulad ase Tu ise dabalansebulia, pirvel aTeulSi qali
kandidatebi praqtikulad ar arian warmodgenili da ZiriTadad siis bolo
adgilebze gvxvdebian, rac aisaxeba kidec arCevnebis Sedegebze.
saqarTvelos politikuri partiebSi qalTa monawileobis zrdas bevri mizezi
aferxebs; maTgan erT-erTi mTavaria Sidapartiuli demokratiis zogadi
ganuviTarebloba. im pirobebSi, roca partiebis organizaciuli struqtura ar
aris demokratiuli da dauxvewavia Sidapartiuli arCevnebis sistema,
qalebisaTvis Zalian Znelia partiul ierarqiaSi dawinaureba. kavkasiuri
institutis mier Catarebuli zemoT naxsenebi kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad,
qarTul partiebSi wevrebs Soris urTierToba araformalur, erTmaneTis mimaT
pirad ndobazea damyarebuli da naklebi yuradReba eqceva zogadad aRiarebul
principebsa da formalurad gansazRvrul procedurebs, partiebis wevrebis
umravlesobis TqmiT, maT Soris urTierToba ojaxuri urTierTobebis msgavsia.
arada, rac ufro naklebad patronaJulia partiaSi dawinaurebisa da
saarCevno siebSi moxvedris sistema, miT ufro advilia qalebisaTvis partiaSi
Tanamdebobrivi winsvla. Sesabamisad, partiebSi mkafio Sida procedurebis
arseboba, erTi mxriv, Sida partiuli marTvis demokratiuli modelis
Camoyalibebas moemsaxureba, meore mxriv ki, partiul struqturebSi genderuli
balansis miRwevasac Seuwyobs xels.
genderuli sakiTxebis politikur dRis wesrigSi moxvedras isic aferxebs,
rom ar momxdara qalTa, rogorc amomrCevelTa specifikuri jgufis, inte-
resTagamokveTa da am interesTa garSemo konsolidireba, rac aiZulebda
politikur partiebs eRiarebinaT qalTa da genderuli problematika da
CaerToT TavianT programebSi.
saSinao davaleba studentebisaTvis: kiTxvaris SemuSaveba politikuri
partiebis analizisaTvis da saqarTvelos politikur partiebSi qalTa
monawileobis analizi (wevroba, xelmZRvaneli organoebi, gadawyvetilebis
miRebis meqanizmi, saarCevno siebi, saarCevno programebi, muSaoba amomrCevel
qalebTan).
2 saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, politikuri partiebi: miRwevebi, gamowvevebi da
perspeqtivebi, redaqtorebi: gia nodia, alvaro pinto sqoltabaxi, mSvidobis. demok-
ratiis da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, niderlandebis mravalpartiuli
demokratiis instituti, Tbilisi, 2006 w.
11
Tema III
saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis genderuli aspeqtebi
saqarTveloSi tardeba 3 saxis arCevnebi: parlamentis, prezidentis da
TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa arCevnebi.
arCevnebs aregulirebs saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi. saqarTveloSi 75 saar-
Cevno olqia.
parlamentis arCevnebi tardeba Sereuli principiT: maJoritaruliT da pro-
porciuliT. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebic aseve ori sistemiT
tardeba: maJoritaruliTa da proporciuliT.
zogadad, sxvadasxva qveynebis magaliTze, iTvleba rom proporciuli sistema
ufro xelsayrelia qalebisaTvis vidre maJoritaruli, parlamentis arCevnebis
dros es saqarTveloSic asea, parlamentSi arCeuli 22 deputati qalidan mxolod
samia maJoritaruli wesiT arCeuli (kerZod, quTaisis (nino burjanaZe),
bolnisisa (sofio larculiani) da yvarlis (nana patarkaciSvili) saarCevno
olqidan. rac Seexeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebs, sadac adgilebze 1998
wlisa da 2002 wlis arCevnebze airCeoda 1100 pirveli donis adgilobrivi
sakrebulo, da arCevnebi naklebad konkurentuli iyo, aq ar Cans didi gansxvaveba
imaSi, qalebis arCevisaTvis romeli sistemaa ufro sasargeblo.
ra SeiZleba post-sabWoTa saarCevno gamocdilebidan CaiTvalos sakanonmdeblo
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze xelisSemSlelad qalebisaTvis?
2002 wlis mowvevis raionis sakrebuloebi aris e.w. asocirebuli sakrebuloebi da
Sedgeba raionSi Semavali pirveli donis sakrebulos Tavmjdomareebisagan.
amitom, radganac qali iSviaTad xdeba sakrebulos Tavmjdomare, Sesabamisad 2002
wlis mowvevis raionul sakrebuloebSi bevrad naklebi qali Sevida (praqtikulad
ar arian qalebi raionis doneze). 1998 wlis arCevnebSi raionis sakrebuloebi
pirdapir airCeodnen da maTSi iyo garkevuli procenti qalebisa. kerZod, raionis
sakrebuloebSi qalTa ricxvi 9-%-s Seadgenda.
aseve sayuradReboa, rom Tu 1998 wels did qalaqebSi qalTa warmomadgenloba
sakrebuloebSi iyo 7,8%, 2002 wels arCeul quTaisisa da rusTavis sakrebuloSi
arc erTi qali deputati ar aris. es SeiZleba avxsnaT imiT, rom 2002 wlis
adgilobriv arCevnebze partiebi meti SemarTebiT ibrZodnen, radgan es arCevnebi
2003 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis tramplinad aRiqmeboda, meorec SesaZloa
imiT, rom arCevnebi 1998 wlisagan gansxvavebiT amjerad maJoritarulad Catarda.
sakanonmdeblo doneze problema is aris, rom saarCevno kodeqsi genderulad
neitraluria da ar iTvaliswinebs garkveul xelSeswyobas genderuli
Tanasworobis miRwevisaTvis. amitom, genderuli TvalsazrisiT misi mTavari
naklic es aris.
12
Tema 12
genderuli statistika _ politikis Sefasebis,
analizis, dagegmvis instrumenti
wyaro: UNECE's Gender Statistics Website for Europe & North America
http://www.unece.org/stats/gender/web
ra aris genderuli statistika?
genderuli statistika SedarebiT axali dargia da konceftualurad ufro mets
niSnavs, vidre, ubralod, sqesis niSniT dayofili monacemebi. genderuli
statistika asaxavs qalisa da mamakacis mdgomareobas yvela sferoSi — da
SesaZleblobas iZleva genderuli sakiTxebis sistemuri SeswavlisaTvis.
genderuli statistikis Seqmna niSnavs tradiciul statistikis sistemaSi
genderis meinstrimingis ganxorcielebas, anu genderuli infikatorebis
danergvas statistikis sistemis yvela sferoSi da yvela doneze. srulyofili
genderuli statistika gulisxmobs genderuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas
monacemTa Sekrebis, analizisa da warmodgenis dros da rac mTavaria, monacemebis
gavrcelebas momxmareblisaTvis moxerxebul formatSi.
ratom aris saWiro genderuli statistika?
genderuli statistika xels uwyobs sazogadoebis mier genderuli problemebis
swor aRqmasa da genderuli stereotipebis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayenebas.
genderuli statistika arwmunebs politikis SemmuSaveblebs koreqtireba
gaukeTon politikas da ukeT upasuxon rogorc mamakacis, ise qalis interesebs.
genderuli statistikis Seqmna aucilebelia, agreTve, genderuli Tanasworobis
xelSewyobis sferoSi cvlilebebis monitoringisaTvis.
genderuli statistikis warmoeba
genderuli inidkatorebis dasadgenad aucilebelia ganisazRvros, Tu ra
genderuli problemebis winaSe dgas sazogadoeba da ra Sesabamisi statistikuri
monacemebis Sekrebaa saWiro problemebis yovelmxriv warmosaCenad da Sesaswav-
lad. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania TanamSromloba politikis Semmu-
Saveblebsa, genderul problematikaze momuSaveTa da statistikis mwarmoebelTa
Soris. monacemTa Sekrebisas gamoyenebuli unda iyos iseTi meTodika, romelsac
SeuZlia adekvaturad asaxos arsebuli genderuli gansxvavebebi.
genderuli statistikis ZiriTadi funqciebi
• genderuli statistika da indikatorebi aucilebelia genderulad
koreqtuli politikisa da gegmebis SemuSavebisaTvis.
• genderuli statistika mniSvnelovani instrumentia cvlilebebis
monitoringisa da Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis mimarTulebiT
progresis Sesafaseblad.
• genderuli statistika xels uwyobs genderuli stereotipebis
aRmofxvras.
37
isaxavs samcxe-javaxeTSi genderuli politikis mimarTulebebis gansazRvras,
genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis lobirebas, marTvis procesSi genderuli
parametrebis gaTvaliswinebisa da, regionSi arsebuli genderuli asimetriis
Semcirebis xelSewyobas. gegma kompleqsuria da dasaxuli miznebis
Sesasruleblad xelisuflebis organoebisa da sazogadoebis Zalisxmevis
gaerTianebaa saWiro. samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebis procesSic monawileoba
miiRes rogorc xelisuflebis, maT Soris, regionis eqvsive raionis gamgebelma,
ise sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis, mediisa da akademiuri wreebis
warmomadgenlebma. samcxe-javaxeTis genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis
samoqmedo gegma saqarTveloSi samxareo doneze SemuSavebuli am saxis pirveli
dokumentia da Sesabamisad, adgilobriv doneze genderuli politikis
formirebis pirveli mcdelobaa.
36
Tema IV
specialuri droebiTi zomebi politikaSi
qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis
kvotebi qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gasazrdelad
radgan politikaSi qalTa ricxvi nela izrdeba, msoflios bevr qveyanaSi
qalebi moiTxoven efeqturi meTodebis gamoyenebas politikaSi genderuli
balansis misaRwevad. kvota erT-erTi aseTi efeqturi meqanizmia, romelic
saSualebas iZleva naxtomiseburad gavzardoT politikos qalTa raodenoba.
amitom genderuli Tanasworobis bevri momxre kvotebs imediT uyurebs. amave
dros kvotebis sistema badebs bevr seriozul kiTxvas da, xSirad, Zalian
seriozul winaaRmdegobas awydeba. ra aris kvotebis ganxorcielebis saukeTeso
gza? ra argumentebi arsebobs kvotebis dasacavad da mis sawinaaRmdegod?
ra aris kvota?
kvotebis ideis safuZvelia, gadalaxos politikisagan qalebis izolirebis
arsebuli mdgomareoba da CarTos qalebi politikur procesSi.
kvotebis sistema qalebis politikaSi CarTvis pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs ara
calkeul qalebs, aramed politikur partiebs, romlebic politikaSi
rekrutirebis process akontroleben.
kvotas sxvagvarad specialuri droebiTi zomebs uwodeben, radganac is
warmoadgens droebiT RonisZiebas, romelic manamde moqmedebs, sanam
politikaSi qalTa monawileobis barierebi daiZleva.
kvotebi SeiZleba iyos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli anda SeiZleba iyos Sida
partiuli, anu politikuri partiebis mier iyos dawesebuli.
saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli kvotebis ganxorcieleba SedarebiT
ioli gansaxorcielebelia daniSvniT adgilebze, vidre arCeviTze, radganac
arCevnebis dros kvotebis sistema exeba demokratiuli procesis safuZvlebs da
SeiZleba Seejaxos amomrCevelTa mier arCevanis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebis
ideas, TumcaRa kandidatebis nominaciis procesze amomrCevlebis met-naklebi
gavlenis miuxedavad, saarCevno sistemebis umravlesobaSi kandidatebis SerCeva-
dasaxelebis prerogativa politikur partiebis xelSia.
saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli kvotebis erT-erTi saxeobaa e. w.
rezervirebuli adgilebi. rezervirebuli adgilebis sawinaaRmdegoa is
argumenti, rom zogierT qveyanaSi, sadac demokratiuli sistema ar aris
srulyofili, xelisuflebas SeuZlia kvotebis sistema Tavis sasargeblod
gamoiyenos. specialurad SerCeuli qalebiT miiRos Tavisi morCili jgufi da
Tanac Tavi moiwonos politikaSi qalTa dawinaurebisaTvis xelSewyobiT.
qalTa moZraobis mxridan rezervirebuli adgilebis kritika (miT ufro Tu aseTi
adgilebis ricxvi 1/3-s ar aRemateba an amaze mcirea) efuZneba arguments, rom
aseTi sistema aferxebs qalTa ricxvis zrdas, mas Semdeg, roca moTxovna
Sesrulebulia.
`kvota avadmyofobis wamalia, magram gverdiTi movlenebica aqvs. kvotas
SeuZlia gamoiwvios erTgvari zeda zRvaris daweseba qalTa
monawileobisaTvis. agreTve, mas SeiZleba ar mohyves avtomaturad
politikuri kulturis ganviTareba.~
kristin pinta, inter-saparlamento kavSiri
13
kvotebi politikur partiebSi. kvotirebis efeqturi da warmatebuli nimuSia
Sida partiuli kvotebi. aseTi kvotebi gamoiyeneba CrdiloeTis qveynebSi, sadac
qalTa warmomadgenloba politikaSi yvelaze maRalia. (1998 wlis monacemebiT
SvedeTis parlamentSi qalebi Seadgenden 40%-s, norvegiaSi 38%-s, fineTsa da
daniaSi 34%-s).
arc konstitucia da arc saarCevno kanoni ar awesebs qalTa maRali
warmomadgenlobis aucileblobas. qalTa ricxvis gazrda politikaSi
ukavSirdeba partiebis qalTa seqciebisa da qalTa organizaciebis zewolas
politikur partiebze. aseTi moTxovnis sapasuxod, raTa ar daekarga iseT
amomrCevelTa mxardaWera, romelTa simpaTiac genderulad dabalansebul
partiebis mxares ixreboda, zogierTma partiam gadawyvita genderuli kvotebis
sistema SemoeRo partiis SigniT. 1970-80 wlebSi kvotebi SemoiRes memarcxene
partiebma. centristuli da memarjvene partiebis umetesobas aseTi RonisZiebebi
im xanad araliberalurad miaCndaT.
1983 wlis norvegiis leiboristulma partiam gadawyvita, rom `yvela arCevnebze
TiToeuli sqesis kandidatebi unda warmoadgendnen minimum 40%-s~.
1988 wels daniis social-demokratiulma partiam ganacxada `TiToeul sqess aqvs
ufleba warmoadgendes sul mcire 40%-s partiis kandidatTa siaSi adgilobrivi
da regionaluri arCevnebisaTvis. Tu ar iqna sakmarisi raodenoba TiToeuli
sqesis kandidatebis, es ufleba srulad ver ganxorcieldeba~. es wesi 1996 wels
gauqmda.
1994 wels SvedeTis social-demokratiulma partiam SemoiRo principi `yoveli
meore siaSi qali unda iyos~.
partiebi, kvotebs ara mxolod sxvadasxva donis arCevnebis dros iyeneben, aramed
Sidapartiuli struqturebisa da xelmZRvanelobis arCevisTvisac.
kvotebis SemoRebas skandinaviis qveynebSi ori ZiriTadi winaaRmdegoba hqonda:
xandaxan Znelia qali kandidatebis saTanado ricxvis moZieba, meorec xSirad
problematuria partiis inkumbenti mamakaci wevrebis gverdiT gaweva qalis
dasawinaureblad. SvedeTSi da daniaSi adgilobriv arCevnebSi inkumbentebis 2/3-s
xelaxla irCeven. maTi umetesoba mamakacia da cxadia, isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen
qalebisaTvis kvotebis SemoRebas, radganac eSinodaT adgilebis dakargva.
am tipis konfliqtis Sesamcireblad partiebi iyeneben Semdeg strategias:
daniis social-demokratiulma partiam, rodesac Sida partiul postebze 40%-
iani kvota daawesa, gazarda komitetis wevrTa ricxvi, ise rom mamakacma wevrebma
ar dakarges TavianTi adgilebi. aseve, Tu manamde partiis xelmZRvanels erTi
moadgile hyavda, daamates kidev erTi posti moadgilis, romelzedac qali
airCies.
calkeuli qveynebis gamocdileba kvotebis gamoyenebis sferoSi
radganac gadawyvetilebis miRebis organoebSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis zrdis
koeficienti mcirea, politikaSi genderuli dibalansis dasaZlevad msoflios
70-ze met qveyanaSi moisinja iseTi specialuri RonisZiebebi, rogoricaa
saarCevno kvotebi. rogorc aRvniSneT, kvotebi mravalferovania, konstituciiT
an kanonmdeblobiT dawesebulidan dawyebuli politikuri paartiebis mier
nebayoflobiT SemoRebuli Sidapartiuli kvotebiT gaTavebuli.
mimovixiloT ramdenime qveynis gamocdileba kvotebis gamoyenebis sferoSi.
wyaro: genderuli kvotebis globaluri monacemTa baza, demokratiisa da
arCevne-bis saerTaSoriso instituti da stokholmis unoversiteti
(http://www.quotaproject.org/).
14
Tema XI
genderuli politikis ganxorcieleba regionul doneze
germania/ zaaris mxaris magaliTi
1996 wlis zaaris mxaris landTagma (samxareo parlamentma) miiRo kanoni qalTa
da mamakacTa Tanasworuflebianobis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. kanonis mizania
genderuli Tanasworuflebianobis realurad ganxorcieleba sajaro
dawesebulebebSi, rac gulisxmobs nebismier funqciur da saSemosavlo doneze
qalTa warmomadgenlobis arsebuli simciris moSlas da samsaxureobrivi da
ojaxur-mzrunvelobiTi movaleobebis SeTanxmebas. ojaxuri movaleoba
gulisxmobs mcirwlovani bavSvebis aRzrdas da ojaxis im wevrebze zrunvas,
romlebic movlas saWiroeben.
kanoniT sajaro dawesebulebebs evaleba:
• genderuli statistikis warmoeba, romelic moicavs Semdeg kategoriebs:
qalebisa da mamakacebis mier dakavebuli sruli da arasruli Statebi
satarifo Tanrigebis mixedviT, Sromis anazRaureba, Svebulebebis raodenoba
da xangrZlioba, profesiuli ganaTlebis mimRebTa raodenoba sqesebis
mixedviT. es statistika unda qveyndebodes dawesebulebaSi da agreTve, unda
gadaeces statistikis departamentsa da qalTa, samuSaos, jandacvisa da
socialuri uzrunvelyofis saministros. unda gaanalizdes Sedegebi samxareo
doneze da gamoqveyndes sul mcire sam weliwadSi erTxel.
• qalTa Tanasworuflebiani ganviTarebis gegmis SemuSaveba. TiToeulma
samsaxurma unda waradginos samwliani gegma qalTa warmomadgenlobis simciris
aRsakveTad. gegma unda moicavdes metwilad mamakacebiT dakompleqtebuli
samuSao adgilebis imgvarad Secvlas, rom maTi dakaveba qalebmac SesZlon.
• samuSao drois modelebis gamocda profesiuli da saojaxo movaleobebis
SeTavsebisaTvis. im pirebma, romlebic zrunaven ojaxis wevrebze SeuZliaT
garkveuli xniT moiTxovon arasruli samuSao dro (dRiuri, kvireuli, Tviuri
an wliuri).
• RonisZiebebis gatareba samuSao adgilze seqsualuri iZulebis winaaRmdeg;
• qalTa rwmunebulebi. sajaro samsaxurebma unda daaweson qalTa rwmunebulis
Tanamdeboba, romelic konsultacias gauwevs da daexmareba rogorc mTli-
anobaSi samsaxurs, ise TanamSromlebsac Tanasworuflebianobis realurad
damkvidrebaSi. qalTa rwmunebuls irCeven mdedrobiTi sqesis TanamSromlebi
sami wlis vadiT. qalTa municipaluri rwmunebuli monawileobas iRebs yvela
gegmis, RonisZiebis, proeqtis SemuSaveba-SefasebaSi, romlebmac gavlena
SeiZleba moaxdinos im municipaliteteSi mcxovrebi qalebis cxovrebaze.
zaaris mxareSi arsebobs qalTa, samuSaos, jandacvisa da socialuri uzrun-
velyofis saministro. saarbriukenis meriaSi Seqmnilia qalTa ganyofileba,
romlis movaleobacaa Tvali adevnos adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier miRebul
nebismier dokuments, ganviTarebis gegmas, biujets, moaxdinos genderuli
analizi da SeimuSaos rekomendaciebi iseT debulebebze, romelic ar
iTvaliswineben an ewinaaRmdegebian qalTa interesebs.
saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT samxareo doneze politikis formirebaSi genderuli
midgomebis danergvis erTaderTi iniciativa, gaeros ganviTarebis programis
mxardaWeriT Seqmnilma qalTa regionulma centrma wamoiwyo. kerZod, centrma
organizeba gaukeTa samcxe-javaxeTSi genderuli politikis grZelvadiani
samoqmedo gegmis (2006-2008 w.w.) SemuSavebis process. samoqmedo gegma miznad
35
gadaudebeli amocanaa, agreTve, ojaxuri Zaladobisagan dacvis efeqturi
sistemis Seqmna da saTanado samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis amoqmedeba.
cxadia, amgvari kompleqsuri amocanebis gadaWra genderuli Tanasworobis
saxelmwifo komisiisa da saparlamento sabWos Semdgom gaZlierebasa da
erTobliv nayofier saqmianobas moiTxovs. saparlamento sabWom da saxelmwifo
komisiam erToblivad SeimuSava saxelmwifo genderuli politikis koncefcia,
romlis damtkicebac 2006 wlis zafxulSia mosalodneli. koncefcia da
samoqmedo gegma unda iqcnen im ZiriTad dokumentebad, romelic gansazRvravs
saxelmwifos strategias genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis sferoSi.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis
instituciuri safuZvlis Seqmnis procesi adgilobriv donezec warimarTa.
kerZod, sazogadoebrivi organizacia “qalTa ganaTlebisa da informaciis
saerTaSoriso centrma” britaneTis saelCosa da euTos mier mxardaWerili
programis farglebSi “aqtiuri qalebi cvlilebebisaTvis”, SesZlo oTxi raionis
(mcxeTa, duSeTi, Coxatauri, axalcixe) mmarTvelobaSi genderul saqmeTa
samsaxurebis Seqmnis procesis inicireba. es saqarTveloSi pirveli precedentia
adgilobriv xelisuflebaSi genderul problematikaze momuSave specialuri
struqturis Seqmnisa. axalSeqmnili samsaxurebi teqnikurad aRWurva gaeros
ganviTarebis programis proeqtma “genderi da politika”, xolo samsaxurebis
warmomadgenlebma Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis misaRebad ramdenime treningi
gaiares, maT Soris, “partniorebi demokratiuli cvlilebebisaTvis _
saqarTvelosa” da “partniorebi — poloneTis” erToblivi proeqtis farglebSi,
rac am sferoSi polonuri gamocdilebis gaziarebas isaxavda miznad. imisaTvis,
rom axalSeqmnilma erTeulebma SesZlon TavianTi sicocxlisunarianobis
dadastureba, daagrovon gamocdileba da nayofieri saqmianobis pozitiuri
magaliTi Seqmnan sxva adgilobrivi xelisuflebebisaTvis, raionis gamgeobebis
genderuli samsaxurebis adamianuri da teqnikuri resursebis gaZliereba
aucilebelia SemdgomSic gagrZeldes, miT ufro, rom am samsaxurebs debulebiT
sakmaod farTo pasuxismgeblobebi akisriaT, kerZod:
• genderuli problemebis Sesaxeb monacemTa miRebisa da analizis sistemis
Camoyalibeba da genderuli statistikis Seqmna raionis masStabiT;
• adgilobrivi socialur — ekonomikuri situaciis yovelwliuri
genderuli analizi;
• genderuli parametrebis uzrunvelyofa adgilobriv biujetSi, qalebsa da
mamakacebze adgilobrivi biujetis xarjebis gansxvavebis analizi da
saTanado rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba;
• adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis moxeleTa genderuli ganaTlebis
uzrunvelyofa;
• adgilobrivi programebis genderuli analizi da programebis
SemuSavebisas genderuli parametrebis danergvis xelSewyoba;
• saxelmwifo programebis genderuli komponentebis Sesrulebis
xelSewyoba adgilobriv doneze;
• angariSebis miReba calkeuli ganyofilebebisa da samsaxurebis mier
genderuli parametrebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb.
genderuli Tanasworobis instituciuri meqanizmebis gaZliereba, politikur
dRis wesrigSi zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebis wamoweva da maTi gadaWra
SeuZlebeli gaxdeba, Tu ver moxerxda Zalisxmevisa da resursebis maqsimaluri
mobilizeba, genderul problemebze momuSave, rogorc adgilobrivi, ise
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier. pekinis moqmedebaTa platformis 289 punqtis
Tanaxmadac, „arasamTavrobo organizaciebs gansakuTrebuli roli aqvT qalisa da
mamakacis Tanasworobaze damyarebuli socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da
inteleqtualuri klimatis SeqmnaSi. qalTa organizaciebi aqtiurad unda iyvnen
CarTuli genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevisaken mimarTuli politikis
ganxorcielebasa da monitoringSi“.
34
norvegia
norvegia Sidapartiuli kvotebis gamoyenebis pioneria. memarcxene socialistur
partias (SV) 1975 wlidan aqvs SemoRebuli 40% kvota orive sqesisaTvis. aseve
axorcielebs siaSi sxvadasxva sqesis kandidatTa monacvleobis wess (zipping system).
40% kvota orive sqesisaTvis aseve dawesebuli aqvs norvegiis leiboristuli
partias 1983 wlidan, centristul partias 1989 wlidan, qristanul saxalxo
partias 1993 wlidan.
germania
germaniSi kvotebi arc konstituciiTa gansazRvruli da arc saarCevno kanoniT.
magram politikuri partiebi iyeneben Sidapartiul kvotebs saarCevno siis
formirebisas. magaliTad, demokratiuli socializmis partia (PDS) iyenebs 50%
kvotas partiul siebSi. aliansi 90/mwvaneebic 1986 wlidan iyeneben aseve 50%-ian
kvotas. qristian-demokratiul partiaSi 1996 wlidan dawesda, rom siaSi minimum
yoveli mesame kandidati qali unda iyos. social-demokratiuli partiam (SPD)
kvotebis sistema SemoiRo 1988 wlidan. 1990 wlisaTvis mizani iyo 25% qali
kandidatis CarTva siebSi, 1994 wlisaTvis 33%-s, da 1998 wlisaTvis ki ukve 40%-
isa. 40%-iani genderuli kovta moiTxovs aseve, siis ise agebas, rom siis bolo
adgilebze mxolod erTi sqesi ar moxvdes, risTvisac siaSi minimum yoveli mexuTe
mainc iyos gansxvavebuli sqesis, vidre wina oTxeuli.
rakiRa 80-iani wlebidan TiTqmis yvela partiam dauWira mxari sakanonmdeblo
organoebSi qalTa monawileobis gazrdisaTvis mizanmimarTuli saqmianobis
ganxorcielebas, bundestagSi qalTa ricxvi gaizarda 10%-dan (1983 w.) 20%-mde
(1990 w.), 1997 w. gaxda 26,6%, 2005 wlisaTvis ki 31,8%-s miaRwia.
didi britaneTi
britaneTSi didi xnis manZilze qalebi mxars uWerdnen konservatiul partias da
iTvlebodnen konservatorTa `saidumlo iaraRad~. 1990 wlebSi konservatiuli
partia mivida daskvnamde, rom qalTa mdgomareobaSi momxdari radikaluri
cvlilebebis Semdeg, mas erTxel da samudamod ar hqonda garantirebuli qali
amomrCevlebis mxardaWera. partiam daiwyo qalebis mimarT pozitiuri
deklaraciebis da saqmianobis ganxorcieleba. 1992 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis
Semdeg partiis Tavmjdomarem n. faulerma mouwoda Tavis partias waredginaT ara
nakleb 100 qali kandidatisa, parlamentis Semdgomi arCevnebisaTvis. marTalia, es
mizani bolomde ver iqna miRweuli, magram 1997 wlis arCevnebze konservatorebma
waradgines 67 kandidati qali.
liberal-demokratiul partias aqvs wesi, rom yovel saarCevno olqSi
kandidatTa CamonaTvalSi arc erTi sqesi ar unda iyos erT mesamedze naklebi.
aseve, partiam gamoiyena saarCevno siaSi sxvadasxva sqesis kandidatTa
monacvleobis principi evropis parlamentis arCevnebze 1999 wels.
leiboristuli partiisaTvis, romelic 18 wlis ganmavlobaSi (1979-dan 1997
wlamde) opoziciaSi iyo, qalTa dawinaureba partiaSi amomrCevelTa Soris
mxardaWeris gazrdis erT-erTi gza aRmoCnda. genderuli demokratiis
gafarToeba iyo nawili partiis zogadi modernizaciisa da demokratizaciisa,
ramac xeli Seuwyo leiboristebis gamarjvebas. partiam Seicvala Tavisi
`mamakacuri~ imiji da 80-iani wlebis bolos SeimuSava genderuli kvotirebis
programa. dawesda 40%-iani genderuli kvota partiis yvela arCeviTi
15
organosaTvis da daisaxa gegma saparlamento fraqciaSi qalTa ricxvs mieRwia
50%-Tvis. es bolo debulebis Sesrulebas bevri siZnele axlda, radganac
britaneTSi moqmedebs maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema, erTmandatian olqebidan
airCeva TiTo deputati.
leiboristulma partiam 1992 wels gadawyvita gaTavisuflebuli, vakanturi
adgilebis 50%-ze mxolod qalebis daesaxelebina. magram es gadawyvetileba
gasaCivrda da 1996 wels sasamarTlom is gaauqma, rogorc mamakacebisaTvis
diskriminaciuli da 1975 wels miRebuli “sqesebis diskriminaciis aqtTan”
SeuTavsebeli. Sotlandiis parlamentisa da uelsis erovnuli ansambleis 1999
wlis arCevnebisaTvis leiboristulma partiam gamoiyena mezobeli saarCevno
olqebis dawyvilebis sistema. TiToeul wyvilisaTvis am ori olqis partiis
wevrebi ikribebodnen da erTad irCevdnen erT qalsa da erT mamakac kandidats.
partiis TiToeul wevrs hqonda ori xma erTi qali kandidatis asarCevad da erTic
mamakaci kandidatisaTvis.
2001 wels parlamentma miiRo sqesTa diskriminaciis (saarCevno kandidatebis)
aqti, romelic SesaZleblobas aZlevs politikur partias ganaxorcielos
pozitiuri qmedebebi (positive action) qal kandidatTa sasargeblod, ise rom ar
daarRvios Sromis kanonmdebloba.
safrangeTi safrangeTSi genderuli kvotebis aucilebloba konstituciiT aris
gansazRvruli. 1999 wels konstituciaSi Sevida dameteba, romlis mixedviTac
“kanonmdebloba mxars uWers qalisa da kacisaTvis saarCevno mandatTa Tanabar
misawvdomobas” da politikurs partiebs akisrebs Tanabari misawvdomobis
uzrunvelyofis pasuxismgeblobas. am Sesworebas “paritetuli reforma” ewoda.
200 wels axali saarCevno kanoniT ganisazRvra, rom paritetuli reforma
50%-50% Seexeba yvela donis proporciul arCevnebs:
• municipalur arCevnebs qalaqebisaTvis, sadac 3 500 meti mcxovrebia;
• senatis arCevnebs, proporciulad arCeuli senatorTa mandatebisaTvis;
• regionul arCevnebs;
• evropis parlamentis arCevnebs;
• parizis sabWos arCevnebs;
• parizis, lionisa da marselis raionis sabWoebis arCevnebs.
es reforma moiTxovs aseve partiebis mier dasaxelebul kandidatTa Soris
genderuli balansis dacvas safrangeTis parlamentis arCevnebisas, romelic
orturiani maJoritaruli sistemiT tardeba.
2000 wlis saarCevno kanonma daawesa finansuri dasja im politikuri
organizaciebisaTvis, romlebic ar daicavdnen dasaxelebul kandidatTa Soris
genderul balanss. safrangeTSi saxelmwifo finansirebas politikuri
organizaciebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad, 1999 wels saxelmwifo
dotaciam Seadgina politikuri subieqtebis mTeli Semosavlis 51 procenti.
saxelmwifosagan miRebuli finansebi mcirdeba, Tu paritetidan gadaxra gacdeba
2%-s. amgvarad, partia, romelic daasaxelebs 49% qal kadidats da 51% mamakacs
ar dajarimdeba, magram meti gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi dajarimdeba, Semdegi wesiT:
Tu partiis mier wardgenili qali da mamakaci kandidatebis ricxvi 2%-ze metad
gansxvavdeba, maSin saxelmwifo daxmareba mcirdeba am gansxvavebis naxevriT.
magaliTad, Tu partiim waradgina 60% mamakaci kandidati, xolo 40% qali,
gansxvaveba 20%-is toli iqneba da maSin partias saxelmwifo daxmareba
Seumcirdeba 10%-iT.
16
genderul sakiTxebze momuSave pasuxismgebeli piris, e.w. genderuli oficeris
Tanamdebobis SemoReba, saministroebis genderuli erTeulebis kapacitetis
gaZliereba, maTi teqnikuri aRWurva da specialistebis treningebi. aseve,
umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia, genderuli Tanasworobis instituciuri meqanizmebis
saqmianobis sabiujeto uzrunvelyofa. Sedegad, samizne saministroebSi unda
miviRoT, iseTi genderuli erTeulebi, romelTac SeuZliaT saministros
saqmianobis, proeqtebisa da programebis genderuli eqspertizis ganxorcieleba,
rekomendaciebis gaweva da saministros mier SemuSavebul politikaSi genderuli
midgomebis integrireba.
marTvaSi genderuli parametrebis danergvis umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti
srulyofili genderuli statistikaa. amitom, aucilebelia genderuli
statistikis indikatorebis SemuSaveba da maTi danergva informaciis mopovebisa
da damuSavebis Sesabamis doneebze. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, genderuli
statistikis gavrcelebisa da efeqturad gamoyenebis formebisa da meTodebis
srulyofa. genderuli statistikis ganviTarebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba
genderuli analizis siRrmis miRweva, mkafio, gazomvadi miznebis dasaxva da
miRweuli Sedegebis zusti Sefaseba.
genderuli Tanasworobis xelSemwyobi sakanonmdeblo bazis SeqmnisaTvis,
umniSvnelovanesia ojaxuri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg, trefikingis winaaRmdeg,
migraciis Sesaxeb kanonebis miReba. Zalze aqtualuri da mtkivneuli sakiTxia
Sromis kodeqsis proeqtis daxvewa genderuli TvalsazrisiT. xelisuflebis mier
warmodgenil proeqtSi bevri xarvezi iyo am TvalsazrisiT, ramac mwvave sajaro
debatebi gamoiwvia.
genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
mimarTulebaa genderuli biujetis principebis danergvis xelSewyoba rogorc
saxelmwifo, ise adgilobrivi biujetebis formirebisas. genderuli biujetis
cneba SedarebiT axalia da iTvaliswinebs biujetis genderul analizs, romelic
warmoaCens qalebsa da mamakacebze sabiujeto xarjebis gansxvavebuli gavlenas
da xels uwyobs biujetis iseT dagegmvas, romelic sabiujeto resursebs
Tanabrad misawvdoms xdis orive sqesisaTvis. rakiRa genderuli biujeti axali
cnebaa, dasawyisisaTvis saWiroa 2006 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis genderuli
analizis ganxorcieleba, sabiujeto procesis Sefasebis genderuli
indikatorebis SemuSaveba da specialuri saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba, romelic
xels Seuwyobs genderuli biujetirebis Sesaxeb codnis gavrclebas da
daexmareba saministroebisa Tu adgilobrivi xelisuflebis genderul
erTeulebs ganaxorcielon sxvadasxva programebisa da proeqtebis biujetebis
genderuli analizi.
saxelmwifo genderuli politikis mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba unda gaxdes
genderuli parametrebis danergva socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
procesSi, rac gulisxobs Sromis bazarze genderuli Tanasworobis xelSewyobas,
mcire biznesis ganviTarebasa da mewarme qalTa waxalisebas, saxelmwifo
dasaqmebis politikis SemuSavebas genderuli parametrebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
genderulad mgrZnobiare socialuri dacvis politikisa da demografiuli
politikis SemuSavebas.
unda aRiniSnos, rom pirveli nabijebi gadaidga trefikingis winaaRmdeg
saxelmwifoebrivi midgomis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. qmediTi RonisZiebebis
ganxorcielebisTvis da trefikingis danaSaulis da misi xelSemwyobi mizezebis
aRmofxvris mizniT, saqarTvelos prezidentis 2004 wlis 29 dekembris 623
brZanebulebiT damtkicda adamianTa vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis
2005-2006 wlebis erovnuli samoqmedo gegma da am samoqmedo gegmis efeqtiani
ganxorcielebis mizniT, 2005 wlis 1 Tebervals Seiqmna saqarTvelos erovnuli
uSiSroebis sabWos adamianis vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis
droebiTi uwyebaTaSorisi komisia. Tumca, 2005-2006 wlis samoqmedo gegmiT
gansazRvrul RonisZiebaTa umravlesoba ar Sesrulebula. trefikingis
winaaRmdeg brZolis sistema jer ar Camoyalibebula, Sesabamisi konvenciebi ar
aris ratificirebuli, trefikingis Sesaxeb kanonma mxolod pirveli
saparlamento mosmena gaiara, Senoba TavSesafrisaTvis ar aris gamoyofili.
33
samoqmedo gegma, romelsac mohyva 2000-2004 wlis samoqmedo gegma, romelic wina
arSesrulebuli dokumentis TiTqmis meqanikuri aslia.
saqarTveloSi genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis erovnuli
instituciuri meqanizmis Camoyalibebis Semdgomi etapi vardebis revoluciis
Semdeg daiwyo. muSaoba ori mimarTulebiT warimarTa: adgilobrivi qalTa
organizaciebis koaliciis erTma jgufma mTavrobas warudgina iniciativa,
romelic iTvaliswinebda genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifo komisiis
Seqmnas, xolo gaeros ganviTarebis programis (UNDP) axalamoqmedebulma
proeqtma „genderi da politika“ miznad daisaxa parlamentis spikerTan arsebuli
genderuli Tanasworobis sabWos Camoyalibeba. orive mimarTulebiT gaweuli
didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad, saqarTveloSi pirvelad miviReT iseTi mdgomareoba,
roca genderul Tanasworobaze momuSave struqtura arsebobs xelisuflebis
rogorc aRmasrulebel, ise sakanonmdeblo StoSi.
gansakuTrebul aRniSvnas moiTxovs is garemoeba, rom samTavrobo komisia
Seiqmna adgilobrivi organizaciebis ZalisxmeviT, anu iniciativiT «qvemodan»,
rac sakmaod uCveulo precedentia. am iniciativis warmateba mianiSnebs imaze, rom
qalTa organizaciebi wina periodTan SedarebiT ganviTarebis Tvisebrivad axal
etapze gadavidnen. es ki gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im pirobebSi, roca
xelisuflebisaTvis genderuli Tanasworoba ar aris prioritetuli sakiTxi da
instituciuri meqanizmebis mdgradobisa da maTi efeqturi muSaobis uzrun-
velyofisaTvis swored is faqtori gaxdeba gadamwyveti, Tu rogor moaxerxebs
sazogadoebrivi seqtori resursebis mobilizebas am axali struqturebis
gasaZliereblad.
qalTa da genderul sakiTxebze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
koaliciis instituciuri meqanizmebis jgufma, samTavrobo komisiis Seqmnis
iniciativis paralelurad, euTos misiis mxardaWeriT ganaxorciela proeqti,
romlis farglebSic SemuSavda genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis
axali erovnuli samoqmedo gegma. gegmis efeqturobis winapirobad Tavidanve
daisaxa, rom misi SemuSavebis procesi farTo da monawileobiTi unda yofiliyo.
marTlac, erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebaSi monawileoba miiRo qalTa
koaliciis 56 wevrma-organizaciam, qalTa samSvidobo qselis 41 warmomadgenelma,
qalTa regionuli organizaciebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis 88
warmomadgenelma saqarTvelos 10 regionidan. paralelurad moxda saxelmwifo
struqturebis, kerZod 14 saministros 45 warmomadgenlis CarTva SemuSavebis
procesSi. gegmis proeqti gaigzavna, agreTve, saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi
eqspertizisa da rekomendaciebis misaRebad. amgvarad, axali samoqmedo gegmis
SemuSavebis etapze dacul iqna pekinis platformis 294 punqtis moTxovna, rom
erovnuli samoqmedo gegmiT unda waxalisdes aqtiuri mxardaWera da farTo
monawileoba sxvadasxva institucionaluri aqtorebisa, maT Soris
sakanonmdeblo organoebis, akademiuri da kvleviTi institutebisa, profesiuli
asociaciebis, mediis, adgilobrivi saTemo jgufebisa da arasamTavrobo, maT
Soris qalTa organizaciebisa.
amgvarad, am etapze miRweul warmatebad unda CaiTvalos instituciuri
meqanizmebis Seqmna xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel StoebSi da
axali erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebuli proeqtis arseboba. Tumca win
urTulesi amocanebia:
• samoqmedo gegmis warmatebuli lobireba da misi damtkiceba mTavrobis mier;
• instituciuri meqanizmebis koodrinirebuli da efeqturi da nayofieri
muSaobis awyoba;
• samoqmedo gegmis warmatebulad Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa.
genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis erovnulma samoqmedo gegmam
gamokveTa ZiriTadi genderuli problemebi da dasaxa strategiuli miznebi, anu
genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. gegmis Tanaxmad,
unda gagrZeldes muSaoba efeqturi instituciuri meqanizmebis Semdgomi
ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT, risTvisac aucilebelia sxvadasxva saministroSi
32
municipalur doneze ki, sadac arCevnebi proporciuli sistemiT tardeba,
kvotebi kidev ufro efeqturad tardeba: saarCevno administracia ubralod ar
gaatarebs registraciaSi iseTi partiis sias, romelic paritetis moTxovnas ar
Seesabameba.
politikuri partiebidan safrangeTis socialistur partias (Parti Socialiste) 1990
wlidan hqonda 50% kvota saarCevno siebisaTvis.
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi
sloveniaSi gaerTianebul social-demokratebs hqondaT 33% kvota orive
sqesisaTvis.
poloneTSi 30% kvota orive sqesisaTvis SemoRebuli aqvs sam partias:
demokratiul memarcxene alianss, Sromis kavSirsa da Tavisuflebis kavSirs.
CexeTis social-demokratiul partiidan arCeulTa 25% unda iyos qali. Tu
partiis adgilobrivi organizacia ver daasaxelebs 25%-s qali kandidatebisa,
maSin social-demokratebis qalTa organizacias aqvs ufleba daasaxelos
eqstrakandidatebi kvotis Sesavsebad.
ungreTis socialistur partias dawesebuli aqvs 20% kvota qalebisaTvis.
baltiis qveynebi
litvis social-demokratiul partias aqvs dawesebuli kvota - minimum 1/3 orive
sqesisaTvis.
genderuli kvotirebis dadebiTi mxareebi da siZneleebi
kvotebis warmatebul sistemas mosdevs:
• partiebis mier aqtiuri politikis warmoeba kvalificiuri kandidati
qalebis mosazidad;
• qalebs saSualeba eZlevaT gavlena moaxdinon gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesze;
• politikaSi Cndeba qalTa kritikuli masa, romelsac SeuZlia gavlena
moaxdinos politikur normebsa da kulturaze.
kvotebis ganxorcielebas partiisaTvis Semdegi dadebiTi mxareebi aqvs:
• partias emateba axali resursi, izrdeba partiaSi aqtiuri wevri qalebis
ricxvi;
• partia ukeT muSaobs amomrCevel qalebTan, Sesabamisad izreba partiis
mxardamWer qalTa ricxvi.
kvotebis SemoRebas Tan sdevs siZneleebi:
_ kvotebis SemoReba imisTvisaa saWiro rom qalebi gaaZlieros, magram Tu qalebi
ukve garkveul Zalas ar floben, kvotebis SemoRebas ver miaRweven, radgan,
rogorc wesi, kvotebis daweseba gaafTrebul winaaRmdegobas awydeba.
_ kvotebis efeqturad asamuSaveblad aucilebelia kandidati qalebis mozidva.
Zneli ar aris politikur saqmianobaSi ukve CarTuli qalebis daTanxmeba zeda
poziciebze wasawevad. Znelia, qalebis pirveladi daintereseba politikaSi
monawileobis misaRebad adgilobriv doneze.
_ gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom sami arCevnebi mainc aris saWiro, rom kvotebis
sistema srulyofilad amuSavdes.
_ kvotebis bevr momxres hgonia, rom kamaTi da konfliqti kvotebis garSemo
droebiTi movlenaa da mis miRebasTan erTad Sewydeba, magram gamocdileba
adasturebs, rom amgvari debatebi merec ar wydeba.
17
Tema V
qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gazrdis strategiebi
politikaSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis warmatebuli gazrda
(norvegiis magaliTi)
wyaro: Jill M. Bystydzienski, Women in Politics in Norway/Women and Politics, Vol. 8, Haworth Press, Inc. 1988.
1969 wels norvegiis parlamentSi qalebi mxolod 9%-iT iyvnen warmodgenili.
1970 wels adgilobriv TviTmmrTvelobaSi iyo 17% qali, 1975 wels qalTa ricxvi
25% gaxda, 1983 wels ki 33%. rogor da ratom miaRwies norvegielma qalebma
uCveulod maRal warmomadgenlobas politikaSi? qalTa politikaSi winsvlis ra
xelSemwyobi socialuri da politikuri winapirobebi arsebobda?
istoriuli da kulturuli faqtorebi:
istoriulad norvegiaSi Zlieria Tanasworobisa da socialuri
samarTlianobis Rirebulebebi. norvegielTa rwmeniT, saxelmwifo unda
asrulebdes ekonomikuri da socialuri gansxvavebebis gamaTanabrebel rols
da exmarebodes im jgufebs, romelTac naklebad miuwvdebaT xeli
sazogadoebriv resursebze. am pirobebSi qalTa mier sqesTaSoris
Tanasworobis moTxovnebi legitimurad aRiqmeba.
norvegiuli sazogadoeba tradiciulad Zalian organizebulia. sxvadasxva
tipis bevri asociaciaa, romlebic uzrunvelyofen monawileobis maRal
xarisxs. qalebi warmodgenili iyvnen yvela tipis sazogadoebebSi, agreTve,
qalTa organizaciebSi, rogoricaa diasaxlisebis da soflis qalTa
asociaciebi, saqvelmoqmedo saagentoebi. sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi
saqmianobam qalebs ganuviTara politikaSi monawileobisaTvis saWiro unar-
Cvevebi: sajaro sityvis warmoTqma, Sexvedrebis gamarTva, lobingi.
zogadad, norvegiaSi politikuri aqtivobis done maRalia.
norvegiaSi saarCevno da partiuli sistema SedarebiT Ria da
monawileobiTia.
norvegiaSi politikur partiaTa farTo speqtria radikaluri memarcxeneebidan
memarjveneebamde. politikuri partiebis sistema demokratiuli, Ria da
monawileobiTia. arCevnebi xdeba proporciuli sistemiT. partiis saarCevno siebi
dgeba Ria Sexvedrebze da partiis nebismier wevrs SeuZlia daasaxelos
kandidatura. arCevnebi proporciuli sistemiT tardeba. saerTod,
proporciuli sistemis dros qalebi ufro advilad modian politikaSi, radganc
maJoritaruli sistemis dros, rodesac erT adgilze mxolod erTi kandidati
unda SeirCes, qalebs rogorc wesi, uWirT upiratesobis mopoveba.
garda proporciuli sistemisa norvegiaSi saarCevno kanoniT amomrCevlebs
damatebiTi meqanizmebi aqvT imis gasakontroleblad Tu vis irCeven. amomrCevels
SeuZlia saarCevno biuletenSi ara marto gadaxazos gvarebi, aramed Caumatos
axali kandidatis gvari. (marTalia, es wesi SemdegSi nawilobriv Seicvala, magram
raRac etapze mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula politikur postebze qalebis
ricxvis gazrdaSi).
bevr qveyanaSi finansuri dabrkoleba umTavresia qalebis politikaSi win-
svlisaTvis. norvegiaSi saarCevno kampania, ZiriTadad, administraciis da TviT
partiebis mier finansdeba. amitom kandidatebs didi finansuri danaxarjebis
gaReba ar uxdebaT, rac uadvilebs qalebs politikaSi CarTvas.
18
Tema X
genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli
politikis ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi
qarTul sazogadoebaSi mTeli postsabWoTa periodis manZilze momxdari
mniSvnelovani da xSirad radikaluri cvlilebebis miuxedavad, genderuli
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli midgomebis danergva saxelmwifo
Tu adgilobrivi politikis formirebaSi jer kidev did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.
sqesTa Soris uTanasworobis problemis aqtualizebas xels uSlis wlebis
manZilze dagrovili da gadauWreli uamravi socialur-ekonomikuri problema,
romlebic rogorc politikuri speqtris, iseve sazogadoebis umetesi nawilis
mier ufro mniSvnelovnad aRiqmeba. amave dros, jer ar aris saTanadod
gaazrebuli, rom nebismieri sferos politikis SemuSavebisas, nebismieri
erovnuli Tu adgilobrivi donis programis warmatebulobisaTvis aucilebelia
masSi genderuli midgomebis danergva. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da
dasavleTis qveynebi didi xania aRiareben, rom genderuli meinstrimingi, anu
genderuli parametrebis sistemuri integracia politikis formirebis,
ganxorcielebis, monitoringisa da Sefasebis procesSi ara marto genderuli
Tanasworobis miRwevas uwyobs xels, aramed, nebismieri politikis efeqturobis
mniSvnelovani winapirobacaa. genderuli midgomebis danergva, anu gansxvavebuli
saWiroebebisa da problemebis danaxva, gamocdilebisa da xedvebis mTeli
mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswineba, TavisTavad Zalian Rirebulia da xels uwyobs
socialurad mgrZobiare, sazogadoebis interesebze damyarebuli politikis
ganxorcielebas. mdgradi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove koncefcia genderuli
Tanasworobis principis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe warmoudgenelia.
saxelmwifo doneze efeqturi genderuli politikis gatarebisaTvis
aucilebelia qveyanaSi arsebobdes instituciuri meqanizmebi, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis strategiis SemuSavebasa da
ganxorcielebas, agreTve, am sferoSi aRebuli saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis
Sesrulebis koordinirebas.
1994 wels saqarTvelo miuerTda `qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis
likvidaciis konvencias~. 1995 wels ki, pekinSi gamarTul qalTa IV msoflio
konferenciaze SeuerTda im qveyanaTa ricxvs, romlebic SeTanxmdnen,
SeemuSavebinaT qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis erovnuli samoqmedo gegma
pekinis platformis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad. dRemde am mimarTulebiT
saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nabijebi ar gadaudgams.
pekinis platformis 12 mimarTulebidan erT-erTi swored erovnul doneze
instituciuri meqanizmebis Seqmnaa. msoflio praqtikam aCvena, genderuli
Tanasworobis erovnulma instituciurma meqanizmma efeqturad rom imuSaos, anu
warmatebiT moaxdinos saxelmwifo politikis sxvadasxva sferoebSi genderuli
parametrebis integrireba, saWiroa is maRal samTavrobo doneze arsebobdes,
flobdes garkveul finansur da adamianur resursebs da hqondes politikis
formirebaze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba.
axalgazrda demokratiis qveynebSi, sadac genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxi
politikur dRis wesrigSi ar Sedis, saxelmwifo doneze genderuli Tanasworobis
uzrunvelyofis instituciuri meqanizmis Camoyalibebis stimulirebas xSirad
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi axdenen. 1998 wels gaeros ganviTarebis programis
proeqtis `qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi“ xelSewyobiT prezidentis
gankargulebiT saqarTvelos uSiSroebis sabWoSi Seiqmna qalTa mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebis erovnuli komisia. es iyo pirveli mcdeloba saqarTveloSi
samTavrobo doneze genderul problematikaze momuSave struqturis Seqmnisa.
Tumca, am struqturis efeqturi amoqmedeba im periodisaTvis ver moxerxda.
samwuxarod aseve qaRaldze darCa pekinis samoqmedo platformis moTxovnebis
Sesabamisad SemuSavebuli qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis 1998-2000 wlebis
31
Tema IX
genderuli biujeti
biujetis genderuli analizi niSnavs qalebsa da mamakacebze biujetis
gansxvavebuli zemoqmedebis kvlevas. genderuli biujeti xels uwyobs sajaro
saxsrebis samarTlian ganawilebasa da maT efeqtur ganTavsebas, biujetis
dagegmvisas samizne jgufebze orientirebas. genderuli biujeti, aseve, xels
uwyobs kargi marTvis principebis gamyarebas, angariSvaldebulebasa da
gamWvirvalobas.
genderuli biujetis iniciativa pirvelad avstraliaSi ganxorcielda 1984
wels. gaanalizda biujetis gavlena genderul urTierTobebze. avstraliuri
gamocdileba mniSvnelovani iyo ara mxolod cnobierebis amaRlebis Tval-
sazrisiT, aramed es midgoma sarekomendacio iyo Semdgomi iniciativebisaTvis.
britaneTSi 1989 wlidan moyolebuli qalTa sabiujeto jgufi (British Women’s Budjet Group), romelic aerTianebs eqspertebs universitetebidan, arasamTavrobo
organizaciebisa da profkavSirebidan, yovelwliurad aqveynebs komentarebs
erovnul biujetze.
1993 wels mSvidobisa da Tavisuflebis qalTa saerTaSoriso ligam wamoiwyo
genderuli biujetis iniciativa kanadaSi. usafrTxoebis alternatiul
koncefciaze dafuZnebuli es iniciativa fokusirebulia socialuri
uzrunvelyofisa da Tavdacvis xarjebze. britaneTisa da kanadis garda
genderuli biujetis proeqtebis umetesoba samxreT naxevarsferoSi
ganxorcielda. yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia samxreT afrikis qalTa sabiujeto
iniciativa, wamowyebuli 1995 wlis pirveli demokratiuli arCevnebis Semdeg.
amJamad genderuli biujetireba xorcieldeba msoflios 40-ze qveyanaSi.
genderuli biujetirebis inicirebisa da warmarTvis praqtika mravalferovania.
(Parliament, the Budget and Gender, Joachim Wehner, Winnie Byanyima, the handbook jointly produced by the IPU, UNDP, WBI and UNIFEM).
genderuli biujeti — Tanamedrove socialuri teqnologiaa, romelic
saSualebas iZleva dainergos samTavrobo politikis mier interesTa
gaTvaliswinebis diferencirebadi aRricxvis principi socialur-genderuli
niSnis mixedviT. genderuli biujeti ar warmoadgens gansxvavebul biujetebs
qalisa da mamakacisaTvis, is iTvaliswinebs sabiujeto procesSi genderuli
aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebas. genderuli biujeti aris finansuri meqanizmi
Tanasworobis politikis gansaxorcieleblad. (Carita jaSi, genderuli
biujeti/seminaris masalebi, Tbilisi, 2004).
30
norvegiis saxelisuflebo sistema samdoniania: erovnuli, saolqo da
municipaluri doneebi. tipiuri politikuri kariera gulisxmobs am doneebis
meTodur gavlas. dramatuli aRmasvla politikaSi praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.
TiTqosda ise Cans, rom aman politikaSi axali jgufebis gamoCenas xeli unda
SeuSalos, magram sinamdvileSi praqtika gviCvenebs, rom aseTi sistema saSualebas
aZlevs politikos qalebs TandaTanobiT misaRebi da legitimuri gaxdnen.
50-iani wlebis bolos da gansakuTrebiT 60-ian wlebSi skandinaviis yvela
qveyanaSi farTo diskusia gaCaRda genderuli rolebisa da Tanasworobis Sesaxeb.
momzadda oficialuri angariSebi norvegiaSi qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, 1959 wels
daarsda Tanabari anazRaurebis sabWo, mecnierebma da aqtivistebma
popularizacia gauwies sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis ideas. amgvarad, 60-iani
wlebis Sua xnebSi xelsayreli klimati Camoyalibda qalTa aqciebisaTvis.
1967 wlis politikuri kampania. qalTa mobilizaciis pirveli mniSvnelovani
aqcia politikaSi qalis rolis gasazrdelad organizebuli iyo 1967 wlis
adgilobrivi arCevnebisaTvis. aqcias xelmZRvanelobda qalTa erovnuli sabWo.
es sabWo gaxldaT qolga organizacia, romelic Sedgeboda qalTa
organizaciebisa da politikuri partiebis qalTa seqciebis
warmomadgenlebisagan. sabWos saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo
politikuri partiebTan muSaoba saarCevno siebSi kandidati qalebis ricxvis
gasazrdelad. aseve midioda muSaoba imisaTvis, rom qali kandidatebi
moxvedriliyvnen siis zeda nawilSi, raTa hqonodaT Sansi gamarjvebisa.
paralelurad amisa, midoda farTo sareklamo kampania qalebis arCevis ideis
popularizaciisaTvis.
SemuSavebuli strategiis Semdegi nabijebisagan Sedgeboda:
• Sesaferisi kandidaturebis moZieba;
• maTi darwmuneba TavianT ZalebSi da daTanxmeba saarCevno brZolisaTvis;
• partiebTan muSaoba, maTi darwmuneba rom am kandidati qalis CarTva siaSi
kargi ideaa da partias bevr xmas moutons;
• siaSi Seyvanis Semdeg Tvalyuris devneba da muSaoba imaze, rom qali
kandidatebi siaSi perspeqtiul poziciebze moxvedriliyvnen;
• daskvniTi nabiji iyo mediisa da sajaro forumebis saSualebiT
eleqtoratTan muSaoba, qali kandidatebisaTvis mxardaWeris misaRwevad.
1967 wlis aqciebma sagrZnobi Sedegi moitanes, qalTa ricxvi adgilobriv
TviTmmarTvelobaSi gaormagda da 5%-dan 12%-mde gaizarda.
magram politikaSi qalebi isev mcire jgufad rCebodnen da 1971 wels organizda
meore mniSvnelovani aqcia. amjerad istebliSmentis qalebs SeuerTdnen axali
feministebi, romelic 1970 wels norvegiaSi Zalian gaaqtiurdnen.
1971 weli isedac politikurad aqtiuri weli iyo norvegiis istoriaSi. qveyanaSi
gaCaRda cxare debatebi evropis ekonomiur TanamegobrobaSi gawevrianebis
garSemo. 1972 w. Catarda referendumi am sakiTxze. debatebma bevri qalis
politizireba moaxdina. memarcxene Tu memarjvene Sexedulebebis bevri qali
politikurad aqtiuri gaxda swored am debatebis dros. is qalebi, romlebic
yvelaze metad Candnen sazogadoebriv asparezze gaxdnen logikuri kandidatebi
moaxloebul adgilobriv arCevnebSi.
am arCevnebis drosac gamoyenebuli iqna is taqtika, rac 1967 wlis arCevnebSi,
Tanac daemata amomrCevlebTan muSaoba biuletenis SevsebasTan dakavSirebiT.
amomrCevlebs unda gadaexazaT yvela mamakaci kandidati, raTa qal kandidats,
romelic ar iyo siis mowinave poziciaze arCevnebSi gamarjvebis Sansi miscemoda.
saarCevno kanoni iZleoda kandidatis Camatebis SesaZleblobasac.
19
istebliSmentis qalebi da axali feministebi paralelurad muSaodnen. axali
feministebi TavianTi gamosvlebiT qmnidnen xelsayrel sazogadoebriv klimats
qalebis politikaSi winsvlisaTvis, xolo istebliSmentis qalebi asrulebdnen
instrumentalur samuSaos (kandidatebis SerCeva, partiebis daTanxmeba,
amomrCevlebTan muSaoba).
1971 wlis arCevnebis Sedegebma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba. sam did
municipalitetSi askerSi, oslosa da trondheimSi qalebma gadaabijes 50%
bariers. (trondheimSi 20%-dan 54%-s miaRwies, askerSi 26%-dan-57%-s, osloSi
28%-dan 56%-s). 6 municipalitetSi qalTa ricxvma 40%-ze mets miaRwia.
aseTi warmatebis Semdeg qalebma garkveuli ukansvla ganicades. Zalian bevri
qali kandidati ar eloda aseT warmatebas da ar eloda, rom arCeuli iqneboda.
politikuri cxovrebisa da saojaxo pasuxismgeblobebis SeTavsebis siZneleebma
bevrs gadaafiqrebina Semdeg arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba. politikosma
kacebma qalebs brali dasdes `arademokratiul taqtikis~ gamoyenebaSi da
Secvales saarCevno kanonis is nawili, romelic nebas aZlevda amomrCevlebs
CaematebinaT biuletenSi axali kandidatebi. mamakacebma 1975 wlis arCevnebSi
qali kandidatebis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenes biultenidan gvarebis amoSlis is
taqtika, rac qalebma ganaviTares 1971 wlis arCevnebSi.
am gamocdilebis Semdeg daisaxa qalTa mobilizaciis axali taqtika, romelic
fokusirebuli iyo ara builetenebiT manipulirebaze, aramed mimarTuli iyo
partiul siebSi qali kandidatebis ricxvis maqsimaluri gazrdisaken.
formalurma qalTa organizaciebma da axalma feministebma ufro mWidro aliansi
Seqmnes. axali feministebis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli ixsenebs: `70-iani wlebis
meore naxevramde axali feministebi ar vewinaaRmdegebodiT meti qalis arCevas
politikur postebze, magram ar vTvlidiT saWirod muSaobas politikur
sistemasTan. Cven vcdilobdiT gagvezarda qalTa TviTSegneba, raTa ki ar
gveTanamSromla qalebis SemzRudav sistemasTan, aramed Segvecvala is. im xanebSi
Cven vfiqrobdiT, rom unda Segvecvala is garedan da ara Signidan. 1975 wlis
Semdeg Cven mivxvdiT, rom Tu gvsurs cvlilebebis ganxocieleba, saWiroa qalebma
moipovon Zalaufleba arsebul sistemaSi~.
1977 wlis saparlamento arCevnebisa da 1979 wlis municipaluri arCevnebis win
qalebma axali kampaniebi gamarTes. Camoyalibda e.w. `400-is koalicia~, masSi
Sediodnen qalebi yvela politikuri partiidan, qalTa organizaciebisa da axali
feministebis warmomadgenlebi. am qalebs Soris bevr sakiTxze iyo uTanxmoeba,
magaliTad, memarjveneebi abortis winaaRmdegni iyvnen, xolo memarcxeneebi
momxreni, magram maT aerTianebdaT erTi ram, undodaT yvela politikur
poziciaze 50% qali yofiliyo.
koalicia ori mimarTulebiT muSaobda:
• saarCevno siebSi meti qali kandidatis Casma;
• qalTa politikuri dRis wesrigis SemuSaveba, anu SemuSaveba qalebisaTvis
misaRebi politikisa cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi: ganaTleba,
ekonomika, samarTlebrivi sistema, xelovneba, religia.
koaliciaSi Seiqmna komitetebi qalTa politikuri xedvebis SesamuSaveblad.
partiebze zewolis Sedegad miaRwies imas, rom partiebma daiwyes daTanxeba
genderuli kvotis SemoRebaze. 1976 wlisaTvis 2 partia daeTanxma genderul
kvotas liberalebi da memarcxene socialistebi, 1983 wels maT SeuerTda
leiboristuli partia.
20
wevris (qalebis, mamakacebis, bavSvebis, xanSiSesulebis) dacvas Zaladobisagan.
1995 wels saskeCevanis provinciam miiRo aqti ojaxuri Zaladobis mxverplTa
Sesaxeb. aqti iTvaliswinebs specialuri orderebis gacemas, romelic iZleva
policiis mxridan dauyovnebeli Carevis uflebas da avalebs policias Tvalyuri
adevnon krizisul ojaxebs da daicvan misi wevrebi moZaladisagan.
regionebSi moqmedebs sxvadasxvagvari programebi, gansakuTrebiT didi
yuradReba eqceva prevenciuli zomebis miRebas. tardeba sainformacio
kampaniebi, mozardebisaTvis SemuSavebulia sainformacio paketi Zaladobis
Sesaxeb aucilebeli informaciis misaRebad.
ontarios provinciaSi tardeba yovelwliuri treningi im prokurorebisaTvis,
vinc specializdebian ojaxuri Zaladobis saqmeebze. warmatebiT moqmedebs,
agreTve, programa `mowme _ msxverpli~, romelic iTvaliswinebs im mowmeebis
daxmarebas, romlebic TviTonac dazaraldnen. am mowmeebis umravlesoba qalebi
da bavSvebi arian.
manitobas provinciaSi moZaladeebisaTvis SemuSavebulia 3 tipis programa:
⇒ jgufuri Terapiis 24 saaTiani mecadineobebi;
⇒ 84 saaTiani intensiuri Terapiis programa (maTTvis, visac pirobiTi sasjeli aqvs);
⇒ 300 saaTiani programa msjavrdebulebisaTvis.
moqmedebs qalTa dacvis programebi (The Women’s Advocacy Program), romelTa
farglebSic xdeba qalebs exmareba samarTaldamcav sistemasTan urTierTobis
nebismier safexurze.
erT-erT provinciaSi Seqmnilia ojaxuri Zaladobis sasamarTlo, qalebis,
bavSvebisa da xandazmulTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis SemTxvevebis meti yuradRebiTa
da profesionalurad ganxilvisaTvis. mosamarTleebsa da prokurorebs speci-
aluri swavleba aqvT miRebuli da sasamarTlo Zalze warmatebulad muSaobs.
ontarioSi ojaxuri Zaladobis orgvari sasamarTlo moqmedebs, erTi, romelic
SedarebiT iol SemTxvevebs ganixilavs (rodesac ojaxis wevrebs, surT SemdgomSi
erTad cxovrebis gagrZeleba), da meore, romelsac seriozul saqmeebTana aqvs
saqme. aseTma specializaciam marTlmsajulebis xarisxi mkveTrad gaaumjobesa.
did qalaqebSi, magaliTad, torontoSi moqmedebs ojaxur Zladobaze
dauyovnebeli reagirebis sistema (Domestic Violence Emergency Response System). am
sistemis damnergavebi arian kanadis usafrTxoebis samsaxuri, torontos policia
da msxverplTa daxmarebis samsaxurebi.
sistema muSaobs 24 saaTian reJimSi. Zaladobis msxverplebi usasyidlod arian
uzrunvelyofili portatiuli sasignalo aparaturiT, rac saSualebas aZlevT
saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi saswarfod gamoiZaxon policiis TanamSromeli. risk-
jgufis gansazRvras axdenen adgilobrivi socialuri samsaxurebi.
TavSesafrebi. kanadaSi amJamad moqmedebs mxsverplTa TavSesafrebis qseli,
romelSic gaerTianebulia 470 dawesebuleba. TavSesafrebi aris rogorc
qalaqebSi, ise sasoflo raionebSi.
TavSesafrebis dafinansebis 82% modis federaluri saxsrebidan, danarCens
regionisa da municipaluri saxsrebi Seadgens. 30 mln. dolari Semodis
arasamTavrobo wyaroebidan (Semowirulobebi, saqvelmoqmedo latariebi, grantebi).
90-ian wlebSi kanadis mTavrobam gaiTvaliswina ZaladobasTan brZolis erovnuli
strategiis SemmuSavebeli komisiis rekomendaciebi da gaafarTova muSaoba iseT
jgufebTan, romlebisTvisac naklebad misawvdomi iyo krizisuli centrebis
momsaxureba. aseTi jgufebia: soflad mcxovrebi qalebi, eTnikuri umciresobebi,
emigrantebi, invalidebi.
29
gamokiTxva, romelmac mTeli qveyana moicva. Seikriba monacemebi ojaxuri
Zaladobis problemis bunebisa da masStabis gasarkvevad. arsebobs ojaxuri
Zaladobis Semswavleli 5 cnobili kvleviTi centri, romlebic finansirdeba
jandacvisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis departamentisa da kanadis socialuri
da humanitaruli mecnierebebis samecniero sabWos mier. es centrebi
uzrunvelyofen partniorul urTierTobebsa da urTierTTanamSromlobas
ojaxuri Zaladobis sakiTxze momuSave mecnierebs, pedagogebs, praqtikosebs,
politikosebsa da qveynis masStabiT moqmed 600-ze met arasamTvarobo
organizacias Soris.
kanondebloba. specialuri calke federaluri kanoni ojaxuri Zaladobis
Sesaxeb ar arsebobs. magram 1994 wlidan moyolebuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi
Sedis Sesworebebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben samarTlebrivi zomebis sistemis
Seqmnas qalebis, bavSvebisa da xandazmulTa Zaladobisagan dasacavad.
programebi. 1997/98 ww. ojaxuri Zaladobis Sesamcireblad mimarTulma
federalurma finansirebam Seadgina 30,7 mln. dolari, es Tanxa xmardeba
TavSesafrebis Senaxvasa da, aseve, profilaqtikur muSaobas.
kanadis mTavrobis saqmianoba warmoadgens ojaxuri Zaladobis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo politikis ganviTarebis axal safexurs. am
problemaze muSaoba integrirebulia iseTi struqturebis mimdinare
programebSi, rogoricaa jandacvis departamenti, policia, qalTa saqmeebis
saministro, iusticiis saministro, statistikis sammarTvelo, mSeneblobisa da
uZravi qonebis saministro, moqalaqeobisa da imigraciis saministro.
saxelmwifo programa mraval mimarTulebiania:
jandacvis saministro axorcielebs saqmianobas msxverplTaTvis samedicino
daxmarebis gasaumjobeseblad:
⇒ samedicino personalisaTvis specialuri swavlebis organizeba (seminarebisa
da kursebis Catareba samedicino saswavleblebTan da eqimebisa da eqTnebis
asociaciebTan TanamSromlobiT);
⇒ kvlevis ganxorcieleba `jandacva da Zaladoba qalis winaaRmdeg~ (Zaladobis
gavlenis Seswavla msxverplTa fizikur da fsiqikur janmrTelobaze);
⇒ Zaladobis msxverplebTan mopyrobisas qcevis wesebis SemuSaveba eqime-
bisaTvis;
⇒ saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba eqTnebisaTvis, romlebic daxmarebas uweven
ojaxuri ZaladobiT dazaralebulT.
generaluri prokuratura da iusticiis saministros gansaxorcielebel
saqmianobaSi Sedis:
⇒ Sesworebebis momzadeba parlamentSi warsadgenad kanonmdeblobis daxvewis
mizniT;
⇒ policielTa, prokurorTa, sapatrulo samsaxurebisa da penitencialuri
sistemis muSakTa treningi;
⇒ specialuri instruqciis SemuSaveba policielebisaTvis, rogor imoqmedon
ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebSi;
⇒ sainformacio masalebis SemuSaveba policielebisaTvis, imis Sesaxeb Tu
rogor aRmouCinon daxmareba ZaladobiT dazaralebulebs;
⇒ saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba socialuri muSakebisaTvis.
ojaxuri Zaladobis problemaze muSaoba regionul doneze
calkeul provinciebs aqvT SemuSavebuli specialuri regionaluri kanonebi
ojaxuri Zaladobis sakiTxze. magaliTad, albertis provinciam 1998 wels miiRo
ojaxuri Zaladobisagan dacvis aqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs ojaxis yvela
28
bevri ram scenis miRma ganviTarda. bevr partiul, profkavSirul da mewarme
lider qals ar surda identifikacia radikalur feministebTan, magram
TanaugrZnobdnen koalicias da faqtobrivad iyvnen misi wevrebi ise, rom ar
akeTebdnen amis afiSirebas.
koalicia moqmedebda 18 Tve da sagrZnob warmatebebs miaRwia. parlamentSi qalTa
ricxvma 16% dan 24%-mde aiwia. parlamentis dRis wesrigSi qalTa sakiTxebi
permanentulad xvdeboda. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis cxrave partiam CarTo
Tavis programebSi qalTa moTxovnebi.
1979 wels qalTa organizaciebma da axalma feministebma Camoayalibes komiteti
da droebiTi samdivno. rogorc adre muSaobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi iyo:
• meti qalis CarTva partiaTa saarCevno siebSi;
• zewola partiebze qalTa moTxovnebis programebSi CasarTavad;
• muSaoba eleqtoratTan kandidati qalebis mxardaWeris gasaZliereblad.
amgvari kampaniebi 80-ian wlebSic gagrZelda, magram aseTi mizandasaxulobiTa da
intensiobiT ara. qalTa moZraoba ise Zlieri aRar iyo. didi nawili misi
aqtivistebisa Sevidnen politikur partiebSi, profkavSirebSi, saxelmwifo
administraciaSi. miuxedavad amisa, qalTa warmomadgenlobis zrda politikaSi
gagrZelda da kulminacias miaRwia gro harlem brundtlandis mmarTveli
kabinetis dros, 1987 wels _ es iyo msoflio rekordi, qalebi Seadgendnen
social-demokratiuli partiis mier Sedgenili mmarTveli kabinetis 44%-s.
21
Tema VI
sistemebisa da organizaciebis genderuli politika
genderuli Tanasworoba harmoniuli, socialuri samarTlianobis principebze
dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia. genderuli
Tanasworoba niSnavs, rom qalsa da mamakacs aqvT Tanabari pirobebi da
cxovrebiseuli Sansebi TavianTi potencialis sruli realizaciisaTvis,
Tanabrad monawileoben politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli
ganviTarebis procesebSi da Tanabrad sargebloben sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebiT,
SesaZleblobebiTa da resursebiT.
genderuli Tanasworoba ar niSnavs qalisa da mamakacis igiveobas, piriqiT _
demokratiul pluralistur sazogadoebaSi aRiarebulia, rom adamianebs aqvT
sxvadasxva Rirebulebebi da miznebi, sxvadasxva saWiroebebi da cxovrebis wesi,
miuxedavad amisa, maTi interesebi Tanabrad unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli yvela
doneze, isini unda sargeblobdnen Tanabari uflebebiTa da SesaZleblobebiT da
hqondeT erTnairi pasuxismgeblobebi da valdebulebebi.
rodesac genderuli Tanasworobas vexebiT, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom erTi
mxriv, igi demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis dacvis sakiTxia, meore mxriv, ki
igive genderuli Tanasworoba keTildReobis mniSvnelovani pirobaa.
mravalferovneba TavisTavadi Rirebulebaa, romelic keTildReobas qmnis.
warmatebuli demokratia gulisxmobs sazogado saqmeebis warmarTvisas qalsa da
mamakacs Soris WeSmarit TanamSromlobas, maT Tanaswor da Semavsebel
saqmianobas, urTierTgamdidrebas TavianTi gansxvavebulobiT. (demokratiis
universaluri deklaracia, parlamentTaSorisi sabWo, 1997 w.).
genderuli politikebi
genderuli politikaa, iseTi politika, romelic iTvaliswinebs genderul
parametrebs da mimarTulia genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken.
ganasxvaveben genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis sxvadasxva doneebs.
genderulad brma politika
genderulad "brma" politika, programebi, proeqtebi ugulvebelyofs qalebisa
da mamakacebis gansxvavebul moTxovnilebebs. "Cven yvelas erTnairad vepyrobiT".
aseT SemTxvevebSi:
• ar xdeba qalisa da makacis moTxovnilebebis, prioritetebis da interesebis
gaTvaliswineba. mosaxleoba, samuSao koleqtivi an sxva jgufi ganixileba
erTgvarovan jgufad;
• ar iwarmoeba dacalkevebuli statistika: magaliTad, vis ukavia umaRlesi
Tanamdebobebi, vis aqvs gadamzadebis da kvalifikaciis miRebis meti
SesaZlebloba.
22
jandacva, reproduqciuli janmrTeloba, kontracefciisa da maT Soris,
abortis sakixebi, qalur organoTa daavadebebi (maT Soris, simsivnuri).
genderuli Tanasworobis xelSemwyobi kanonmdebloba
litva
1998 wels litvam miiRo kanoni qalebisa da kacebis Tanabari
SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb da daawesa Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
kontrolioris samsaxuri. es iyo postsabWoTa sivrceSi amgvari xasiaTis kanonis
miRebis pirveli SemTxveva.
kanoni moqmedebis sfero moicavs saswavlo, samecniero dawesebulebebs,
saxelmwifo marTvis organoebs da sakuTrebis nebismieri formis dawe-
sebulebebs.
Tanabari SesaZleblobebis kontroliori ganixilavs saCivrebs genderuli
diskriminaciisa da samuSao adgilze seqsualuri iZulebis Sesaxeb. kontroliors
SeuZlia SemTxvevis Seswavlis Semdeg daawesos administraciuli jarima an
sasamarTlos gadasces saqme. fuladi jarimebi midis saxelmwifos biujetSi da
ara dazaralebul pirTan. kontroliors gamoZiebebs awarmoebs Tavisi
iniciativiTac, aseve monitorings uwevs diskriminaciuli xasiaTis gancxadebebs
presaSi, SeimuSavebs winadadebebs kanonmdeblobis daxvewis mizniT.
kanonis miRebisa da kontrolioris samsaxuris gaCenis Semdeg latviis presaSi
Semcirda diskriminaciuli xasiaTis gancxadebebi. 2000-2001 wlebSi, anu
funqcionirebis pirvel wels qalisa da mamakacis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
kontrolioris samsaxurma ganixila 47 gancxadeba. saCivrebis ricxvi izrdeba da
litvis rigiTi moqalaqeebi ufro xSirad mimarTaven Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
kontroliors.
estoneTi
estoneTma 2000 wels xeli moawera evropis sabWos socialur qartias (Social Charter of Council of Europe). estoneTs hyavs Tavisi warmomadgeneli evropis sabWos
qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis komitetSi (Steering Committee for Equality Between Women and Men).
evropis sabWom miiRo daaxloebiT 20 dokumenti, genderuli Tanasworobis
politikis gasaviTareblad evropis saxelmwifoebSi. estoneTma daiwyo Tavisi
kanonmdeblobisa da evropis sabWos kanonmdeblobis SedarebiTi analizi.
gamoCnda mniSvnelovani gansvlebi Tanasworobis evropul standartebsa da
estoneTis kanonmdeblobas Soris. estoneTma aiRo valdebuleba miiRos
genderuli Tanasworobis aqti. genderuli Tanasworobis kanonis miReba iqneba
erT-erTi winapiroba estoneTis mierTebisa evropis kavSirisadmi. Tanasworobis
kanonma unda Seqmnas samarTlebrivi bazisi genderuli Tanasworobisadmi
mimarTuli saqmianobebis saxelmwifo doneze warsamarTavad.
saxelmwifo politika ojaxuri Zaladobis sferoSi
(kanadis magaliTi)
kanada mowinave qveyanaa ojaxuri Zaladobis sferoSi efeqturi saxelmwifo
politikis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT. kanadaSi kargad aris
damuSavebuli federaluri da regionaluri kanonebi ojaxuri Zaladobis Sesaxeb
da, aseve, arsebobs efeqturi socialuri programebi adgilobriv doneze.
Seqmnilia ZaladobasTan brZolis erovnuli strategiis SemmuSavebeli komisia.
1988 wlidan moqmedebs ojaxuri Zaladobis samTavrobo programa.
federaluri done
sakiTxis Seswavla. qalis winaaRmdeg Zaladobis problemis kvleva kanadaSi 20
welze meti xania rac mimdinareobs. 1991-93 ww. Catarda msxvilmaStabiani
27
Tema VIII
saxelmwifo politika genderuli da qalTa problemebis sferoSi
bevri qveyana aRiarebs, rom arsebobs genderuli da qalTa problemebi, romelTa
gadaWrac moiTxovs konkretuli strategiebis SemuSavebasa da specialuri
zomebis ganxorcielebas.
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi genderuli uTanasworobis problemis gadasaWrelad
kompleqsuri da mizanmimarTuli politikis aucilebloba xazgasmiT aRiniSna
pekinSi gamarTul qalTa msoflio konferenciazec. am Sexvedris erT-erT
sakvanZo moTxovnas warmoadgenda mTavrobebis mier erovnuli strategiebisa da
programebis SemuSaveba.
qalTa da genderuli sakiTxebis mogvarebisadmi mimarTuli saxelmwifo prog-
ramebi sxvadasxvagvari da mravalferovania, magram Tu Zalian ganvazogadebT
SesaZlebelia gamovyoT msgavsi Semadgeneli nawilebi, rogoricaa:
⇒ srulyofili gederuli statistikis warmoeba;
⇒ problemebis yovelmxrivi samecniero Seswavla;
⇒ statistikuri monacemebisa da kvlevis Sedegebis farTod gavrceleba,
sainformacio kampaniebis mowyoba, sazogadoebis codnis amaRleba qalTa da
genderuli sakiTxebis sferoSi;
⇒ statistikur monacemebsa da kvlevebze dayrdnobiT genderuli da qalTa
sakiTxebis mogvarebis erovnuli strategiis SemuSaveba;
⇒ sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis SemuSaveba kanonmdeblobis Semdgomi daxvewis
mizniT;
⇒ saxelmwifo programiT dasaxuli RonisZiebebis institucionaluri safuZ-
vlis Seqmna da ganviTareba (socialuri samsaxurebi, krizisuli centrebi,
monitoringis samsaxurebi);
⇒ Tanasworobis sakiTxebze momuSave saxelmwifo struqturis Seqmna
(magaliTad, saberZneTis Tanasworobis biuro, portugaliis Tanasworobisa
da qalTa uflebebis komisia);
⇒ qalTa monacemTa bazebis Seqmna (1974 wels irlandiis mTavrobam Seqmna kva-
lificiur qalTa monacemTa baza, risi meSveobiT xdeba saxelmwifo samsaxu-
risaTvis Sesabamisi kandidaturebis moZieba. 1995 wels niderlandis mTavrobam
daarsa organizacia `Toplinki~, romlis mizanic aris Seqmnas kvalificiur
qalTa monacemTa baza, romelic daexmareba saxelmwifo saagentoebs, partiebs,
kerZo kompaniebs moZebnon Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis qalebi).
rogorc wesi, qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaken mimarTuli saxelmwifo
programebi aucileblad moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs:
⇒ dedobisa da ojaxis daxmareba (ra xasiaTisaa da moculobis amgvari
programebi, rogoria dafinanseba);
⇒ martoxela mSoblebisa da mravalSviliani ojaxebis daxmareba;
⇒ ojaxuri Zaladoba da Zaladoba qalis mimarT (rogoria kanonmdebloba,
arsebobs Tu ara daxmarebis samsaxurebi, ra xarisxisa da moculobis
momsaxurebis gaweva SeuZliaT, rogoria samarTaldamcav organoebSi
Zaladobis SemTxvevebze reagirebisa da sasamarTlo saqmeebis warmoebis
xarisxi, tardeba Tu ara prevenciuli zomebi);
⇒ gadawyvetilebis procesSi qalTa monawileobis gazrdis uzrunvelyofa;
⇒ trefikingi;
⇒ prostitucia;
⇒ jandacvis programebi _ orsulTa, axalSobilTa da mSobiareTa, bavSvTa
26
genderulad neitraluri politika
es politika zogjer gamosadegia moklevadiani problemebis gadasaWrelad.
• aseTi midgomisas yuradReba mimarTulia qalebis praqtikul da ara
strategiul moTxovnilebebze;
• ucvleli rCeba resursebis da pasuxismgeblobis arsebuli ganawileba.
genderulad gacnobierebuli politika
genderuli cnobiereba niSnavs realobas SevxedoT ”axali” TvaliT da davinaxoT
genderuli gansxvavebebi. am midgomas axasaiTebs:
• gacnobiereba da aRiareba, rom arsebobs sxvaobebi;
• genderulad dacalkevebuli monacemebis Segroveba;
• konsultireba rogorc mamakacebTan, ise qalebTan.
genderulad transformaciuli politika gulisxmobs:
• arsebuli gansxvavebebis, saWiroebebis, diskriminaciis mizezebis Seswavlas;
• orive sqesis praqtikuli da strategiuli moTxovnilebebis dadgenasa da
gaTvaliswinebas;
• arsebuli genderuli rolebis da tradiciebis eWvqveS dayenebas da
kritikulad gaazrebas;
• qalebisa da mamakacebis TanamSromlobis gaumjobesebas;
• qalebisa da mamakacebis potencialis gaZlierebas, maTTvis samsaxurSi
miRebisa da kvalifikaciis gazrdis Tanabari Sansebis micemas.
Tu ar ganxorcieldeba transformaciuli politika:
• ucvlelad darCeba resursebis da pasuxismgeblobis arsebul usamarTlo
ganawilebas;
• ver amaRldeba cnobiereba da imis gaazreba, rom arsebobs genderuli
gansxvavebebi da sazogadoebis erTi naxevris SesaZleblobebi bolomde ar aris
realizebuli.
genderuli midgoma
genderuli midgoma niSnavs sxvadasxva sferoSi sqesisagan damoukidebeli
SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofis politikis ganxorcielebis xerxebis
SemuSavebas.
genderuli midgomis ganxorcielebis etapebi SegviZlia Semdegnairad
warmovidginoT:
• konkretuli genderuli problemis (genderuli uTanasworobis) arsebobis
gacnobiereba
• viTarebis Seswavla, informaciis mopovebis, kvlevisa da analizis saSualebiT
• genderuli cvlilebis strategiis SemuSaveba
• strategiis ganxorcielebis samoqmedo gegmis Camoyalibeba
• samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcieleba
• ganxorcielebis SemuSaveba
23
Tema VII
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis genderuli politika.
mediaSi politikis gaSuqebis genderuli aspeqtebi
mediis genderuli analizi, anda mediis genderuli monitoringi masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebis genderuli parametrebis Seswavlaa.
media udides rols asrulebs genderuli problemebis Sesaxeb sazoga-
doebrivi azris formirebasa da zogadad, stereotipebis, maT Soris, genderuli
stereotipebis Camoyalibebasa Tu kvlavwarmoebaSi, amitom igi xSirad xdeba
genderuli analizis samizne. mediis monitoringebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli
praqtikaa. tardeba globaluri media-monitoringebic ki, romelTac msoflio
masStabis aqciis saxe eZlevaT. msgavsi RonisZieba, `vin akeTebs axal ambebs~,
pirvelad 1995 wlis 18 ianvars Catarda, romlis drosac gaanalizes 71 qveynis 15
aTasamde media siuJeti. msoflio monitoringi meored 2000 wels, mesamed ki 2005
wels ganxorcielda.
mediis monitoringis dros gamoiyeneba kvlevis rogorc raodenobrivi, ise
Tvisebrivi meTodebi.
qarTuli media da genderuli sakiTxebi
qarTul mediaSi qalebi mcired arian warmodgenilebi, qalTa da genderuli
sakiTxebi saTanado moculobiTa da siRrmiT ar Suqdeba, saredaqcio politika
movlenebis gaSuqebisas ar iTvaliswinebs genderul ganzomilebas, Jurnalistebi
ar arian genderulad mgrZnobiareni. saerTo jamSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli
media xels uwyobs damkvidrebuli genderuli stereotipebis kvlavwarmoebas.
mediis yuradReba ZiriTadad mipyrobilia politikuri movlenebisadmi, qarTul
politikur diskursSi ki qalTa sakiTxebi saerTod ar JRers. politika dRemde
rCeba sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis yvelaze maskulinizebul sferod. aseve
naklebad ismis qalebis azri mimdinare mniSvnelovani procesebis Sesaxeb, rac
gamowveulia politikuri diskusiis sazRvrebis siviwroviT, rodesac mniSvne-
lovani politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoeba naklebad
monawileobs.
qalebi TiTqmis ar Canan ekonomikis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil rubrikebSi,
radganac ZiriTadad, mcire biznesiT arian dakavebuli, xolo ekonomikis es
sfero qarTul mediaSi maincdamainc aqtiurad ar Suqdeba aseve, daumuSavebeli
Temaa mediisaTvis Sromis uflebebi da zogadad, SromiTi urTierTobebi, romlis
saTanadod gaSuqebis SemTxvevaSic genderuli problematika aucileblad iCenda
Tavs. mediaSi warmodgenil qalTa simcires gansazRvravs agreTve is faqtori,
rom Zalian mcired da zedapirulad Suqdeba ganaTlebis, jandacvis, socialuri
sferoebi, anu is sferoebi, romlebSic ZiriTadad, qalebi arian dakavebulni.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Jurnalistebis umetesoba qalia, qarTuli medias aklia
genderuli mgrZnobiaroba. saqarTveloSi globalur media-monitoringis
CarCoebSi JurnalistTa asociacia `gendermediakavkasiis mier 2005 wels
ganxorcielebulma analizma gamoarkvia, rom:
• televiziisa da radios wamyvanTa Soris 92 procenti qalia, 8 procenti _
mamakaci;
• reportiorTa Soris 71 procenti qalia, 29 procenti mamakaci;
• axali ambebis gmirebs Soris ki mxolod 19 procentia qali.
monitoringis Sedegebi SegiZliaT ixiloT internetSi:
http://www.gmc.ge/images/news.html
raTa naTeli gaxdes suraTi, Tu rogor arian qalebi warmodgenili
postsabWoTa periodis qarTul mediaSi, mogvyavs sxvadasxva wlebis qarTul
24
presaSi qalebisa da qalTa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb masalebis moculobis procentuli
maCveneblebi:
1989 1990 1999 2001 masalebi qalebis Sesaxeb
23,4% 7,2% 9% 15%
wyaro: l. xomeriki, n. javaxiSvili, m. nikuraZe, genderuli politika da
masmedia, Tbilisi, 2002.
1990 wlis mediaSi jer kidev SeiniSneba qalebisadmi formalur yuradRebis
sabWouri inercia. niSandoblivia, rom pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebis
Semdeg, 1991 wlidan qalebis Sesaxeb masalebi mkveTrad iklebs 7,2%-mde.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am dros sagazeTo fotoebis 39% mamakacTa individualuri
fotoebia, xolo 54% Seadgens jgufuri fotoebi, romlebzedac erovnuli
moZraobis warmomadgeneli mamakaci politikosebi arian warmodgenili. radganac
qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis ideologiisaTvis genderuli Tanasworobis
sakiTxi absoluturad araaqtualuri iyo, qalebsa da qalTa problematikis
Sesaxeb publikaciebs ricxvis aseTi kleba bunebrivia.
qarTuli mediis analizma gamokveTa is tendenciebi, romlebic xels uSlian Zveli
genderuli stereotipebis moSlas;
im publikaciebSi, romlebic ojaxs, mis simtkices, meuRleTa movaleobebsa
da zogadad, ojaxur tradiciebs Seexeba, Zalian xSirad ikveTeba, rom ojaxur
simyudrovesa da ojaxis SenarCunebaze pasuxismgebloba mTlianad qals
ekisreba.
qalisa da mamakacis seqsualuri qcevis Sefaseba umeteswilad ormagi
standartiT xdeba, is rac qalisaTvis dauSvebelia, mamakacisaTvis mxolod
xalisiani Tavgadasavlia.
interviuebsa da sxva tipis siuJetebsa Tu publikaciebSi sacolis
motaceba xSirad saxeldeba, rogorc gavrcelebuli da rac yvelaze cudia,
savsebiT misaRebi forma daqorwinebis, romelic aramcTu aRSfoTebas,
gakvirvebasac ar iwvevs.
publikaciebSi Zalze xSirad gvxdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac gaTxovebis
Semdeg qalebi Tavs anebeben an zRudaven TavianT profesiul karieras.
bolo xanebSi farTod gavrcelebul e. w. saojaxo interviuebSi
umeteswilad ikveTeba, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac qalic qmris
paralelurad saintereso da mniSvnelovani profesiuli saqmianobiT aris
dakavebuli mTeli saojaxo saqmeebi mas awevs mxrebze.
stereotipebi gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans reklamaSi, sadac ZiriTadad
qalis ori tipi figurirebs:
⇒ ojaxis deda, kargi diasaxlisi da mzrunveli ojaxis sisufTavesa da
kvebaze (sakvebisa da sarecxi fxvnilebis reklamaSi).
⇒ komerciuli saxe lamazi da seqsualuri qalisa, romelic nebismieri
tipis saqonlis reklamaSi SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.
rodesac masala qals Seexeba, maSinac ki, rodesac Tema sakmaod
seriozulia, xSirad axlavs erotiuli Seferilobis foto.
iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxdeba aSkarad seqsisturi gamonaTqvamebi.
sityva feminizmi, qarTul mediaSi Zalian iSviaTad JRers da umetes
SemTxvevaSi Zalian uaryofiT konteqstSi.
niSandoblivia, rom genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb antistereotipuli
masalebi da azrebi ZiriTadad gvxdeba iseT statiebSi, romlebic ucxoeTs
Seexeba.
25
Tema VII
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis genderuli politika.
mediaSi politikis gaSuqebis genderuli aspeqtebi
mediis genderuli analizi, anda mediis genderuli monitoringi masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebis genderuli parametrebis Seswavlaa.
media udides rols asrulebs genderuli problemebis Sesaxeb sazoga-
doebrivi azris formirebasa da zogadad, stereotipebis, maT Soris, genderuli
stereotipebis Camoyalibebasa Tu kvlavwarmoebaSi, amitom igi xSirad xdeba
genderuli analizis samizne. mediis monitoringebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli
praqtikaa. tardeba globaluri media-monitoringebic ki, romelTac msoflio
masStabis aqciis saxe eZlevaT. msgavsi RonisZieba, `vin akeTebs axal ambebs~,
pirvelad 1995 wlis 18 ianvars Catarda, romlis drosac gaanalizes 71 qveynis 15
aTasamde media siuJeti. msoflio monitoringi meored 2000 wels, mesamed ki 2005
wels ganxorcielda.
mediis monitoringis dros gamoiyeneba kvlevis rogorc raodenobrivi, ise
Tvisebrivi meTodebi.
qarTuli media da genderuli sakiTxebi
qarTul mediaSi qalebi mcired arian warmodgenilebi, qalTa da genderuli
sakiTxebi saTanado moculobiTa da siRrmiT ar Suqdeba, saredaqcio politika
movlenebis gaSuqebisas ar iTvaliswinebs genderul ganzomilebas, Jurnalistebi
ar arian genderulad mgrZnobiareni. saerTo jamSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli
media xels uwyobs damkvidrebuli genderuli stereotipebis kvlavwarmoebas.
mediis yuradReba ZiriTadad mipyrobilia politikuri movlenebisadmi, qarTul
politikur diskursSi ki qalTa sakiTxebi saerTod ar JRers. politika dRemde
rCeba sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis yvelaze maskulinizebul sferod. aseve
naklebad ismis qalebis azri mimdinare mniSvnelovani procesebis Sesaxeb, rac
gamowveulia politikuri diskusiis sazRvrebis siviwroviT, rodesac mniSvne-
lovani politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoeba naklebad
monawileobs.
qalebi TiTqmis ar Canan ekonomikis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil rubrikebSi,
radganac ZiriTadad, mcire biznesiT arian dakavebuli, xolo ekonomikis es
sfero qarTul mediaSi maincdamainc aqtiurad ar Suqdeba aseve, daumuSavebeli
Temaa mediisaTvis Sromis uflebebi da zogadad, SromiTi urTierTobebi, romlis
saTanadod gaSuqebis SemTxvevaSic genderuli problematika aucileblad iCenda
Tavs. mediaSi warmodgenil qalTa simcires gansazRvravs agreTve is faqtori,
rom Zalian mcired da zedapirulad Suqdeba ganaTlebis, jandacvis, socialuri
sferoebi, anu is sferoebi, romlebSic ZiriTadad, qalebi arian dakavebulni.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Jurnalistebis umetesoba qalia, qarTuli medias aklia
genderuli mgrZnobiaroba. saqarTveloSi globalur media-monitoringis
CarCoebSi JurnalistTa asociacia `gendermediakavkasiis mier 2005 wels
ganxorcielebulma analizma gamoarkvia, rom:
• televiziisa da radios wamyvanTa Soris 92 procenti qalia, 8 procenti _
mamakaci;
• reportiorTa Soris 71 procenti qalia, 29 procenti mamakaci;
• axali ambebis gmirebs Soris ki mxolod 19 procentia qali.
monitoringis Sedegebi SegiZliaT ixiloT internetSi:
http://www.gmc.ge/images/news.html
raTa naTeli gaxdes suraTi, Tu rogor arian qalebi warmodgenili
postsabWoTa periodis qarTul mediaSi, mogvyavs sxvadasxva wlebis qarTul
24
presaSi qalebisa da qalTa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb masalebis moculobis procentuli
maCveneblebi:
1989 1990 1999 2001 masalebi qalebis Sesaxeb
23,4% 7,2% 9% 15%
wyaro: l. xomeriki, n. javaxiSvili, m. nikuraZe, genderuli politika da
masmedia, Tbilisi, 2002.
1990 wlis mediaSi jer kidev SeiniSneba qalebisadmi formalur yuradRebis
sabWouri inercia. niSandoblivia, rom pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebis
Semdeg, 1991 wlidan qalebis Sesaxeb masalebi mkveTrad iklebs 7,2%-mde.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am dros sagazeTo fotoebis 39% mamakacTa individualuri
fotoebia, xolo 54% Seadgens jgufuri fotoebi, romlebzedac erovnuli
moZraobis warmomadgeneli mamakaci politikosebi arian warmodgenili. radganac
qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis ideologiisaTvis genderuli Tanasworobis
sakiTxi absoluturad araaqtualuri iyo, qalebsa da qalTa problematikis
Sesaxeb publikaciebs ricxvis aseTi kleba bunebrivia.
qarTuli mediis analizma gamokveTa is tendenciebi, romlebic xels uSlian Zveli
genderuli stereotipebis moSlas;
im publikaciebSi, romlebic ojaxs, mis simtkices, meuRleTa movaleobebsa
da zogadad, ojaxur tradiciebs Seexeba, Zalian xSirad ikveTeba, rom ojaxur
simyudrovesa da ojaxis SenarCunebaze pasuxismgebloba mTlianad qals
ekisreba.
qalisa da mamakacis seqsualuri qcevis Sefaseba umeteswilad ormagi
standartiT xdeba, is rac qalisaTvis dauSvebelia, mamakacisaTvis mxolod
xalisiani Tavgadasavlia.
interviuebsa da sxva tipis siuJetebsa Tu publikaciebSi sacolis
motaceba xSirad saxeldeba, rogorc gavrcelebuli da rac yvelaze cudia,
savsebiT misaRebi forma daqorwinebis, romelic aramcTu aRSfoTebas,
gakvirvebasac ar iwvevs.
publikaciebSi Zalze xSirad gvxdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac gaTxovebis
Semdeg qalebi Tavs anebeben an zRudaven TavianT profesiul karieras.
bolo xanebSi farTod gavrcelebul e. w. saojaxo interviuebSi
umeteswilad ikveTeba, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac qalic qmris
paralelurad saintereso da mniSvnelovani profesiuli saqmianobiT aris
dakavebuli mTeli saojaxo saqmeebi mas awevs mxrebze.
stereotipebi gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans reklamaSi, sadac ZiriTadad
qalis ori tipi figurirebs:
⇒ ojaxis deda, kargi diasaxlisi da mzrunveli ojaxis sisufTavesa da
kvebaze (sakvebisa da sarecxi fxvnilebis reklamaSi).
⇒ komerciuli saxe lamazi da seqsualuri qalisa, romelic nebismieri
tipis saqonlis reklamaSi SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.
rodesac masala qals Seexeba, maSinac ki, rodesac Tema sakmaod
seriozulia, xSirad axlavs erotiuli Seferilobis foto.
iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxdeba aSkarad seqsisturi gamonaTqvamebi.
sityva feminizmi, qarTul mediaSi Zalian iSviaTad JRers da umetes
SemTxvevaSi Zalian uaryofiT konteqstSi.
niSandoblivia, rom genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb antistereotipuli
masalebi da azrebi ZiriTadad gvxdeba iseT statiebSi, romlebic ucxoeTs
Seexeba.
25
Tema VIII
saxelmwifo politika genderuli da qalTa problemebis sferoSi
bevri qveyana aRiarebs, rom arsebobs genderuli da qalTa problemebi, romelTa
gadaWrac moiTxovs konkretuli strategiebis SemuSavebasa da specialuri
zomebis ganxorcielebas.
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi genderuli uTanasworobis problemis gadasaWrelad
kompleqsuri da mizanmimarTuli politikis aucilebloba xazgasmiT aRiniSna
pekinSi gamarTul qalTa msoflio konferenciazec. am Sexvedris erT-erT
sakvanZo moTxovnas warmoadgenda mTavrobebis mier erovnuli strategiebisa da
programebis SemuSaveba.
qalTa da genderuli sakiTxebis mogvarebisadmi mimarTuli saxelmwifo prog-
ramebi sxvadasxvagvari da mravalferovania, magram Tu Zalian ganvazogadebT
SesaZlebelia gamovyoT msgavsi Semadgeneli nawilebi, rogoricaa:
⇒ srulyofili gederuli statistikis warmoeba;
⇒ problemebis yovelmxrivi samecniero Seswavla;
⇒ statistikuri monacemebisa da kvlevis Sedegebis farTod gavrceleba,
sainformacio kampaniebis mowyoba, sazogadoebis codnis amaRleba qalTa da
genderuli sakiTxebis sferoSi;
⇒ statistikur monacemebsa da kvlevebze dayrdnobiT genderuli da qalTa
sakiTxebis mogvarebis erovnuli strategiis SemuSaveba;
⇒ sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis SemuSaveba kanonmdeblobis Semdgomi daxvewis
mizniT;
⇒ saxelmwifo programiT dasaxuli RonisZiebebis institucionaluri safuZ-
vlis Seqmna da ganviTareba (socialuri samsaxurebi, krizisuli centrebi,
monitoringis samsaxurebi);
⇒ Tanasworobis sakiTxebze momuSave saxelmwifo struqturis Seqmna
(magaliTad, saberZneTis Tanasworobis biuro, portugaliis Tanasworobisa
da qalTa uflebebis komisia);
⇒ qalTa monacemTa bazebis Seqmna (1974 wels irlandiis mTavrobam Seqmna kva-
lificiur qalTa monacemTa baza, risi meSveobiT xdeba saxelmwifo samsaxu-
risaTvis Sesabamisi kandidaturebis moZieba. 1995 wels niderlandis mTavrobam
daarsa organizacia `Toplinki~, romlis mizanic aris Seqmnas kvalificiur
qalTa monacemTa baza, romelic daexmareba saxelmwifo saagentoebs, partiebs,
kerZo kompaniebs moZebnon Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis qalebi).
rogorc wesi, qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaken mimarTuli saxelmwifo
programebi aucileblad moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs:
⇒ dedobisa da ojaxis daxmareba (ra xasiaTisaa da moculobis amgvari
programebi, rogoria dafinanseba);
⇒ martoxela mSoblebisa da mravalSviliani ojaxebis daxmareba;
⇒ ojaxuri Zaladoba da Zaladoba qalis mimarT (rogoria kanonmdebloba,
arsebobs Tu ara daxmarebis samsaxurebi, ra xarisxisa da moculobis
momsaxurebis gaweva SeuZliaT, rogoria samarTaldamcav organoebSi
Zaladobis SemTxvevebze reagirebisa da sasamarTlo saqmeebis warmoebis
xarisxi, tardeba Tu ara prevenciuli zomebi);
⇒ gadawyvetilebis procesSi qalTa monawileobis gazrdis uzrunvelyofa;
⇒ trefikingi;
⇒ prostitucia;
⇒ jandacvis programebi _ orsulTa, axalSobilTa da mSobiareTa, bavSvTa
26
genderulad neitraluri politika
es politika zogjer gamosadegia moklevadiani problemebis gadasaWrelad.
• aseTi midgomisas yuradReba mimarTulia qalebis praqtikul da ara
strategiul moTxovnilebebze;
• ucvleli rCeba resursebis da pasuxismgeblobis arsebuli ganawileba.
genderulad gacnobierebuli politika
genderuli cnobiereba niSnavs realobas SevxedoT ”axali” TvaliT da davinaxoT
genderuli gansxvavebebi. am midgomas axasaiTebs:
• gacnobiereba da aRiareba, rom arsebobs sxvaobebi;
• genderulad dacalkevebuli monacemebis Segroveba;
• konsultireba rogorc mamakacebTan, ise qalebTan.
genderulad transformaciuli politika gulisxmobs:
• arsebuli gansxvavebebis, saWiroebebis, diskriminaciis mizezebis Seswavlas;
• orive sqesis praqtikuli da strategiuli moTxovnilebebis dadgenasa da
gaTvaliswinebas;
• arsebuli genderuli rolebis da tradiciebis eWvqveS dayenebas da
kritikulad gaazrebas;
• qalebisa da mamakacebis TanamSromlobis gaumjobesebas;
• qalebisa da mamakacebis potencialis gaZlierebas, maTTvis samsaxurSi
miRebisa da kvalifikaciis gazrdis Tanabari Sansebis micemas.
Tu ar ganxorcieldeba transformaciuli politika:
• ucvlelad darCeba resursebis da pasuxismgeblobis arsebul usamarTlo
ganawilebas;
• ver amaRldeba cnobiereba da imis gaazreba, rom arsebobs genderuli
gansxvavebebi da sazogadoebis erTi naxevris SesaZleblobebi bolomde ar aris
realizebuli.
genderuli midgoma
genderuli midgoma niSnavs sxvadasxva sferoSi sqesisagan damoukidebeli
SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofis politikis ganxorcielebis xerxebis
SemuSavebas.
genderuli midgomis ganxorcielebis etapebi SegviZlia Semdegnairad
warmovidginoT:
• konkretuli genderuli problemis (genderuli uTanasworobis) arsebobis
gacnobiereba
• viTarebis Seswavla, informaciis mopovebis, kvlevisa da analizis saSualebiT
• genderuli cvlilebis strategiis SemuSaveba
• strategiis ganxorcielebis samoqmedo gegmis Camoyalibeba
• samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcieleba
• ganxorcielebis SemuSaveba
23
Tema VI
sistemebisa da organizaciebis genderuli politika
genderuli Tanasworoba harmoniuli, socialuri samarTlianobis principebze
dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia. genderuli
Tanasworoba niSnavs, rom qalsa da mamakacs aqvT Tanabari pirobebi da
cxovrebiseuli Sansebi TavianTi potencialis sruli realizaciisaTvis,
Tanabrad monawileoben politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli
ganviTarebis procesebSi da Tanabrad sargebloben sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebiT,
SesaZleblobebiTa da resursebiT.
genderuli Tanasworoba ar niSnavs qalisa da mamakacis igiveobas, piriqiT _
demokratiul pluralistur sazogadoebaSi aRiarebulia, rom adamianebs aqvT
sxvadasxva Rirebulebebi da miznebi, sxvadasxva saWiroebebi da cxovrebis wesi,
miuxedavad amisa, maTi interesebi Tanabrad unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli yvela
doneze, isini unda sargeblobdnen Tanabari uflebebiTa da SesaZleblobebiT da
hqondeT erTnairi pasuxismgeblobebi da valdebulebebi.
rodesac genderuli Tanasworobas vexebiT, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom erTi
mxriv, igi demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis dacvis sakiTxia, meore mxriv, ki
igive genderuli Tanasworoba keTildReobis mniSvnelovani pirobaa.
mravalferovneba TavisTavadi Rirebulebaa, romelic keTildReobas qmnis.
warmatebuli demokratia gulisxmobs sazogado saqmeebis warmarTvisas qalsa da
mamakacs Soris WeSmarit TanamSromlobas, maT Tanaswor da Semavsebel
saqmianobas, urTierTgamdidrebas TavianTi gansxvavebulobiT. (demokratiis
universaluri deklaracia, parlamentTaSorisi sabWo, 1997 w.).
genderuli politikebi
genderuli politikaa, iseTi politika, romelic iTvaliswinebs genderul
parametrebs da mimarTulia genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken.
ganasxvaveben genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis sxvadasxva doneebs.
genderulad brma politika
genderulad "brma" politika, programebi, proeqtebi ugulvebelyofs qalebisa
da mamakacebis gansxvavebul moTxovnilebebs. "Cven yvelas erTnairad vepyrobiT".
aseT SemTxvevebSi:
• ar xdeba qalisa da makacis moTxovnilebebis, prioritetebis da interesebis
gaTvaliswineba. mosaxleoba, samuSao koleqtivi an sxva jgufi ganixileba
erTgvarovan jgufad;
• ar iwarmoeba dacalkevebuli statistika: magaliTad, vis ukavia umaRlesi
Tanamdebobebi, vis aqvs gadamzadebis da kvalifikaciis miRebis meti
SesaZlebloba.
22
jandacva, reproduqciuli janmrTeloba, kontracefciisa da maT Soris,
abortis sakixebi, qalur organoTa daavadebebi (maT Soris, simsivnuri).
genderuli Tanasworobis xelSemwyobi kanonmdebloba
litva
1998 wels litvam miiRo kanoni qalebisa da kacebis Tanabari
SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb da daawesa Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
kontrolioris samsaxuri. es iyo postsabWoTa sivrceSi amgvari xasiaTis kanonis
miRebis pirveli SemTxveva.
kanoni moqmedebis sfero moicavs saswavlo, samecniero dawesebulebebs,
saxelmwifo marTvis organoebs da sakuTrebis nebismieri formis dawe-
sebulebebs.
Tanabari SesaZleblobebis kontroliori ganixilavs saCivrebs genderuli
diskriminaciisa da samuSao adgilze seqsualuri iZulebis Sesaxeb. kontroliors
SeuZlia SemTxvevis Seswavlis Semdeg daawesos administraciuli jarima an
sasamarTlos gadasces saqme. fuladi jarimebi midis saxelmwifos biujetSi da
ara dazaralebul pirTan. kontroliors gamoZiebebs awarmoebs Tavisi
iniciativiTac, aseve monitorings uwevs diskriminaciuli xasiaTis gancxadebebs
presaSi, SeimuSavebs winadadebebs kanonmdeblobis daxvewis mizniT.
kanonis miRebisa da kontrolioris samsaxuris gaCenis Semdeg latviis presaSi
Semcirda diskriminaciuli xasiaTis gancxadebebi. 2000-2001 wlebSi, anu
funqcionirebis pirvel wels qalisa da mamakacis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
kontrolioris samsaxurma ganixila 47 gancxadeba. saCivrebis ricxvi izrdeba da
litvis rigiTi moqalaqeebi ufro xSirad mimarTaven Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
kontroliors.
estoneTi
estoneTma 2000 wels xeli moawera evropis sabWos socialur qartias (Social Charter of Council of Europe). estoneTs hyavs Tavisi warmomadgeneli evropis sabWos
qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis komitetSi (Steering Committee for Equality Between Women and Men).
evropis sabWom miiRo daaxloebiT 20 dokumenti, genderuli Tanasworobis
politikis gasaviTareblad evropis saxelmwifoebSi. estoneTma daiwyo Tavisi
kanonmdeblobisa da evropis sabWos kanonmdeblobis SedarebiTi analizi.
gamoCnda mniSvnelovani gansvlebi Tanasworobis evropul standartebsa da
estoneTis kanonmdeblobas Soris. estoneTma aiRo valdebuleba miiRos
genderuli Tanasworobis aqti. genderuli Tanasworobis kanonis miReba iqneba
erT-erTi winapiroba estoneTis mierTebisa evropis kavSirisadmi. Tanasworobis
kanonma unda Seqmnas samarTlebrivi bazisi genderuli Tanasworobisadmi
mimarTuli saqmianobebis saxelmwifo doneze warsamarTavad.
saxelmwifo politika ojaxuri Zaladobis sferoSi
(kanadis magaliTi)
kanada mowinave qveyanaa ojaxuri Zaladobis sferoSi efeqturi saxelmwifo
politikis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT. kanadaSi kargad aris
damuSavebuli federaluri da regionaluri kanonebi ojaxuri Zaladobis Sesaxeb
da, aseve, arsebobs efeqturi socialuri programebi adgilobriv doneze.
Seqmnilia ZaladobasTan brZolis erovnuli strategiis SemmuSavebeli komisia.
1988 wlidan moqmedebs ojaxuri Zaladobis samTavrobo programa.
federaluri done
sakiTxis Seswavla. qalis winaaRmdeg Zaladobis problemis kvleva kanadaSi 20
welze meti xania rac mimdinareobs. 1991-93 ww. Catarda msxvilmaStabiani
27
gamokiTxva, romelmac mTeli qveyana moicva. Seikriba monacemebi ojaxuri
Zaladobis problemis bunebisa da masStabis gasarkvevad. arsebobs ojaxuri
Zaladobis Semswavleli 5 cnobili kvleviTi centri, romlebic finansirdeba
jandacvisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis departamentisa da kanadis socialuri
da humanitaruli mecnierebebis samecniero sabWos mier. es centrebi
uzrunvelyofen partniorul urTierTobebsa da urTierTTanamSromlobas
ojaxuri Zaladobis sakiTxze momuSave mecnierebs, pedagogebs, praqtikosebs,
politikosebsa da qveynis masStabiT moqmed 600-ze met arasamTvarobo
organizacias Soris.
kanondebloba. specialuri calke federaluri kanoni ojaxuri Zaladobis
Sesaxeb ar arsebobs. magram 1994 wlidan moyolebuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi
Sedis Sesworebebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben samarTlebrivi zomebis sistemis
Seqmnas qalebis, bavSvebisa da xandazmulTa Zaladobisagan dasacavad.
programebi. 1997/98 ww. ojaxuri Zaladobis Sesamcireblad mimarTulma
federalurma finansirebam Seadgina 30,7 mln. dolari, es Tanxa xmardeba
TavSesafrebis Senaxvasa da, aseve, profilaqtikur muSaobas.
kanadis mTavrobis saqmianoba warmoadgens ojaxuri Zaladobis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo politikis ganviTarebis axal safexurs. am
problemaze muSaoba integrirebulia iseTi struqturebis mimdinare
programebSi, rogoricaa jandacvis departamenti, policia, qalTa saqmeebis
saministro, iusticiis saministro, statistikis sammarTvelo, mSeneblobisa da
uZravi qonebis saministro, moqalaqeobisa da imigraciis saministro.
saxelmwifo programa mraval mimarTulebiania:
jandacvis saministro axorcielebs saqmianobas msxverplTaTvis samedicino
daxmarebis gasaumjobeseblad:
⇒ samedicino personalisaTvis specialuri swavlebis organizeba (seminarebisa
da kursebis Catareba samedicino saswavleblebTan da eqimebisa da eqTnebis
asociaciebTan TanamSromlobiT);
⇒ kvlevis ganxorcieleba `jandacva da Zaladoba qalis winaaRmdeg~ (Zaladobis
gavlenis Seswavla msxverplTa fizikur da fsiqikur janmrTelobaze);
⇒ Zaladobis msxverplebTan mopyrobisas qcevis wesebis SemuSaveba eqime-
bisaTvis;
⇒ saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba eqTnebisaTvis, romlebic daxmarebas uweven
ojaxuri ZaladobiT dazaralebulT.
generaluri prokuratura da iusticiis saministros gansaxorcielebel
saqmianobaSi Sedis:
⇒ Sesworebebis momzadeba parlamentSi warsadgenad kanonmdeblobis daxvewis
mizniT;
⇒ policielTa, prokurorTa, sapatrulo samsaxurebisa da penitencialuri
sistemis muSakTa treningi;
⇒ specialuri instruqciis SemuSaveba policielebisaTvis, rogor imoqmedon
ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebSi;
⇒ sainformacio masalebis SemuSaveba policielebisaTvis, imis Sesaxeb Tu
rogor aRmouCinon daxmareba ZaladobiT dazaralebulebs;
⇒ saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba socialuri muSakebisaTvis.
ojaxuri Zaladobis problemaze muSaoba regionul doneze
calkeul provinciebs aqvT SemuSavebuli specialuri regionaluri kanonebi
ojaxuri Zaladobis sakiTxze. magaliTad, albertis provinciam 1998 wels miiRo
ojaxuri Zaladobisagan dacvis aqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs ojaxis yvela
28
bevri ram scenis miRma ganviTarda. bevr partiul, profkavSirul da mewarme
lider qals ar surda identifikacia radikalur feministebTan, magram
TanaugrZnobdnen koalicias da faqtobrivad iyvnen misi wevrebi ise, rom ar
akeTebdnen amis afiSirebas.
koalicia moqmedebda 18 Tve da sagrZnob warmatebebs miaRwia. parlamentSi qalTa
ricxvma 16% dan 24%-mde aiwia. parlamentis dRis wesrigSi qalTa sakiTxebi
permanentulad xvdeboda. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis cxrave partiam CarTo
Tavis programebSi qalTa moTxovnebi.
1979 wels qalTa organizaciebma da axalma feministebma Camoayalibes komiteti
da droebiTi samdivno. rogorc adre muSaobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi iyo:
• meti qalis CarTva partiaTa saarCevno siebSi;
• zewola partiebze qalTa moTxovnebis programebSi CasarTavad;
• muSaoba eleqtoratTan kandidati qalebis mxardaWeris gasaZliereblad.
amgvari kampaniebi 80-ian wlebSic gagrZelda, magram aseTi mizandasaxulobiTa da
intensiobiT ara. qalTa moZraoba ise Zlieri aRar iyo. didi nawili misi
aqtivistebisa Sevidnen politikur partiebSi, profkavSirebSi, saxelmwifo
administraciaSi. miuxedavad amisa, qalTa warmomadgenlobis zrda politikaSi
gagrZelda da kulminacias miaRwia gro harlem brundtlandis mmarTveli
kabinetis dros, 1987 wels _ es iyo msoflio rekordi, qalebi Seadgendnen
social-demokratiuli partiis mier Sedgenili mmarTveli kabinetis 44%-s.
21
istebliSmentis qalebi da axali feministebi paralelurad muSaodnen. axali
feministebi TavianTi gamosvlebiT qmnidnen xelsayrel sazogadoebriv klimats
qalebis politikaSi winsvlisaTvis, xolo istebliSmentis qalebi asrulebdnen
instrumentalur samuSaos (kandidatebis SerCeva, partiebis daTanxmeba,
amomrCevlebTan muSaoba).
1971 wlis arCevnebis Sedegebma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba. sam did
municipalitetSi askerSi, oslosa da trondheimSi qalebma gadaabijes 50%
bariers. (trondheimSi 20%-dan 54%-s miaRwies, askerSi 26%-dan-57%-s, osloSi
28%-dan 56%-s). 6 municipalitetSi qalTa ricxvma 40%-ze mets miaRwia.
aseTi warmatebis Semdeg qalebma garkveuli ukansvla ganicades. Zalian bevri
qali kandidati ar eloda aseT warmatebas da ar eloda, rom arCeuli iqneboda.
politikuri cxovrebisa da saojaxo pasuxismgeblobebis SeTavsebis siZneleebma
bevrs gadaafiqrebina Semdeg arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba. politikosma
kacebma qalebs brali dasdes `arademokratiul taqtikis~ gamoyenebaSi da
Secvales saarCevno kanonis is nawili, romelic nebas aZlevda amomrCevlebs
CaematebinaT biuletenSi axali kandidatebi. mamakacebma 1975 wlis arCevnebSi
qali kandidatebis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenes biultenidan gvarebis amoSlis is
taqtika, rac qalebma ganaviTares 1971 wlis arCevnebSi.
am gamocdilebis Semdeg daisaxa qalTa mobilizaciis axali taqtika, romelic
fokusirebuli iyo ara builetenebiT manipulirebaze, aramed mimarTuli iyo
partiul siebSi qali kandidatebis ricxvis maqsimaluri gazrdisaken.
formalurma qalTa organizaciebma da axalma feministebma ufro mWidro aliansi
Seqmnes. axali feministebis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli ixsenebs: `70-iani wlebis
meore naxevramde axali feministebi ar vewinaaRmdegebodiT meti qalis arCevas
politikur postebze, magram ar vTvlidiT saWirod muSaobas politikur
sistemasTan. Cven vcdilobdiT gagvezarda qalTa TviTSegneba, raTa ki ar
gveTanamSromla qalebis SemzRudav sistemasTan, aramed Segvecvala is. im xanebSi
Cven vfiqrobdiT, rom unda Segvecvala is garedan da ara Signidan. 1975 wlis
Semdeg Cven mivxvdiT, rom Tu gvsurs cvlilebebis ganxocieleba, saWiroa qalebma
moipovon Zalaufleba arsebul sistemaSi~.
1977 wlis saparlamento arCevnebisa da 1979 wlis municipaluri arCevnebis win
qalebma axali kampaniebi gamarTes. Camoyalibda e.w. `400-is koalicia~, masSi
Sediodnen qalebi yvela politikuri partiidan, qalTa organizaciebisa da axali
feministebis warmomadgenlebi. am qalebs Soris bevr sakiTxze iyo uTanxmoeba,
magaliTad, memarjveneebi abortis winaaRmdegni iyvnen, xolo memarcxeneebi
momxreni, magram maT aerTianebdaT erTi ram, undodaT yvela politikur
poziciaze 50% qali yofiliyo.
koalicia ori mimarTulebiT muSaobda:
• saarCevno siebSi meti qali kandidatis Casma;
• qalTa politikuri dRis wesrigis SemuSaveba, anu SemuSaveba qalebisaTvis
misaRebi politikisa cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi: ganaTleba,
ekonomika, samarTlebrivi sistema, xelovneba, religia.
koaliciaSi Seiqmna komitetebi qalTa politikuri xedvebis SesamuSaveblad.
partiebze zewolis Sedegad miaRwies imas, rom partiebma daiwyes daTanxeba
genderuli kvotis SemoRebaze. 1976 wlisaTvis 2 partia daeTanxma genderul
kvotas liberalebi da memarcxene socialistebi, 1983 wels maT SeuerTda
leiboristuli partia.
20
wevris (qalebis, mamakacebis, bavSvebis, xanSiSesulebis) dacvas Zaladobisagan.
1995 wels saskeCevanis provinciam miiRo aqti ojaxuri Zaladobis mxverplTa
Sesaxeb. aqti iTvaliswinebs specialuri orderebis gacemas, romelic iZleva
policiis mxridan dauyovnebeli Carevis uflebas da avalebs policias Tvalyuri
adevnon krizisul ojaxebs da daicvan misi wevrebi moZaladisagan.
regionebSi moqmedebs sxvadasxvagvari programebi, gansakuTrebiT didi
yuradReba eqceva prevenciuli zomebis miRebas. tardeba sainformacio
kampaniebi, mozardebisaTvis SemuSavebulia sainformacio paketi Zaladobis
Sesaxeb aucilebeli informaciis misaRebad.
ontarios provinciaSi tardeba yovelwliuri treningi im prokurorebisaTvis,
vinc specializdebian ojaxuri Zaladobis saqmeebze. warmatebiT moqmedebs,
agreTve, programa `mowme _ msxverpli~, romelic iTvaliswinebs im mowmeebis
daxmarebas, romlebic TviTonac dazaraldnen. am mowmeebis umravlesoba qalebi
da bavSvebi arian.
manitobas provinciaSi moZaladeebisaTvis SemuSavebulia 3 tipis programa:
⇒ jgufuri Terapiis 24 saaTiani mecadineobebi;
⇒ 84 saaTiani intensiuri Terapiis programa (maTTvis, visac pirobiTi sasjeli aqvs);
⇒ 300 saaTiani programa msjavrdebulebisaTvis.
moqmedebs qalTa dacvis programebi (The Women’s Advocacy Program), romelTa
farglebSic xdeba qalebs exmareba samarTaldamcav sistemasTan urTierTobis
nebismier safexurze.
erT-erT provinciaSi Seqmnilia ojaxuri Zaladobis sasamarTlo, qalebis,
bavSvebisa da xandazmulTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis SemTxvevebis meti yuradRebiTa
da profesionalurad ganxilvisaTvis. mosamarTleebsa da prokurorebs speci-
aluri swavleba aqvT miRebuli da sasamarTlo Zalze warmatebulad muSaobs.
ontarioSi ojaxuri Zaladobis orgvari sasamarTlo moqmedebs, erTi, romelic
SedarebiT iol SemTxvevebs ganixilavs (rodesac ojaxis wevrebs, surT SemdgomSi
erTad cxovrebis gagrZeleba), da meore, romelsac seriozul saqmeebTana aqvs
saqme. aseTma specializaciam marTlmsajulebis xarisxi mkveTrad gaaumjobesa.
did qalaqebSi, magaliTad, torontoSi moqmedebs ojaxur Zladobaze
dauyovnebeli reagirebis sistema (Domestic Violence Emergency Response System). am
sistemis damnergavebi arian kanadis usafrTxoebis samsaxuri, torontos policia
da msxverplTa daxmarebis samsaxurebi.
sistema muSaobs 24 saaTian reJimSi. Zaladobis msxverplebi usasyidlod arian
uzrunvelyofili portatiuli sasignalo aparaturiT, rac saSualebas aZlevT
saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi saswarfod gamoiZaxon policiis TanamSromeli. risk-
jgufis gansazRvras axdenen adgilobrivi socialuri samsaxurebi.
TavSesafrebi. kanadaSi amJamad moqmedebs mxsverplTa TavSesafrebis qseli,
romelSic gaerTianebulia 470 dawesebuleba. TavSesafrebi aris rogorc
qalaqebSi, ise sasoflo raionebSi.
TavSesafrebis dafinansebis 82% modis federaluri saxsrebidan, danarCens
regionisa da municipaluri saxsrebi Seadgens. 30 mln. dolari Semodis
arasamTavrobo wyaroebidan (Semowirulobebi, saqvelmoqmedo latariebi, grantebi).
90-ian wlebSi kanadis mTavrobam gaiTvaliswina ZaladobasTan brZolis erovnuli
strategiis SemmuSavebeli komisiis rekomendaciebi da gaafarTova muSaoba iseT
jgufebTan, romlebisTvisac naklebad misawvdomi iyo krizisuli centrebis
momsaxureba. aseTi jgufebia: soflad mcxovrebi qalebi, eTnikuri umciresobebi,
emigrantebi, invalidebi.
29
Tema IX
genderuli biujeti
biujetis genderuli analizi niSnavs qalebsa da mamakacebze biujetis
gansxvavebuli zemoqmedebis kvlevas. genderuli biujeti xels uwyobs sajaro
saxsrebis samarTlian ganawilebasa da maT efeqtur ganTavsebas, biujetis
dagegmvisas samizne jgufebze orientirebas. genderuli biujeti, aseve, xels
uwyobs kargi marTvis principebis gamyarebas, angariSvaldebulebasa da
gamWvirvalobas.
genderuli biujetis iniciativa pirvelad avstraliaSi ganxorcielda 1984
wels. gaanalizda biujetis gavlena genderul urTierTobebze. avstraliuri
gamocdileba mniSvnelovani iyo ara mxolod cnobierebis amaRlebis Tval-
sazrisiT, aramed es midgoma sarekomendacio iyo Semdgomi iniciativebisaTvis.
britaneTSi 1989 wlidan moyolebuli qalTa sabiujeto jgufi (British Women’s Budjet Group), romelic aerTianebs eqspertebs universitetebidan, arasamTavrobo
organizaciebisa da profkavSirebidan, yovelwliurad aqveynebs komentarebs
erovnul biujetze.
1993 wels mSvidobisa da Tavisuflebis qalTa saerTaSoriso ligam wamoiwyo
genderuli biujetis iniciativa kanadaSi. usafrTxoebis alternatiul
koncefciaze dafuZnebuli es iniciativa fokusirebulia socialuri
uzrunvelyofisa da Tavdacvis xarjebze. britaneTisa da kanadis garda
genderuli biujetis proeqtebis umetesoba samxreT naxevarsferoSi
ganxorcielda. yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia samxreT afrikis qalTa sabiujeto
iniciativa, wamowyebuli 1995 wlis pirveli demokratiuli arCevnebis Semdeg.
amJamad genderuli biujetireba xorcieldeba msoflios 40-ze qveyanaSi.
genderuli biujetirebis inicirebisa da warmarTvis praqtika mravalferovania.
(Parliament, the Budget and Gender, Joachim Wehner, Winnie Byanyima, the handbook jointly produced by the IPU, UNDP, WBI and UNIFEM).
genderuli biujeti — Tanamedrove socialuri teqnologiaa, romelic
saSualebas iZleva dainergos samTavrobo politikis mier interesTa
gaTvaliswinebis diferencirebadi aRricxvis principi socialur-genderuli
niSnis mixedviT. genderuli biujeti ar warmoadgens gansxvavebul biujetebs
qalisa da mamakacisaTvis, is iTvaliswinebs sabiujeto procesSi genderuli
aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebas. genderuli biujeti aris finansuri meqanizmi
Tanasworobis politikis gansaxorcieleblad. (Carita jaSi, genderuli
biujeti/seminaris masalebi, Tbilisi, 2004).
30
norvegiis saxelisuflebo sistema samdoniania: erovnuli, saolqo da
municipaluri doneebi. tipiuri politikuri kariera gulisxmobs am doneebis
meTodur gavlas. dramatuli aRmasvla politikaSi praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.
TiTqosda ise Cans, rom aman politikaSi axali jgufebis gamoCenas xeli unda
SeuSalos, magram sinamdvileSi praqtika gviCvenebs, rom aseTi sistema saSualebas
aZlevs politikos qalebs TandaTanobiT misaRebi da legitimuri gaxdnen.
50-iani wlebis bolos da gansakuTrebiT 60-ian wlebSi skandinaviis yvela
qveyanaSi farTo diskusia gaCaRda genderuli rolebisa da Tanasworobis Sesaxeb.
momzadda oficialuri angariSebi norvegiaSi qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, 1959 wels
daarsda Tanabari anazRaurebis sabWo, mecnierebma da aqtivistebma
popularizacia gauwies sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis ideas. amgvarad, 60-iani
wlebis Sua xnebSi xelsayreli klimati Camoyalibda qalTa aqciebisaTvis.
1967 wlis politikuri kampania. qalTa mobilizaciis pirveli mniSvnelovani
aqcia politikaSi qalis rolis gasazrdelad organizebuli iyo 1967 wlis
adgilobrivi arCevnebisaTvis. aqcias xelmZRvanelobda qalTa erovnuli sabWo.
es sabWo gaxldaT qolga organizacia, romelic Sedgeboda qalTa
organizaciebisa da politikuri partiebis qalTa seqciebis
warmomadgenlebisagan. sabWos saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo
politikuri partiebTan muSaoba saarCevno siebSi kandidati qalebis ricxvis
gasazrdelad. aseve midioda muSaoba imisaTvis, rom qali kandidatebi
moxvedriliyvnen siis zeda nawilSi, raTa hqonodaT Sansi gamarjvebisa.
paralelurad amisa, midoda farTo sareklamo kampania qalebis arCevis ideis
popularizaciisaTvis.
SemuSavebuli strategiis Semdegi nabijebisagan Sedgeboda:
• Sesaferisi kandidaturebis moZieba;
• maTi darwmuneba TavianT ZalebSi da daTanxmeba saarCevno brZolisaTvis;
• partiebTan muSaoba, maTi darwmuneba rom am kandidati qalis CarTva siaSi
kargi ideaa da partias bevr xmas moutons;
• siaSi Seyvanis Semdeg Tvalyuris devneba da muSaoba imaze, rom qali
kandidatebi siaSi perspeqtiul poziciebze moxvedriliyvnen;
• daskvniTi nabiji iyo mediisa da sajaro forumebis saSualebiT
eleqtoratTan muSaoba, qali kandidatebisaTvis mxardaWeris misaRwevad.
1967 wlis aqciebma sagrZnobi Sedegi moitanes, qalTa ricxvi adgilobriv
TviTmmarTvelobaSi gaormagda da 5%-dan 12%-mde gaizarda.
magram politikaSi qalebi isev mcire jgufad rCebodnen da 1971 wels organizda
meore mniSvnelovani aqcia. amjerad istebliSmentis qalebs SeuerTdnen axali
feministebi, romelic 1970 wels norvegiaSi Zalian gaaqtiurdnen.
1971 weli isedac politikurad aqtiuri weli iyo norvegiis istoriaSi. qveyanaSi
gaCaRda cxare debatebi evropis ekonomiur TanamegobrobaSi gawevrianebis
garSemo. 1972 w. Catarda referendumi am sakiTxze. debatebma bevri qalis
politizireba moaxdina. memarcxene Tu memarjvene Sexedulebebis bevri qali
politikurad aqtiuri gaxda swored am debatebis dros. is qalebi, romlebic
yvelaze metad Candnen sazogadoebriv asparezze gaxdnen logikuri kandidatebi
moaxloebul adgilobriv arCevnebSi.
am arCevnebis drosac gamoyenebuli iqna is taqtika, rac 1967 wlis arCevnebSi,
Tanac daemata amomrCevlebTan muSaoba biuletenis SevsebasTan dakavSirebiT.
amomrCevlebs unda gadaexazaT yvela mamakaci kandidati, raTa qal kandidats,
romelic ar iyo siis mowinave poziciaze arCevnebSi gamarjvebis Sansi miscemoda.
saarCevno kanoni iZleoda kandidatis Camatebis SesaZleblobasac.
19
Tema V
qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gazrdis strategiebi
politikaSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis warmatebuli gazrda
(norvegiis magaliTi)
wyaro: Jill M. Bystydzienski, Women in Politics in Norway/Women and Politics, Vol. 8, Haworth Press, Inc. 1988.
1969 wels norvegiis parlamentSi qalebi mxolod 9%-iT iyvnen warmodgenili.
1970 wels adgilobriv TviTmmrTvelobaSi iyo 17% qali, 1975 wels qalTa ricxvi
25% gaxda, 1983 wels ki 33%. rogor da ratom miaRwies norvegielma qalebma
uCveulod maRal warmomadgenlobas politikaSi? qalTa politikaSi winsvlis ra
xelSemwyobi socialuri da politikuri winapirobebi arsebobda?
istoriuli da kulturuli faqtorebi:
istoriulad norvegiaSi Zlieria Tanasworobisa da socialuri
samarTlianobis Rirebulebebi. norvegielTa rwmeniT, saxelmwifo unda
asrulebdes ekonomikuri da socialuri gansxvavebebis gamaTanabrebel rols
da exmarebodes im jgufebs, romelTac naklebad miuwvdebaT xeli
sazogadoebriv resursebze. am pirobebSi qalTa mier sqesTaSoris
Tanasworobis moTxovnebi legitimurad aRiqmeba.
norvegiuli sazogadoeba tradiciulad Zalian organizebulia. sxvadasxva
tipis bevri asociaciaa, romlebic uzrunvelyofen monawileobis maRal
xarisxs. qalebi warmodgenili iyvnen yvela tipis sazogadoebebSi, agreTve,
qalTa organizaciebSi, rogoricaa diasaxlisebis da soflis qalTa
asociaciebi, saqvelmoqmedo saagentoebi. sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi
saqmianobam qalebs ganuviTara politikaSi monawileobisaTvis saWiro unar-
Cvevebi: sajaro sityvis warmoTqma, Sexvedrebis gamarTva, lobingi.
zogadad, norvegiaSi politikuri aqtivobis done maRalia.
norvegiaSi saarCevno da partiuli sistema SedarebiT Ria da
monawileobiTia.
norvegiaSi politikur partiaTa farTo speqtria radikaluri memarcxeneebidan
memarjveneebamde. politikuri partiebis sistema demokratiuli, Ria da
monawileobiTia. arCevnebi xdeba proporciuli sistemiT. partiis saarCevno siebi
dgeba Ria Sexvedrebze da partiis nebismier wevrs SeuZlia daasaxelos
kandidatura. arCevnebi proporciuli sistemiT tardeba. saerTod,
proporciuli sistemis dros qalebi ufro advilad modian politikaSi, radganc
maJoritaruli sistemis dros, rodesac erT adgilze mxolod erTi kandidati
unda SeirCes, qalebs rogorc wesi, uWirT upiratesobis mopoveba.
garda proporciuli sistemisa norvegiaSi saarCevno kanoniT amomrCevlebs
damatebiTi meqanizmebi aqvT imis gasakontroleblad Tu vis irCeven. amomrCevels
SeuZlia saarCevno biuletenSi ara marto gadaxazos gvarebi, aramed Caumatos
axali kandidatis gvari. (marTalia, es wesi SemdegSi nawilobriv Seicvala, magram
raRac etapze mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula politikur postebze qalebis
ricxvis gazrdaSi).
bevr qveyanaSi finansuri dabrkoleba umTavresia qalebis politikaSi win-
svlisaTvis. norvegiaSi saarCevno kampania, ZiriTadad, administraciis da TviT
partiebis mier finansdeba. amitom kandidatebs didi finansuri danaxarjebis
gaReba ar uxdebaT, rac uadvilebs qalebs politikaSi CarTvas.
18
Tema X
genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli
politikis ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi
qarTul sazogadoebaSi mTeli postsabWoTa periodis manZilze momxdari
mniSvnelovani da xSirad radikaluri cvlilebebis miuxedavad, genderuli
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli midgomebis danergva saxelmwifo
Tu adgilobrivi politikis formirebaSi jer kidev did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.
sqesTa Soris uTanasworobis problemis aqtualizebas xels uSlis wlebis
manZilze dagrovili da gadauWreli uamravi socialur-ekonomikuri problema,
romlebic rogorc politikuri speqtris, iseve sazogadoebis umetesi nawilis
mier ufro mniSvnelovnad aRiqmeba. amave dros, jer ar aris saTanadod
gaazrebuli, rom nebismieri sferos politikis SemuSavebisas, nebismieri
erovnuli Tu adgilobrivi donis programis warmatebulobisaTvis aucilebelia
masSi genderuli midgomebis danergva. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da
dasavleTis qveynebi didi xania aRiareben, rom genderuli meinstrimingi, anu
genderuli parametrebis sistemuri integracia politikis formirebis,
ganxorcielebis, monitoringisa da Sefasebis procesSi ara marto genderuli
Tanasworobis miRwevas uwyobs xels, aramed, nebismieri politikis efeqturobis
mniSvnelovani winapirobacaa. genderuli midgomebis danergva, anu gansxvavebuli
saWiroebebisa da problemebis danaxva, gamocdilebisa da xedvebis mTeli
mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswineba, TavisTavad Zalian Rirebulia da xels uwyobs
socialurad mgrZobiare, sazogadoebis interesebze damyarebuli politikis
ganxorcielebas. mdgradi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove koncefcia genderuli
Tanasworobis principis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe warmoudgenelia.
saxelmwifo doneze efeqturi genderuli politikis gatarebisaTvis
aucilebelia qveyanaSi arsebobdes instituciuri meqanizmebi, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis strategiis SemuSavebasa da
ganxorcielebas, agreTve, am sferoSi aRebuli saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis
Sesrulebis koordinirebas.
1994 wels saqarTvelo miuerTda `qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis
likvidaciis konvencias~. 1995 wels ki, pekinSi gamarTul qalTa IV msoflio
konferenciaze SeuerTda im qveyanaTa ricxvs, romlebic SeTanxmdnen,
SeemuSavebinaT qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis erovnuli samoqmedo gegma
pekinis platformis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad. dRemde am mimarTulebiT
saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nabijebi ar gadaudgams.
pekinis platformis 12 mimarTulebidan erT-erTi swored erovnul doneze
instituciuri meqanizmebis Seqmnaa. msoflio praqtikam aCvena, genderuli
Tanasworobis erovnulma instituciurma meqanizmma efeqturad rom imuSaos, anu
warmatebiT moaxdinos saxelmwifo politikis sxvadasxva sferoebSi genderuli
parametrebis integrireba, saWiroa is maRal samTavrobo doneze arsebobdes,
flobdes garkveul finansur da adamianur resursebs da hqondes politikis
formirebaze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba.
axalgazrda demokratiis qveynebSi, sadac genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxi
politikur dRis wesrigSi ar Sedis, saxelmwifo doneze genderuli Tanasworobis
uzrunvelyofis instituciuri meqanizmis Camoyalibebis stimulirebas xSirad
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi axdenen. 1998 wels gaeros ganviTarebis programis
proeqtis `qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi“ xelSewyobiT prezidentis
gankargulebiT saqarTvelos uSiSroebis sabWoSi Seiqmna qalTa mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebis erovnuli komisia. es iyo pirveli mcdeloba saqarTveloSi
samTavrobo doneze genderul problematikaze momuSave struqturis Seqmnisa.
Tumca, am struqturis efeqturi amoqmedeba im periodisaTvis ver moxerxda.
samwuxarod aseve qaRaldze darCa pekinis samoqmedo platformis moTxovnebis
Sesabamisad SemuSavebuli qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis 1998-2000 wlebis
31
samoqmedo gegma, romelsac mohyva 2000-2004 wlis samoqmedo gegma, romelic wina
arSesrulebuli dokumentis TiTqmis meqanikuri aslia.
saqarTveloSi genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis erovnuli
instituciuri meqanizmis Camoyalibebis Semdgomi etapi vardebis revoluciis
Semdeg daiwyo. muSaoba ori mimarTulebiT warimarTa: adgilobrivi qalTa
organizaciebis koaliciis erTma jgufma mTavrobas warudgina iniciativa,
romelic iTvaliswinebda genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifo komisiis
Seqmnas, xolo gaeros ganviTarebis programis (UNDP) axalamoqmedebulma
proeqtma „genderi da politika“ miznad daisaxa parlamentis spikerTan arsebuli
genderuli Tanasworobis sabWos Camoyalibeba. orive mimarTulebiT gaweuli
didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad, saqarTveloSi pirvelad miviReT iseTi mdgomareoba,
roca genderul Tanasworobaze momuSave struqtura arsebobs xelisuflebis
rogorc aRmasrulebel, ise sakanonmdeblo StoSi.
gansakuTrebul aRniSvnas moiTxovs is garemoeba, rom samTavrobo komisia
Seiqmna adgilobrivi organizaciebis ZalisxmeviT, anu iniciativiT «qvemodan»,
rac sakmaod uCveulo precedentia. am iniciativis warmateba mianiSnebs imaze, rom
qalTa organizaciebi wina periodTan SedarebiT ganviTarebis Tvisebrivad axal
etapze gadavidnen. es ki gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im pirobebSi, roca
xelisuflebisaTvis genderuli Tanasworoba ar aris prioritetuli sakiTxi da
instituciuri meqanizmebis mdgradobisa da maTi efeqturi muSaobis uzrun-
velyofisaTvis swored is faqtori gaxdeba gadamwyveti, Tu rogor moaxerxebs
sazogadoebrivi seqtori resursebis mobilizebas am axali struqturebis
gasaZliereblad.
qalTa da genderul sakiTxebze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
koaliciis instituciuri meqanizmebis jgufma, samTavrobo komisiis Seqmnis
iniciativis paralelurad, euTos misiis mxardaWeriT ganaxorciela proeqti,
romlis farglebSic SemuSavda genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis
axali erovnuli samoqmedo gegma. gegmis efeqturobis winapirobad Tavidanve
daisaxa, rom misi SemuSavebis procesi farTo da monawileobiTi unda yofiliyo.
marTlac, erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebaSi monawileoba miiRo qalTa
koaliciis 56 wevrma-organizaciam, qalTa samSvidobo qselis 41 warmomadgenelma,
qalTa regionuli organizaciebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis 88
warmomadgenelma saqarTvelos 10 regionidan. paralelurad moxda saxelmwifo
struqturebis, kerZod 14 saministros 45 warmomadgenlis CarTva SemuSavebis
procesSi. gegmis proeqti gaigzavna, agreTve, saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi
eqspertizisa da rekomendaciebis misaRebad. amgvarad, axali samoqmedo gegmis
SemuSavebis etapze dacul iqna pekinis platformis 294 punqtis moTxovna, rom
erovnuli samoqmedo gegmiT unda waxalisdes aqtiuri mxardaWera da farTo
monawileoba sxvadasxva institucionaluri aqtorebisa, maT Soris
sakanonmdeblo organoebis, akademiuri da kvleviTi institutebisa, profesiuli
asociaciebis, mediis, adgilobrivi saTemo jgufebisa da arasamTavrobo, maT
Soris qalTa organizaciebisa.
amgvarad, am etapze miRweul warmatebad unda CaiTvalos instituciuri
meqanizmebis Seqmna xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel StoebSi da
axali erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebuli proeqtis arseboba. Tumca win
urTulesi amocanebia:
• samoqmedo gegmis warmatebuli lobireba da misi damtkiceba mTavrobis mier;
• instituciuri meqanizmebis koodrinirebuli da efeqturi da nayofieri
muSaobis awyoba;
• samoqmedo gegmis warmatebulad Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa.
genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis erovnulma samoqmedo gegmam
gamokveTa ZiriTadi genderuli problemebi da dasaxa strategiuli miznebi, anu
genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. gegmis Tanaxmad,
unda gagrZeldes muSaoba efeqturi instituciuri meqanizmebis Semdgomi
ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT, risTvisac aucilebelia sxvadasxva saministroSi
32
municipalur doneze ki, sadac arCevnebi proporciuli sistemiT tardeba,
kvotebi kidev ufro efeqturad tardeba: saarCevno administracia ubralod ar
gaatarebs registraciaSi iseTi partiis sias, romelic paritetis moTxovnas ar
Seesabameba.
politikuri partiebidan safrangeTis socialistur partias (Parti Socialiste) 1990
wlidan hqonda 50% kvota saarCevno siebisaTvis.
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi
sloveniaSi gaerTianebul social-demokratebs hqondaT 33% kvota orive
sqesisaTvis.
poloneTSi 30% kvota orive sqesisaTvis SemoRebuli aqvs sam partias:
demokratiul memarcxene alianss, Sromis kavSirsa da Tavisuflebis kavSirs.
CexeTis social-demokratiul partiidan arCeulTa 25% unda iyos qali. Tu
partiis adgilobrivi organizacia ver daasaxelebs 25%-s qali kandidatebisa,
maSin social-demokratebis qalTa organizacias aqvs ufleba daasaxelos
eqstrakandidatebi kvotis Sesavsebad.
ungreTis socialistur partias dawesebuli aqvs 20% kvota qalebisaTvis.
baltiis qveynebi
litvis social-demokratiul partias aqvs dawesebuli kvota - minimum 1/3 orive
sqesisaTvis.
genderuli kvotirebis dadebiTi mxareebi da siZneleebi
kvotebis warmatebul sistemas mosdevs:
• partiebis mier aqtiuri politikis warmoeba kvalificiuri kandidati
qalebis mosazidad;
• qalebs saSualeba eZlevaT gavlena moaxdinon gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesze;
• politikaSi Cndeba qalTa kritikuli masa, romelsac SeuZlia gavlena
moaxdinos politikur normebsa da kulturaze.
kvotebis ganxorcielebas partiisaTvis Semdegi dadebiTi mxareebi aqvs:
• partias emateba axali resursi, izrdeba partiaSi aqtiuri wevri qalebis
ricxvi;
• partia ukeT muSaobs amomrCevel qalebTan, Sesabamisad izreba partiis
mxardamWer qalTa ricxvi.
kvotebis SemoRebas Tan sdevs siZneleebi:
_ kvotebis SemoReba imisTvisaa saWiro rom qalebi gaaZlieros, magram Tu qalebi
ukve garkveul Zalas ar floben, kvotebis SemoRebas ver miaRweven, radgan,
rogorc wesi, kvotebis daweseba gaafTrebul winaaRmdegobas awydeba.
_ kvotebis efeqturad asamuSaveblad aucilebelia kandidati qalebis mozidva.
Zneli ar aris politikur saqmianobaSi ukve CarTuli qalebis daTanxmeba zeda
poziciebze wasawevad. Znelia, qalebis pirveladi daintereseba politikaSi
monawileobis misaRebad adgilobriv doneze.
_ gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom sami arCevnebi mainc aris saWiro, rom kvotebis
sistema srulyofilad amuSavdes.
_ kvotebis bevr momxres hgonia, rom kamaTi da konfliqti kvotebis garSemo
droebiTi movlenaa da mis miRebasTan erTad Sewydeba, magram gamocdileba
adasturebs, rom amgvari debatebi merec ar wydeba.
17
organosaTvis da daisaxa gegma saparlamento fraqciaSi qalTa ricxvs mieRwia
50%-Tvis. es bolo debulebis Sesrulebas bevri siZnele axlda, radganac
britaneTSi moqmedebs maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema, erTmandatian olqebidan
airCeva TiTo deputati.
leiboristulma partiam 1992 wels gadawyvita gaTavisuflebuli, vakanturi
adgilebis 50%-ze mxolod qalebis daesaxelebina. magram es gadawyvetileba
gasaCivrda da 1996 wels sasamarTlom is gaauqma, rogorc mamakacebisaTvis
diskriminaciuli da 1975 wels miRebuli “sqesebis diskriminaciis aqtTan”
SeuTavsebeli. Sotlandiis parlamentisa da uelsis erovnuli ansambleis 1999
wlis arCevnebisaTvis leiboristulma partiam gamoiyena mezobeli saarCevno
olqebis dawyvilebis sistema. TiToeul wyvilisaTvis am ori olqis partiis
wevrebi ikribebodnen da erTad irCevdnen erT qalsa da erT mamakac kandidats.
partiis TiToeul wevrs hqonda ori xma erTi qali kandidatis asarCevad da erTic
mamakaci kandidatisaTvis.
2001 wels parlamentma miiRo sqesTa diskriminaciis (saarCevno kandidatebis)
aqti, romelic SesaZleblobas aZlevs politikur partias ganaxorcielos
pozitiuri qmedebebi (positive action) qal kandidatTa sasargeblod, ise rom ar
daarRvios Sromis kanonmdebloba.
safrangeTi safrangeTSi genderuli kvotebis aucilebloba konstituciiT aris
gansazRvruli. 1999 wels konstituciaSi Sevida dameteba, romlis mixedviTac
“kanonmdebloba mxars uWers qalisa da kacisaTvis saarCevno mandatTa Tanabar
misawvdomobas” da politikurs partiebs akisrebs Tanabari misawvdomobis
uzrunvelyofis pasuxismgeblobas. am Sesworebas “paritetuli reforma” ewoda.
200 wels axali saarCevno kanoniT ganisazRvra, rom paritetuli reforma
50%-50% Seexeba yvela donis proporciul arCevnebs:
• municipalur arCevnebs qalaqebisaTvis, sadac 3 500 meti mcxovrebia;
• senatis arCevnebs, proporciulad arCeuli senatorTa mandatebisaTvis;
• regionul arCevnebs;
• evropis parlamentis arCevnebs;
• parizis sabWos arCevnebs;
• parizis, lionisa da marselis raionis sabWoebis arCevnebs.
es reforma moiTxovs aseve partiebis mier dasaxelebul kandidatTa Soris
genderuli balansis dacvas safrangeTis parlamentis arCevnebisas, romelic
orturiani maJoritaruli sistemiT tardeba.
2000 wlis saarCevno kanonma daawesa finansuri dasja im politikuri
organizaciebisaTvis, romlebic ar daicavdnen dasaxelebul kandidatTa Soris
genderul balanss. safrangeTSi saxelmwifo finansirebas politikuri
organizaciebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad, 1999 wels saxelmwifo
dotaciam Seadgina politikuri subieqtebis mTeli Semosavlis 51 procenti.
saxelmwifosagan miRebuli finansebi mcirdeba, Tu paritetidan gadaxra gacdeba
2%-s. amgvarad, partia, romelic daasaxelebs 49% qal kadidats da 51% mamakacs
ar dajarimdeba, magram meti gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi dajarimdeba, Semdegi wesiT:
Tu partiis mier wardgenili qali da mamakaci kandidatebis ricxvi 2%-ze metad
gansxvavdeba, maSin saxelmwifo daxmareba mcirdeba am gansxvavebis naxevriT.
magaliTad, Tu partiim waradgina 60% mamakaci kandidati, xolo 40% qali,
gansxvaveba 20%-is toli iqneba da maSin partias saxelmwifo daxmareba
Seumcirdeba 10%-iT.
16
genderul sakiTxebze momuSave pasuxismgebeli piris, e.w. genderuli oficeris
Tanamdebobis SemoReba, saministroebis genderuli erTeulebis kapacitetis
gaZliereba, maTi teqnikuri aRWurva da specialistebis treningebi. aseve,
umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia, genderuli Tanasworobis instituciuri meqanizmebis
saqmianobis sabiujeto uzrunvelyofa. Sedegad, samizne saministroebSi unda
miviRoT, iseTi genderuli erTeulebi, romelTac SeuZliaT saministros
saqmianobis, proeqtebisa da programebis genderuli eqspertizis ganxorcieleba,
rekomendaciebis gaweva da saministros mier SemuSavebul politikaSi genderuli
midgomebis integrireba.
marTvaSi genderuli parametrebis danergvis umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti
srulyofili genderuli statistikaa. amitom, aucilebelia genderuli
statistikis indikatorebis SemuSaveba da maTi danergva informaciis mopovebisa
da damuSavebis Sesabamis doneebze. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, genderuli
statistikis gavrcelebisa da efeqturad gamoyenebis formebisa da meTodebis
srulyofa. genderuli statistikis ganviTarebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba
genderuli analizis siRrmis miRweva, mkafio, gazomvadi miznebis dasaxva da
miRweuli Sedegebis zusti Sefaseba.
genderuli Tanasworobis xelSemwyobi sakanonmdeblo bazis SeqmnisaTvis,
umniSvnelovanesia ojaxuri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg, trefikingis winaaRmdeg,
migraciis Sesaxeb kanonebis miReba. Zalze aqtualuri da mtkivneuli sakiTxia
Sromis kodeqsis proeqtis daxvewa genderuli TvalsazrisiT. xelisuflebis mier
warmodgenil proeqtSi bevri xarvezi iyo am TvalsazrisiT, ramac mwvave sajaro
debatebi gamoiwvia.
genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
mimarTulebaa genderuli biujetis principebis danergvis xelSewyoba rogorc
saxelmwifo, ise adgilobrivi biujetebis formirebisas. genderuli biujetis
cneba SedarebiT axalia da iTvaliswinebs biujetis genderul analizs, romelic
warmoaCens qalebsa da mamakacebze sabiujeto xarjebis gansxvavebuli gavlenas
da xels uwyobs biujetis iseT dagegmvas, romelic sabiujeto resursebs
Tanabrad misawvdoms xdis orive sqesisaTvis. rakiRa genderuli biujeti axali
cnebaa, dasawyisisaTvis saWiroa 2006 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis genderuli
analizis ganxorcieleba, sabiujeto procesis Sefasebis genderuli
indikatorebis SemuSaveba da specialuri saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba, romelic
xels Seuwyobs genderuli biujetirebis Sesaxeb codnis gavrclebas da
daexmareba saministroebisa Tu adgilobrivi xelisuflebis genderul
erTeulebs ganaxorcielon sxvadasxva programebisa da proeqtebis biujetebis
genderuli analizi.
saxelmwifo genderuli politikis mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba unda gaxdes
genderuli parametrebis danergva socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
procesSi, rac gulisxobs Sromis bazarze genderuli Tanasworobis xelSewyobas,
mcire biznesis ganviTarebasa da mewarme qalTa waxalisebas, saxelmwifo
dasaqmebis politikis SemuSavebas genderuli parametrebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
genderulad mgrZnobiare socialuri dacvis politikisa da demografiuli
politikis SemuSavebas.
unda aRiniSnos, rom pirveli nabijebi gadaidga trefikingis winaaRmdeg
saxelmwifoebrivi midgomis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. qmediTi RonisZiebebis
ganxorcielebisTvis da trefikingis danaSaulis da misi xelSemwyobi mizezebis
aRmofxvris mizniT, saqarTvelos prezidentis 2004 wlis 29 dekembris 623
brZanebulebiT damtkicda adamianTa vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis
2005-2006 wlebis erovnuli samoqmedo gegma da am samoqmedo gegmis efeqtiani
ganxorcielebis mizniT, 2005 wlis 1 Tebervals Seiqmna saqarTvelos erovnuli
uSiSroebis sabWos adamianis vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis
droebiTi uwyebaTaSorisi komisia. Tumca, 2005-2006 wlis samoqmedo gegmiT
gansazRvrul RonisZiebaTa umravlesoba ar Sesrulebula. trefikingis
winaaRmdeg brZolis sistema jer ar Camoyalibebula, Sesabamisi konvenciebi ar
aris ratificirebuli, trefikingis Sesaxeb kanonma mxolod pirveli
saparlamento mosmena gaiara, Senoba TavSesafrisaTvis ar aris gamoyofili.
33
gadaudebeli amocanaa, agreTve, ojaxuri Zaladobisagan dacvis efeqturi
sistemis Seqmna da saTanado samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis amoqmedeba.
cxadia, amgvari kompleqsuri amocanebis gadaWra genderuli Tanasworobis
saxelmwifo komisiisa da saparlamento sabWos Semdgom gaZlierebasa da
erTobliv nayofier saqmianobas moiTxovs. saparlamento sabWom da saxelmwifo
komisiam erToblivad SeimuSava saxelmwifo genderuli politikis koncefcia,
romlis damtkicebac 2006 wlis zafxulSia mosalodneli. koncefcia da
samoqmedo gegma unda iqcnen im ZiriTad dokumentebad, romelic gansazRvravs
saxelmwifos strategias genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis sferoSi.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis
instituciuri safuZvlis Seqmnis procesi adgilobriv donezec warimarTa.
kerZod, sazogadoebrivi organizacia “qalTa ganaTlebisa da informaciis
saerTaSoriso centrma” britaneTis saelCosa da euTos mier mxardaWerili
programis farglebSi “aqtiuri qalebi cvlilebebisaTvis”, SesZlo oTxi raionis
(mcxeTa, duSeTi, Coxatauri, axalcixe) mmarTvelobaSi genderul saqmeTa
samsaxurebis Seqmnis procesis inicireba. es saqarTveloSi pirveli precedentia
adgilobriv xelisuflebaSi genderul problematikaze momuSave specialuri
struqturis Seqmnisa. axalSeqmnili samsaxurebi teqnikurad aRWurva gaeros
ganviTarebis programis proeqtma “genderi da politika”, xolo samsaxurebis
warmomadgenlebma Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis misaRebad ramdenime treningi
gaiares, maT Soris, “partniorebi demokratiuli cvlilebebisaTvis _
saqarTvelosa” da “partniorebi — poloneTis” erToblivi proeqtis farglebSi,
rac am sferoSi polonuri gamocdilebis gaziarebas isaxavda miznad. imisaTvis,
rom axalSeqmnilma erTeulebma SesZlon TavianTi sicocxlisunarianobis
dadastureba, daagrovon gamocdileba da nayofieri saqmianobis pozitiuri
magaliTi Seqmnan sxva adgilobrivi xelisuflebebisaTvis, raionis gamgeobebis
genderuli samsaxurebis adamianuri da teqnikuri resursebis gaZliereba
aucilebelia SemdgomSic gagrZeldes, miT ufro, rom am samsaxurebs debulebiT
sakmaod farTo pasuxismgeblobebi akisriaT, kerZod:
• genderuli problemebis Sesaxeb monacemTa miRebisa da analizis sistemis
Camoyalibeba da genderuli statistikis Seqmna raionis masStabiT;
• adgilobrivi socialur — ekonomikuri situaciis yovelwliuri
genderuli analizi;
• genderuli parametrebis uzrunvelyofa adgilobriv biujetSi, qalebsa da
mamakacebze adgilobrivi biujetis xarjebis gansxvavebis analizi da
saTanado rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba;
• adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis moxeleTa genderuli ganaTlebis
uzrunvelyofa;
• adgilobrivi programebis genderuli analizi da programebis
SemuSavebisas genderuli parametrebis danergvis xelSewyoba;
• saxelmwifo programebis genderuli komponentebis Sesrulebis
xelSewyoba adgilobriv doneze;
• angariSebis miReba calkeuli ganyofilebebisa da samsaxurebis mier
genderuli parametrebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb.
genderuli Tanasworobis instituciuri meqanizmebis gaZliereba, politikur
dRis wesrigSi zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebis wamoweva da maTi gadaWra
SeuZlebeli gaxdeba, Tu ver moxerxda Zalisxmevisa da resursebis maqsimaluri
mobilizeba, genderul problemebze momuSave, rogorc adgilobrivi, ise
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier. pekinis moqmedebaTa platformis 289 punqtis
Tanaxmadac, „arasamTavrobo organizaciebs gansakuTrebuli roli aqvT qalisa da
mamakacis Tanasworobaze damyarebuli socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da
inteleqtualuri klimatis SeqmnaSi. qalTa organizaciebi aqtiurad unda iyvnen
CarTuli genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevisaken mimarTuli politikis
ganxorcielebasa da monitoringSi“.
34
norvegia
norvegia Sidapartiuli kvotebis gamoyenebis pioneria. memarcxene socialistur
partias (SV) 1975 wlidan aqvs SemoRebuli 40% kvota orive sqesisaTvis. aseve
axorcielebs siaSi sxvadasxva sqesis kandidatTa monacvleobis wess (zipping system).
40% kvota orive sqesisaTvis aseve dawesebuli aqvs norvegiis leiboristuli
partias 1983 wlidan, centristul partias 1989 wlidan, qristanul saxalxo
partias 1993 wlidan.
germania
germaniSi kvotebi arc konstituciiTa gansazRvruli da arc saarCevno kanoniT.
magram politikuri partiebi iyeneben Sidapartiul kvotebs saarCevno siis
formirebisas. magaliTad, demokratiuli socializmis partia (PDS) iyenebs 50%
kvotas partiul siebSi. aliansi 90/mwvaneebic 1986 wlidan iyeneben aseve 50%-ian
kvotas. qristian-demokratiul partiaSi 1996 wlidan dawesda, rom siaSi minimum
yoveli mesame kandidati qali unda iyos. social-demokratiuli partiam (SPD)
kvotebis sistema SemoiRo 1988 wlidan. 1990 wlisaTvis mizani iyo 25% qali
kandidatis CarTva siebSi, 1994 wlisaTvis 33%-s, da 1998 wlisaTvis ki ukve 40%-
isa. 40%-iani genderuli kovta moiTxovs aseve, siis ise agebas, rom siis bolo
adgilebze mxolod erTi sqesi ar moxvdes, risTvisac siaSi minimum yoveli mexuTe
mainc iyos gansxvavebuli sqesis, vidre wina oTxeuli.
rakiRa 80-iani wlebidan TiTqmis yvela partiam dauWira mxari sakanonmdeblo
organoebSi qalTa monawileobis gazrdisaTvis mizanmimarTuli saqmianobis
ganxorcielebas, bundestagSi qalTa ricxvi gaizarda 10%-dan (1983 w.) 20%-mde
(1990 w.), 1997 w. gaxda 26,6%, 2005 wlisaTvis ki 31,8%-s miaRwia.
didi britaneTi
britaneTSi didi xnis manZilze qalebi mxars uWerdnen konservatiul partias da
iTvlebodnen konservatorTa `saidumlo iaraRad~. 1990 wlebSi konservatiuli
partia mivida daskvnamde, rom qalTa mdgomareobaSi momxdari radikaluri
cvlilebebis Semdeg, mas erTxel da samudamod ar hqonda garantirebuli qali
amomrCevlebis mxardaWera. partiam daiwyo qalebis mimarT pozitiuri
deklaraciebis da saqmianobis ganxorcieleba. 1992 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis
Semdeg partiis Tavmjdomarem n. faulerma mouwoda Tavis partias waredginaT ara
nakleb 100 qali kandidatisa, parlamentis Semdgomi arCevnebisaTvis. marTalia, es
mizani bolomde ver iqna miRweuli, magram 1997 wlis arCevnebze konservatorebma
waradgines 67 kandidati qali.
liberal-demokratiul partias aqvs wesi, rom yovel saarCevno olqSi
kandidatTa CamonaTvalSi arc erTi sqesi ar unda iyos erT mesamedze naklebi.
aseve, partiam gamoiyena saarCevno siaSi sxvadasxva sqesis kandidatTa
monacvleobis principi evropis parlamentis arCevnebze 1999 wels.
leiboristuli partiisaTvis, romelic 18 wlis ganmavlobaSi (1979-dan 1997
wlamde) opoziciaSi iyo, qalTa dawinaureba partiaSi amomrCevelTa Soris
mxardaWeris gazrdis erT-erTi gza aRmoCnda. genderuli demokratiis
gafarToeba iyo nawili partiis zogadi modernizaciisa da demokratizaciisa,
ramac xeli Seuwyo leiboristebis gamarjvebas. partiam Seicvala Tavisi
`mamakacuri~ imiji da 80-iani wlebis bolos SeimuSava genderuli kvotirebis
programa. dawesda 40%-iani genderuli kvota partiis yvela arCeviTi
15
kvotebi politikur partiebSi. kvotirebis efeqturi da warmatebuli nimuSia
Sida partiuli kvotebi. aseTi kvotebi gamoiyeneba CrdiloeTis qveynebSi, sadac
qalTa warmomadgenloba politikaSi yvelaze maRalia. (1998 wlis monacemebiT
SvedeTis parlamentSi qalebi Seadgenden 40%-s, norvegiaSi 38%-s, fineTsa da
daniaSi 34%-s).
arc konstitucia da arc saarCevno kanoni ar awesebs qalTa maRali
warmomadgenlobis aucileblobas. qalTa ricxvis gazrda politikaSi
ukavSirdeba partiebis qalTa seqciebisa da qalTa organizaciebis zewolas
politikur partiebze. aseTi moTxovnis sapasuxod, raTa ar daekarga iseT
amomrCevelTa mxardaWera, romelTa simpaTiac genderulad dabalansebul
partiebis mxares ixreboda, zogierTma partiam gadawyvita genderuli kvotebis
sistema SemoeRo partiis SigniT. 1970-80 wlebSi kvotebi SemoiRes memarcxene
partiebma. centristuli da memarjvene partiebis umetesobas aseTi RonisZiebebi
im xanad araliberalurad miaCndaT.
1983 wlis norvegiis leiboristulma partiam gadawyvita, rom `yvela arCevnebze
TiToeuli sqesis kandidatebi unda warmoadgendnen minimum 40%-s~.
1988 wels daniis social-demokratiulma partiam ganacxada `TiToeul sqess aqvs
ufleba warmoadgendes sul mcire 40%-s partiis kandidatTa siaSi adgilobrivi
da regionaluri arCevnebisaTvis. Tu ar iqna sakmarisi raodenoba TiToeuli
sqesis kandidatebis, es ufleba srulad ver ganxorcieldeba~. es wesi 1996 wels
gauqmda.
1994 wels SvedeTis social-demokratiulma partiam SemoiRo principi `yoveli
meore siaSi qali unda iyos~.
partiebi, kvotebs ara mxolod sxvadasxva donis arCevnebis dros iyeneben, aramed
Sidapartiuli struqturebisa da xelmZRvanelobis arCevisTvisac.
kvotebis SemoRebas skandinaviis qveynebSi ori ZiriTadi winaaRmdegoba hqonda:
xandaxan Znelia qali kandidatebis saTanado ricxvis moZieba, meorec xSirad
problematuria partiis inkumbenti mamakaci wevrebis gverdiT gaweva qalis
dasawinaureblad. SvedeTSi da daniaSi adgilobriv arCevnebSi inkumbentebis 2/3-s
xelaxla irCeven. maTi umetesoba mamakacia da cxadia, isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen
qalebisaTvis kvotebis SemoRebas, radganac eSinodaT adgilebis dakargva.
am tipis konfliqtis Sesamcireblad partiebi iyeneben Semdeg strategias:
daniis social-demokratiulma partiam, rodesac Sida partiul postebze 40%-
iani kvota daawesa, gazarda komitetis wevrTa ricxvi, ise rom mamakacma wevrebma
ar dakarges TavianTi adgilebi. aseve, Tu manamde partiis xelmZRvanels erTi
moadgile hyavda, daamates kidev erTi posti moadgilis, romelzedac qali
airCies.
calkeuli qveynebis gamocdileba kvotebis gamoyenebis sferoSi
radganac gadawyvetilebis miRebis organoebSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis zrdis
koeficienti mcirea, politikaSi genderuli dibalansis dasaZlevad msoflios
70-ze met qveyanaSi moisinja iseTi specialuri RonisZiebebi, rogoricaa
saarCevno kvotebi. rogorc aRvniSneT, kvotebi mravalferovania, konstituciiT
an kanonmdeblobiT dawesebulidan dawyebuli politikuri paartiebis mier
nebayoflobiT SemoRebuli Sidapartiuli kvotebiT gaTavebuli.
mimovixiloT ramdenime qveynis gamocdileba kvotebis gamoyenebis sferoSi.
wyaro: genderuli kvotebis globaluri monacemTa baza, demokratiisa da
arCevne-bis saerTaSoriso instituti da stokholmis unoversiteti
(http://www.quotaproject.org/).
14
Tema XI
genderuli politikis ganxorcieleba regionul doneze
germania/ zaaris mxaris magaliTi
1996 wlis zaaris mxaris landTagma (samxareo parlamentma) miiRo kanoni qalTa
da mamakacTa Tanasworuflebianobis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. kanonis mizania
genderuli Tanasworuflebianobis realurad ganxorcieleba sajaro
dawesebulebebSi, rac gulisxmobs nebismier funqciur da saSemosavlo doneze
qalTa warmomadgenlobis arsebuli simciris moSlas da samsaxureobrivi da
ojaxur-mzrunvelobiTi movaleobebis SeTanxmebas. ojaxuri movaleoba
gulisxmobs mcirwlovani bavSvebis aRzrdas da ojaxis im wevrebze zrunvas,
romlebic movlas saWiroeben.
kanoniT sajaro dawesebulebebs evaleba:
• genderuli statistikis warmoeba, romelic moicavs Semdeg kategoriebs:
qalebisa da mamakacebis mier dakavebuli sruli da arasruli Statebi
satarifo Tanrigebis mixedviT, Sromis anazRaureba, Svebulebebis raodenoba
da xangrZlioba, profesiuli ganaTlebis mimRebTa raodenoba sqesebis
mixedviT. es statistika unda qveyndebodes dawesebulebaSi da agreTve, unda
gadaeces statistikis departamentsa da qalTa, samuSaos, jandacvisa da
socialuri uzrunvelyofis saministros. unda gaanalizdes Sedegebi samxareo
doneze da gamoqveyndes sul mcire sam weliwadSi erTxel.
• qalTa Tanasworuflebiani ganviTarebis gegmis SemuSaveba. TiToeulma
samsaxurma unda waradginos samwliani gegma qalTa warmomadgenlobis simciris
aRsakveTad. gegma unda moicavdes metwilad mamakacebiT dakompleqtebuli
samuSao adgilebis imgvarad Secvlas, rom maTi dakaveba qalebmac SesZlon.
• samuSao drois modelebis gamocda profesiuli da saojaxo movaleobebis
SeTavsebisaTvis. im pirebma, romlebic zrunaven ojaxis wevrebze SeuZliaT
garkveuli xniT moiTxovon arasruli samuSao dro (dRiuri, kvireuli, Tviuri
an wliuri).
• RonisZiebebis gatareba samuSao adgilze seqsualuri iZulebis winaaRmdeg;
• qalTa rwmunebulebi. sajaro samsaxurebma unda daaweson qalTa rwmunebulis
Tanamdeboba, romelic konsultacias gauwevs da daexmareba rogorc mTli-
anobaSi samsaxurs, ise TanamSromlebsac Tanasworuflebianobis realurad
damkvidrebaSi. qalTa rwmunebuls irCeven mdedrobiTi sqesis TanamSromlebi
sami wlis vadiT. qalTa municipaluri rwmunebuli monawileobas iRebs yvela
gegmis, RonisZiebis, proeqtis SemuSaveba-SefasebaSi, romlebmac gavlena
SeiZleba moaxdinos im municipaliteteSi mcxovrebi qalebis cxovrebaze.
zaaris mxareSi arsebobs qalTa, samuSaos, jandacvisa da socialuri uzrun-
velyofis saministro. saarbriukenis meriaSi Seqmnilia qalTa ganyofileba,
romlis movaleobacaa Tvali adevnos adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier miRebul
nebismier dokuments, ganviTarebis gegmas, biujets, moaxdinos genderuli
analizi da SeimuSaos rekomendaciebi iseT debulebebze, romelic ar
iTvaliswineben an ewinaaRmdegebian qalTa interesebs.
saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT samxareo doneze politikis formirebaSi genderuli
midgomebis danergvis erTaderTi iniciativa, gaeros ganviTarebis programis
mxardaWeriT Seqmnilma qalTa regionulma centrma wamoiwyo. kerZod, centrma
organizeba gaukeTa samcxe-javaxeTSi genderuli politikis grZelvadiani
samoqmedo gegmis (2006-2008 w.w.) SemuSavebis process. samoqmedo gegma miznad
35
isaxavs samcxe-javaxeTSi genderuli politikis mimarTulebebis gansazRvras,
genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis lobirebas, marTvis procesSi genderuli
parametrebis gaTvaliswinebisa da, regionSi arsebuli genderuli asimetriis
Semcirebis xelSewyobas. gegma kompleqsuria da dasaxuli miznebis
Sesasruleblad xelisuflebis organoebisa da sazogadoebis Zalisxmevis
gaerTianebaa saWiro. samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebis procesSic monawileoba
miiRes rogorc xelisuflebis, maT Soris, regionis eqvsive raionis gamgebelma,
ise sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis, mediisa da akademiuri wreebis
warmomadgenlebma. samcxe-javaxeTis genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis
samoqmedo gegma saqarTveloSi samxareo doneze SemuSavebuli am saxis pirveli
dokumentia da Sesabamisad, adgilobriv doneze genderuli politikis
formirebis pirveli mcdelobaa.
36
Tema IV
specialuri droebiTi zomebi politikaSi
qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis
kvotebi qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gasazrdelad
radgan politikaSi qalTa ricxvi nela izrdeba, msoflios bevr qveyanaSi
qalebi moiTxoven efeqturi meTodebis gamoyenebas politikaSi genderuli
balansis misaRwevad. kvota erT-erTi aseTi efeqturi meqanizmia, romelic
saSualebas iZleva naxtomiseburad gavzardoT politikos qalTa raodenoba.
amitom genderuli Tanasworobis bevri momxre kvotebs imediT uyurebs. amave
dros kvotebis sistema badebs bevr seriozul kiTxvas da, xSirad, Zalian
seriozul winaaRmdegobas awydeba. ra aris kvotebis ganxorcielebis saukeTeso
gza? ra argumentebi arsebobs kvotebis dasacavad da mis sawinaaRmdegod?
ra aris kvota?
kvotebis ideis safuZvelia, gadalaxos politikisagan qalebis izolirebis
arsebuli mdgomareoba da CarTos qalebi politikur procesSi.
kvotebis sistema qalebis politikaSi CarTvis pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs ara
calkeul qalebs, aramed politikur partiebs, romlebic politikaSi
rekrutirebis process akontroleben.
kvotas sxvagvarad specialuri droebiTi zomebs uwodeben, radganac is
warmoadgens droebiT RonisZiebas, romelic manamde moqmedebs, sanam
politikaSi qalTa monawileobis barierebi daiZleva.
kvotebi SeiZleba iyos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli anda SeiZleba iyos Sida
partiuli, anu politikuri partiebis mier iyos dawesebuli.
saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli kvotebis ganxorcieleba SedarebiT
ioli gansaxorcielebelia daniSvniT adgilebze, vidre arCeviTze, radganac
arCevnebis dros kvotebis sistema exeba demokratiuli procesis safuZvlebs da
SeiZleba Seejaxos amomrCevelTa mier arCevanis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebis
ideas, TumcaRa kandidatebis nominaciis procesze amomrCevlebis met-naklebi
gavlenis miuxedavad, saarCevno sistemebis umravlesobaSi kandidatebis SerCeva-
dasaxelebis prerogativa politikur partiebis xelSia.
saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli kvotebis erT-erTi saxeobaa e. w.
rezervirebuli adgilebi. rezervirebuli adgilebis sawinaaRmdegoa is
argumenti, rom zogierT qveyanaSi, sadac demokratiuli sistema ar aris
srulyofili, xelisuflebas SeuZlia kvotebis sistema Tavis sasargeblod
gamoiyenos. specialurad SerCeuli qalebiT miiRos Tavisi morCili jgufi da
Tanac Tavi moiwonos politikaSi qalTa dawinaurebisaTvis xelSewyobiT.
qalTa moZraobis mxridan rezervirebuli adgilebis kritika (miT ufro Tu aseTi
adgilebis ricxvi 1/3-s ar aRemateba an amaze mcirea) efuZneba arguments, rom
aseTi sistema aferxebs qalTa ricxvis zrdas, mas Semdeg, roca moTxovna
Sesrulebulia.
`kvota avadmyofobis wamalia, magram gverdiTi movlenebica aqvs. kvotas
SeuZlia gamoiwvios erTgvari zeda zRvaris daweseba qalTa
monawileobisaTvis. agreTve, mas SeiZleba ar mohyves avtomaturad
politikuri kulturis ganviTareba.~
kristin pinta, inter-saparlamento kavSiri
13
Tema III
saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis genderuli aspeqtebi
saqarTveloSi tardeba 3 saxis arCevnebi: parlamentis, prezidentis da
TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa arCevnebi.
arCevnebs aregulirebs saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi. saqarTveloSi 75 saar-
Cevno olqia.
parlamentis arCevnebi tardeba Sereuli principiT: maJoritaruliT da pro-
porciuliT. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebic aseve ori sistemiT
tardeba: maJoritaruliTa da proporciuliT.
zogadad, sxvadasxva qveynebis magaliTze, iTvleba rom proporciuli sistema
ufro xelsayrelia qalebisaTvis vidre maJoritaruli, parlamentis arCevnebis
dros es saqarTveloSic asea, parlamentSi arCeuli 22 deputati qalidan mxolod
samia maJoritaruli wesiT arCeuli (kerZod, quTaisis (nino burjanaZe),
bolnisisa (sofio larculiani) da yvarlis (nana patarkaciSvili) saarCevno
olqidan. rac Seexeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebs, sadac adgilebze 1998
wlisa da 2002 wlis arCevnebze airCeoda 1100 pirveli donis adgilobrivi
sakrebulo, da arCevnebi naklebad konkurentuli iyo, aq ar Cans didi gansxvaveba
imaSi, qalebis arCevisaTvis romeli sistemaa ufro sasargeblo.
ra SeiZleba post-sabWoTa saarCevno gamocdilebidan CaiTvalos sakanonmdeblo
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze xelisSemSlelad qalebisaTvis?
2002 wlis mowvevis raionis sakrebuloebi aris e.w. asocirebuli sakrebuloebi da
Sedgeba raionSi Semavali pirveli donis sakrebulos Tavmjdomareebisagan.
amitom, radganac qali iSviaTad xdeba sakrebulos Tavmjdomare, Sesabamisad 2002
wlis mowvevis raionul sakrebuloebSi bevrad naklebi qali Sevida (praqtikulad
ar arian qalebi raionis doneze). 1998 wlis arCevnebSi raionis sakrebuloebi
pirdapir airCeodnen da maTSi iyo garkevuli procenti qalebisa. kerZod, raionis
sakrebuloebSi qalTa ricxvi 9-%-s Seadgenda.
aseve sayuradReboa, rom Tu 1998 wels did qalaqebSi qalTa warmomadgenloba
sakrebuloebSi iyo 7,8%, 2002 wels arCeul quTaisisa da rusTavis sakrebuloSi
arc erTi qali deputati ar aris. es SeiZleba avxsnaT imiT, rom 2002 wlis
adgilobriv arCevnebze partiebi meti SemarTebiT ibrZodnen, radgan es arCevnebi
2003 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis tramplinad aRiqmeboda, meorec SesaZloa
imiT, rom arCevnebi 1998 wlisagan gansxvavebiT amjerad maJoritarulad Catarda.
sakanonmdeblo doneze problema is aris, rom saarCevno kodeqsi genderulad
neitraluria da ar iTvaliswinebs garkveul xelSeswyobas genderuli
Tanasworobis miRwevisaTvis. amitom, genderuli TvalsazrisiT misi mTavari
naklic es aris.
12
Tema 12
genderuli statistika _ politikis Sefasebis,
analizis, dagegmvis instrumenti
wyaro: UNECE's Gender Statistics Website for Europe & North America
http://www.unece.org/stats/gender/web
ra aris genderuli statistika?
genderuli statistika SedarebiT axali dargia da konceftualurad ufro mets
niSnavs, vidre, ubralod, sqesis niSniT dayofili monacemebi. genderuli
statistika asaxavs qalisa da mamakacis mdgomareobas yvela sferoSi — da
SesaZleblobas iZleva genderuli sakiTxebis sistemuri SeswavlisaTvis.
genderuli statistikis Seqmna niSnavs tradiciul statistikis sistemaSi
genderis meinstrimingis ganxorcielebas, anu genderuli infikatorebis
danergvas statistikis sistemis yvela sferoSi da yvela doneze. srulyofili
genderuli statistika gulisxmobs genderuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas
monacemTa Sekrebis, analizisa da warmodgenis dros da rac mTavaria, monacemebis
gavrcelebas momxmareblisaTvis moxerxebul formatSi.
ratom aris saWiro genderuli statistika?
genderuli statistika xels uwyobs sazogadoebis mier genderuli problemebis
swor aRqmasa da genderuli stereotipebis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayenebas.
genderuli statistika arwmunebs politikis SemmuSaveblebs koreqtireba
gaukeTon politikas da ukeT upasuxon rogorc mamakacis, ise qalis interesebs.
genderuli statistikis Seqmna aucilebelia, agreTve, genderuli Tanasworobis
xelSewyobis sferoSi cvlilebebis monitoringisaTvis.
genderuli statistikis warmoeba
genderuli inidkatorebis dasadgenad aucilebelia ganisazRvros, Tu ra
genderuli problemebis winaSe dgas sazogadoeba da ra Sesabamisi statistikuri
monacemebis Sekrebaa saWiro problemebis yovelmxriv warmosaCenad da Sesaswav-
lad. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania TanamSromloba politikis Semmu-
Saveblebsa, genderul problematikaze momuSaveTa da statistikis mwarmoebelTa
Soris. monacemTa Sekrebisas gamoyenebuli unda iyos iseTi meTodika, romelsac
SeuZlia adekvaturad asaxos arsebuli genderuli gansxvavebebi.
genderuli statistikis ZiriTadi funqciebi
• genderuli statistika da indikatorebi aucilebelia genderulad
koreqtuli politikisa da gegmebis SemuSavebisaTvis.
• genderuli statistika mniSvnelovani instrumentia cvlilebebis
monitoringisa da Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis mimarTulebiT
progresis Sesafaseblad.
• genderuli statistika xels uwyobs genderuli stereotipebis
aRmofxvras.
37
genderuli statistikis gavrceleba
genderuli statistikis Semdgomi ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan gzad miCneulia
mopovebuli monacemebis iseTi formiT gavrceleba, romelic morgebulia
momxmarebelTa saWiroebaze. amisaTvis aucilebelia momxmarebelTan kavSirebis
ganviTareba da maTgan Sesabamisi ukukavSiris miReba. magaliTad, did britaneTSi
am mizniT specialuri jgufic ki aris Seqmnili: genderuli statistikis
momxarebelTa jgufi. es jgufi miznad isaxavs imgvari monacemebis mopovebisa da
gavrcelebis ganviTarebas, romelic genderuli gansxvavebebisa da
uTanasworobis gaazrebasa da am mimarTulebiT politikis SemuSavebisa da
Sefasebis gaumjobesebas emsaxureba.
genderuli statistikis momxmarebelTa jgufis amocanebia:
• statistikis Seqmnisa da gavrcelebis im aspeqtebisa da sakiTxebis
gamovlena, romelsac gaumjobeseba esaWiroeba;
• Tematuri diskusiiebis organizeba konkretul sferoebSi genderuli
statistikis gaumjobesebis gzebis gamosavlenad;
• mWidro kavSiris Camoyalibeba statistikis mwarmoeblebsa da
momxareblebs Soris, momxmarebelTa interesebis wardgena saxelmwifo
statistikuri samsaxurisa da oficialuri statistikis sxva mwarmoebelTa
winaSe ;
• momxmarebelTa Soris informaciisa da genderuli statistikis saukeTeso
praqtikis nimuSebis gacvlis xelSewyoba.
wyaro: www.eoc.org.uk
genderuli statistika saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departaments garkveuli gamocdileba
aqvs genderuli statistikis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT, TumcaRa mwiri finansuri
resursebis gamo srulyofilad ver flobs informacas genderul WrilSi.
SvedeTis statsamsaxuris daxmarebiT saqarTvelos statistikis departamentma
garkveuli nabijebi gadadga genderulad dacalkevebuli statistikuri
monacemebis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT. kerZod, statistikuri dakvirvebis
formebs daemata rigi maCveneblebi, romlis Sesabamisad gamoica statistikuri
publikacia “qali da kaci saqarTveloSi” 1999, 2003 da 2005 wlebSi.
miuxedavad amisa, saWiroa, kidev ufro daixvewos genderuli indikatorebi,
SesabamisobaSi movides saerTaSoriso standartebTan da dainergos informaciis
Sekrebis yvela doneze. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania genderuli statistikis
gavrcelebis axali formatebis SemuSaveba, raTa erTi mxriv, sazogadoeba
informirebuli iyos genderuli problemebis Sesaxeb da meore mxriv, sxvadasxva
sferoSi erovnul, Tu adgilobriv doneze politikis SemuSavebisas ar moxdes
genderuli faqtorebis ignorireba.
statistikis departamentis monacemebiT, jerjerobiT miuwvdomelia
genderulad dacalkevebuli monacemebi iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa:
anazRaurebadi da aunazRaurebeli Sroma, drois biujetis gamoyeneba, bavSvTa
dacvis maCveneblebi asakisa da ganTavsebis struqturis mixedviT, calkeuli
daavadebebis da asakobrivi jgufebis, eqimTan vizitebis sixSire, specialisti
eqimebis raodenoba, dasalevi wylis misawvdomoba, damnaSaveoba danaSaulis
saxeebis mixedviT, Zaladobis msxverpli danaSaulis saxeebis mixedviT,
trefikingi, kinoTeatrebSi, TeatrebSi, biblioTekebSi, eklesiebSi, sportul
darbazebSi, sakoncerto darbazebSi daswrebaTa, mwevelTa raodenoba asakisa da
38
adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi utareben, «Tumca, msgavsi
proeqtebi araregularulia da maTSi monawileTa raodenoba SezRudulia2».
partiebSi qalTa rolis gamokveTisaTvis saintereso masalas iZleva partiaTa
saarCevno siebi. maTi Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom im SemTxveveaSic ki, rodesac
partiuli sia genderulad ase Tu ise dabalansebulia, pirvel aTeulSi qali
kandidatebi praqtikulad ar arian warmodgenili da ZiriTadad siis bolo
adgilebze gvxvdebian, rac aisaxeba kidec arCevnebis Sedegebze.
saqarTvelos politikuri partiebSi qalTa monawileobis zrdas bevri mizezi
aferxebs; maTgan erT-erTi mTavaria Sidapartiuli demokratiis zogadi
ganuviTarebloba. im pirobebSi, roca partiebis organizaciuli struqtura ar
aris demokratiuli da dauxvewavia Sidapartiuli arCevnebis sistema,
qalebisaTvis Zalian Znelia partiul ierarqiaSi dawinaureba. kavkasiuri
institutis mier Catarebuli zemoT naxsenebi kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad,
qarTul partiebSi wevrebs Soris urTierToba araformalur, erTmaneTis mimaT
pirad ndobazea damyarebuli da naklebi yuradReba eqceva zogadad aRiarebul
principebsa da formalurad gansazRvrul procedurebs, partiebis wevrebis
umravlesobis TqmiT, maT Soris urTierToba ojaxuri urTierTobebis msgavsia.
arada, rac ufro naklebad patronaJulia partiaSi dawinaurebisa da
saarCevno siebSi moxvedris sistema, miT ufro advilia qalebisaTvis partiaSi
Tanamdebobrivi winsvla. Sesabamisad, partiebSi mkafio Sida procedurebis
arseboba, erTi mxriv, Sida partiuli marTvis demokratiuli modelis
Camoyalibebas moemsaxureba, meore mxriv ki, partiul struqturebSi genderuli
balansis miRwevasac Seuwyobs xels.
genderuli sakiTxebis politikur dRis wesrigSi moxvedras isic aferxebs,
rom ar momxdara qalTa, rogorc amomrCevelTa specifikuri jgufis, inte-
resTagamokveTa da am interesTa garSemo konsolidireba, rac aiZulebda
politikur partiebs eRiarebinaT qalTa da genderuli problematika da
CaerToT TavianT programebSi.
saSinao davaleba studentebisaTvis: kiTxvaris SemuSaveba politikuri
partiebis analizisaTvis da saqarTvelos politikur partiebSi qalTa
monawileobis analizi (wevroba, xelmZRvaneli organoebi, gadawyvetilebis
miRebis meqanizmi, saarCevno siebi, saarCevno programebi, muSaoba amomrCevel
qalebTan).
2 saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, politikuri partiebi: miRwevebi, gamowvevebi da
perspeqtivebi, redaqtorebi: gia nodia, alvaro pinto sqoltabaxi, mSvidobis. demok-
ratiis da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, niderlandebis mravalpartiuli
demokratiis instituti, Tbilisi, 2006 w.
11
Tema II
genderuli parametrebi politikur partiebSi
qalTa monawileoba saqarTvelos politikuri partiebSi
qalTa da genderuli sakiTxebi qarTul politikur diskursSi saerTod ar
JRers. arc erT partias jerjerobiT ara aqvs Camoyalibebuli pozicia genderul
sakiTxze; wevrTa genderuli statistikac ki ar warmoebs. gamokiTxvisas isini
aRniSnavdnen, rom am niSniT ar ganasxvaveben TavianT wevrebs da kiTxvaze:
“ramdeni qalia Tqvens partiaSi?”, yvelaze tipuri pasuxia _ wevrTa daaxloebiT
mesamedi.
am Sefasebas adasturebs 1998 da 2001 wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvebi1,
romelTa mixedviTac qalebi politikuri partiebis wevrTa saerTo raodenobis
daaxloebiT 30%-s Seadgenen. qalTa monawileobis procenti gacilebiT dabalia
partiebis mmarTvel organoebSi. 1995 wels partiaTa centralur xelmZRvanel
organoebSi qalTa ricxvi mxolod 9% iyo, Semdgom ki umniSvnelod moimata da
11%-s miaRwia.
1997 wels 158 politikuri partiidan qalebi xelmZRvanelobdnen aTs
(partiaTa saerTo ricxvis 6%). 1998 wels arsebuli 79 partiidan qali lideri
hyavda mxolod 4 partias (5%). 1999 wels registrirebuli 124 partiidan qalebi
xelmZRvanelobdnen 5 partias (4%).
partiebis programebi qalTa sakiTxebs srulebiT ar iTvaliswinebs. zogierTi
partia Tvlis, rom qveyanaSi Seqmnili saerTo mZime mdgomareobis fonze es
problema jerjerobiT aqtualuri ar aris. bevris azriT, ar aris aucilebeli
qalTa problematikis gadasawyvetad specifikuri, mizanmimarTuli saqmianobis
warmarTva, radgan socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamosworeba
avtomaturad moagvarebs qalTa problemebsac. iSviaTi gamonaklisis saxiT
partiul programebSi gvxdeba dedobis xelSewyobis sakiTxi (igulisxmeba
mravalSvilian, martoxela da CvilbavSvian dedaTa daxmareba).
zogadad, qarTul politikur partiebs araTanmimdevruli da bundovani
ideologiuri poziciebi aqvT, Sesabamisad, Znelia am bundovan ideologiur
suraTSi mkafio genderuli xedvebisaTvis adgilis moZebna.
im politikuri partiebidan, romlebic SedarebiT mniSvnelovan rols
asruleben politikur cxovrebaSi, qalTa seqciebi erT-or partiaSi Tu aris
Seqmnili, magram ar arian imdenad Zlierni, rom gavlenas axdendnen partiis
prioritetebis Camoyalibebaze. jerjerobiT partiebSi ar Canan genderulad
mgrZnobiare da Tanasworobis sakiTxebze samuSaod motivirebuli qalebi,
romlebic SeZlebdnen qarTul politikur diskursSi qalTa da genderuli
problematikis wamowevas.
2005 wlis Semodgomaze kavkasiuri institutis mier Catarebuli kvlevis
Sedegebis Tanaxmad partiebis qalTa seqciebi ZiriTadad, saqvelmoqmedo
saqmianobiT arian dakavebuli, «qalTa organizaciebis iniciativiT partiebs
bevrjer gauweviaT mravalSviliani da invalidi ojaxebisaTvis daxmareba. isini
aRricxaven socialurad daucvel ojaxebs, swavloben maT problemebs da
SesaZleblobebis farglebSi gascemen... finansur da sxva materialur
daxmarebebs». calkeul SemTxvevebSi politikuri partiebis wevr qalebs
liderobisa da sxva saWiro unar-Cvevebis treningebs saerTaSoriso da
1 xomeriki l., n. CubiniZe, qalebi saqarTvelos politikur partiebSi/cnobari -
saqarTvelos politikur partiaTa cnobari, samoqalaqo kulturis saerTaSoriso
centri, Tbilisi, 1998.
l. xomeriki, S. murusiZe, qalTa monawileoba saqarTvelos politikur partiebSi,
genderuli problematika saqarTveloSi, qalTa ganaTlebisa da informaciis centri,
Tbilisi, 2002.
10
qorwinebis statusis mixedviT, eleqtoratis raodenoba da sxva. zemoaRniSnuli
sakiTxebi saWiroebs specialuri statistikuri kvlevebis Catarebas. statitikis
departamenti aRniSnavs, rom bolo wlebSi moTxovna genderul TanasworobasTan
dakavSirebul statistikur informaciaze gaizarda; agreTve gafarTovda
momxmarebelTa wre.
39
Tema XIII
genderuli meinstrimingi
genderuli meinstrimingi aris qalTa da mamakacTa prioritetebisa da
saWiroebebis sistemuri integracia politikis formirebis, ganxorcielebis,
monitoringisa da Sefasebis procesSi, genderuli Tanasworobis xelSewyobis
mizniT.
genderuli meinstrimingi _ rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi da dinamiurad
ganviTarebadi konceptia. ar arsebobs misi erTiani, martivi ganmarteba.
Tanxmobaa mxolod misi miznis _ genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis
gansazRvraSi.
ekososis ganmartebiT, genderuli meinstrimingi “yoveli dagegmarebadi
saqmianobis, maT Soris, kanonmdeblobis, politikis, nebismieri sferosa da yvela
donis programebis qalebsa da mamakacebze zegavlenis Sefasebis procesia”.
evrosabWos ganviTarebis daxmarebis komiteti: - “genderuli meinstrimingi aris
iniciativebi, romlebic rogorc qalebs, ise mamakacebs saSualebas aZlevs
gamoxaton TaviTi Sexedulebebi da miiRon monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis
miRebaSi TavianTi problemebis gadasaWrelad”.
evrokomisia ganmartavs genderul meinstrimings, rogorc “strategiuli
grZelvadiani midgomas, romelic nergavs genderul Tanasworobas sistemebSi,
struqturebSi, institutebSi, programebSi, politikasa da praqtikaSi”.
genderuli menistrimingi praqtikuli amocanaa, magram safuZvlad udevs
sxvadasxva filosofiuri, sociologiuri da politikuri Sexedulebebi.
sityva meinstrimingis Sesatyvisis moZebna qarTulad sakmaod Znelia. ara mxolod
qarTvelebi frangebi, Svedebi, holandielebi, rusebic pirdapir iyeneben am
termins. meinstrimingi niSnavs periferiidan ZiriTad nakadSi moqcevas (arsebobs
azri, rom es termini gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad gadmoRebulia
ganaTlebis politikisa da praqtikis leqsikonidan, sadac meinstrimingi niSnavs
moswavlis gadayvanas specialuri kompensatoruli ganaTlebis kursidan ZiriTad
saswavlo nakadSi).
genderuli meinstrimingis idea warmoiSva 1970-ian wlebSi, damuSavda da
ganviTarda 1980-ian wlebSi ZiriTadad ganviTarebis sakiTxebiT dakavebuli
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wiaRSi (aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento
(USAID), msoflio banki, Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia). pekinis moqmedebaTa
platformam mkafiod gansazRvra genderuli meinstrimingi, rogorc praqtikuli
politikis mizani.
sami ZiriTadi jgufi SeiZleba gamoiyos im struqturebis, romlebmac
ganaviTares genderuli meinstrimingis idea: 1) ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso
saagentoebi, 2) gaeros struqturebi (gansakuTrebiT: gaeros ganviTarebis
programa UNDP, gaeros qalTa programa UNIFEM), 3) evropuli struqturebi.
genderuli meinstrimingis idea amoizarda midgomidan `qalebi ganviTarebis
procesSi~ (Women in Development). es midgoma Tavdapirvelad SeimuSava
ganviTarebis sakiTxebze momuSave socialurad da politikurad aqtiurma qalTa
jgufma vaSingtonSi.
40
gamoyofen politikaSi qalTa rolis gazrdis xelisSemSlel politikur,
socialur, ekonomikur, kulturul da fsiqologiur mizezebs.
arsebul politikur sistemebSi bevri dabrkolebaa qalTa politikaSi
winsvlisaTvis, kerZod:
• politikuri cxovreba da saxelmwifo struqturebi maskulinuri mode-
lisaa;
• politikur arenaze mamakacebi dominireben, isini gansazRvraven
politikuri TamaSis wesebs da politikosis Sefasebis standartebs;
• politikuri cxovreba da muSaobis reJimi organizebulia mamakacuri
normebisa da mamakacis cxovrebis stilis Sesabamisad;
• politika dafuZnebulia `gamarjveba-damarcxebisa~ da Sejibrisa da kon-
frontacis modelze da ara urTierTpativiscemaze, TanamSromlobasa da
konsensusis miRwevaze;
• aseTi zedmetad mamakacuri politika aRiqmeba WuWyian saqmed da qalebs ar
surT aseT garemoSi moxvedra;
• kandidat qalebs partiebis mxridan naklebi mxardaWera aqvT, maT Soris
finansuri mxardaWera.
garda politikuri sistemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli barierebisa, SeiZleba
gamovyoT sxva xelisSemSleli mizezebic:
• saojaxo movaleobebis araTanabari gadanawileba da socialuri samsa-
xurebis nakleboba qalebs araTanabar pirobebSi ayenebs politikuri
aqtivobisaTvis saWiro drois TvalsazrisiT.
• masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi arasakmarisad warmoadgens qalTa
politikur xmebs, maT Sexedulebebs, liderobis moTxovnebs. es niSnavs, rom
qalebs ar gaaCniaT sakuTari politikuri identifikaciis modeli.
• qalTa ufro dabali Semosavali da Sesabamisad dabali ekonomikuri
statusi, winaswari ganwyoba, rom qalis Semosavali mTlianad ojaxis
saWiroebebze unda midiodes araTanabar finansur sastarto pirobebs qmnis
qalisa da mamakacisaTvis.
• Zaladobisa da kontrolis kerZo Tu sazogadoebrivi formebi, romlebic
gamoiyeneba qalebis mimarT, zRudaven da akontroleben qalTa qcevas,
gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac saWiroa gadawyvetilebebis miReba sarisko
situaciaSi.
wyaro: g. aSvordi, genderuli midgomebis danergvis praqtikuli saxelmZRva-
nelo, UNDP.
9
4 ministri qali iyo (Tamar lebaniZe — garemos dacvis ministri, Tamar suluxia —
infrastruqturis ministri, eTer astemirova - ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis
ministri, Tamar beruCaSvili — evropasTan integraciis saxelmwifo ministri,
mogvianebiT maT daemata sagareo saqmeTa ministri — salome zurabiSvili) da
ministr qalTa ricxvma mTavrobis wevrTa 20% Seadgina, rac saqarTvelosaTvis
rekorduli maCvenebeli iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTavrobis dakompleqtebisas
pirvelad gaesva xazi, genderul maxasiaTebels. 2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis
mTavrobaSi ministr qalTa ricxvi mkveTrad Semcirda da ministris postze
mxolod erTi qali darCa (samoqalaqo integraciis saxelmwifo ministri —
zinaida bestaeva).
qalTa monawileoba politikaSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze
saqarTveloSi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi qalTa monawileobis
maCveneblebi arc ise saxarbieloa: 1998 wels Catarebuli arCevnebiT sakrebulos
wevrTa Soris qalebma mxolod 14% Seadgines.
2002 wlis arCevnebis Sedegad qalTa ricxvma sakrebuloebSi kidev ufro iklo
da pirveli donis TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi mxolod 11,9% Seadgina.
adgilobriv organoebSi qalTa monawileobis xarisxi regionebis mixedviTac
gansxvavdeba. yvelaze dabali procentia eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul
raionebSi, gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac kompaqturad cxovrobs azerbaijaneli
mosaxleoba: magaliTad, marneulSi — 1,9%, bolnisSi 4,7%.
orive arCevnebis Sedegad gamoikveTa Zalze sayuradRebo tendencia: rac
ufro msxvildeba administraciuli erTeuli, miT ufro klebulobs qalTa
procenti adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi. 1998 wels soflis
sakrebuloebSi qalebi Seadgenen 15%-s, raionuli mniSvnelobis qalaqebsa da
dabebSi — 13%-s, raionis sakrebuloebSi 9-%-s, did qalaqebSi ki mxolod 7,4%-s.
2002 welsac didi qalqis sakrebuloebSi qalTa ricxvi 7%-s ar scildeba.
ukiduresad arasaxarbielod arian warmodgenili qalebi adgilobrivi TviT-
mmarTvelobis xelmZRvanel poziciebze: magaliTad, 1998 wels 60 raionis
sakrebulodan mxolod erTis Tavmjdomare iyo qali (1,6%). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
sadac meti Zalaufleba da resursia, iq naklebi qalia.
2002 wels mkveTrad Semcirda qalTa warmomadgenloba raionul sakre-
buloebSi, radganac axali saarCevno kanoniT raionis sakrebulo kompleqtdeba
soflis sakrebuloTa TavmjdomareebiT da radganac, qali praqtikulad ver
xvdeba xelmZRvanel postze, Sesabamisad, meore donis TviTmmarTvelobaSic
ukiduresad mcired aris warmodgenili.
2006 wels TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi axali kanoniT Catardeba, romelic
TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis gamsxilebasa da Sesabamisad, maTi ricxvis mkveTrad
Semcirebas iTvaliswinebs, rac adgilebze politikur konkurencias gazrdis da
qali kandidatebis Sansebs Seamcirebs. amitom, TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi
qalTa warmomadgenlobis gazrdisaTvis gadaudebeli amocanaa winasaarCevno
periodSi kandidat qalTa mxardamWeri programebis ganxorcieleba.
mniSvnelovania, seriozuli muSaobis warmarTva politikur partiebTan, raTa
partiebSi kandidatTa SerCevis mkafio da dadgenili procedura Camoyalibdes,
romelSic genderuli xedvac iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. kargia, qalTa
organizaciebma erToblivi ZalebiT miadevnon Tvalyuri, Tu ramdeni kandidati
qali hyavs dasaxelebuli ama Tu im partias. mniSvnelovania aseve, amomrCevel
qalTa samoqalaqo ganaTlebis programebis ganxorcileba, raTa daCqardes maTi
interesebisa da moTxovnebis mkafio formulireba, rac aiZulebs politikur
partiebs meti yuradRebiT moekidon qali kandidatebis wamowevasa da genderuli
problematikis CarTvas winasaarCevno programebSi.
politikaSi qalTa winsvlis Semaferxebeli mizezebi
wyaro: Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1998.
8
daisva sakiTxi, ra ufro swori da efeqturia: calkeuli, specialuri proeqtebi
qalebisaTvis Tu qalTa komponentis integracia yvela proeqtSi (msoflio bankis
parqtika).
ganviTarebis tradiciuli Teoriebis mixedviT, modernizacias avtomaturad
mohyveba qalTa mdgomareobisa da statusis gaumjobeseba. feministebi Tvlidnen,
rom modernizacias qalis mxolod nawilobrivi emansipacia SeuZlia da
aucilebelia axali midgomis SemuSaveba.
genderuli meinstrimingis argumenti, ara mxolod socialuri samarTlianobaa,
aramed efeqturobac _ qalis potencialis srulad gamoyeneba (ara marto qalebi
moigeben ganviTarebiT, aramed ganviTarebac qalTa monawileobiT). midgoma WID (qalebi ganviTarebaSi) Seicvala GAD (genderi da ganviTareba).
genderuli meinstrimingis operacionalizacia anu praqtikaSi danergva
genderuli meinstrimingis realizacia or doneze xdeba — politikur da
teqnikur doneze. (UNIFEN).
teqnikuri done gulisxmobs _ momzadebuli kadrebis arsebobas, Teoriuli
bazisa da kvlevis Sedegebis qonas. politikur doneze — politikuri nebis
Camoyalibebas — saTanado kanonmdeblobis qonas, adamianTa uflebebis dacvis,
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis efeqturi meqanizmebis arsebobas.
genderuli meinstrimingis ganxorcielebis SefasebisaTvis auclebelia krite-
riumebis qona: magaliTad, evrosabWos aqvs sqema konkretuli sferoebisaTvis,
romelsac SeuZlia asaxos dinamika. magaliTad, dasaqmebis sferos sqema.
genderuli meinstrimingis araswori interpretaciaa, roca imis nacvlad rom
fokusi gakeTdes genderul Tansworobaze, rogorc mizanze, ZiriTadi aqcenti
keTdeba qalebis CarTvaze saqmianobaSi, sadac qalebis roli umniSvneloa (sara
longve, evropis ganviTarebis komitetisaTvis Catarebuli kvleva).
mniSvnelovania ara ubralo monawileoba, aramed monawileoba garkveuli
pirobebiT - ara marto dRis wesrigSi Sesvla, aramed dRis wesrigis formireba.
41
Tema XIV
genderuli analizi. cnebis ganmarteba,
genderuli analizis instrumentebi
genderuli analizi warmoadgens qalsa da mamakacze, ama Tu im politikis,
programis, strategiuli midgomis, institutis gansxvavebuli zemoqmedebis
gamovlenasa da Seswavlas. genderuli analizi zogadi politikuri da socialur-
ekonomikuri analizis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia.
genderuli analizi bunebrivia moiTxovs sqesis niSniT gancalkevebul mona-
cemebs. genderuli analizisas, aanalizeben resursebis misawvdomobas, resur-
sebis kontrols, saqmianobis saxeebs, xelisSemSlel faqtorebs, saWiroebebsa da
moTxovnilebebs, calke qalebisa da calke mamakacebisaTvis.
genderuli analizis mizania, maqsimalurad gacnobierdes genderuli gansxva-
vebebi da politika Tu programa ise daigegmos da ganxorcieldes, rom maq-
simalurad upasuxos gansxvavebul saWiroebebs. genderuli analizi aumjobesebs
marTvasa da efeqturi politikis SemuSavebas, radgan orientirebulia maq-
simalurad upasuxos mravalferovan da gansxvavebul interesebs. genderuli
analizi xels uwyobs procesebSi qalebisa da mamakacebis srul CarTulobas da
Sesabamisad, adamianuri resursebis srulyofil gamoyenebas.
politikis ganxorcielebisas genderuli meinstrimingis aucileblobis gacno-
bierebam genderuli analizis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. magaliTad, kanadaSi
genderuli analizis mniSvneloba saxelmwifo donezea aRiarebuli, genderul
Tanasworobaze momuSave specialur struqturam - kanadis qalTa statusma — 1999
wels Seqmna genderuli analizis direqtorati.
es direqtorati Semdegnairad gansazRvravs genderuli analizis sayrden
principebs:
aucilebelia yvela sferoSi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris konstruqciuli
TanamSromlobis ganviTareba;
yoveli programa, qmedeba, proeqti, socialur-ekonomikuri tendencia
sxvadasxvagvarad aisaxeba qalsa da mamakacze;
genderuli Tanasworoba niSnavs qalisa da mamakacis Tanabari statusis da
ara msgavsebis miRwevas;
Tanabari mopyroba ar niSnavs Tanabari Sedegebis miRwevas. genderuli
Tanasworobis Tanamedrove koncefcia acnobierebs, rom qalebsa da
mamakacebs zogjer gansxvavebuli mopyroba sWirdebaT, raTa Tanabar
Sedegebs miaRwion.
qali ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri procesebis ara mxolod
samizne, aramed agentic unda iyos;
arsebuli genderuli uTanasworobis dasaZlevad specialuri zomebis
miRebaa saWiro;
qalis statusis gaZliereba sakvanZoa genderuli Tanasworobis miRwe-
visaTvis zrunvisas;
ar unda iqnes daviwyebuli, rom politikurma da socialur-ekonomikurma
tendenciebma SesaZloa mamakacebzec moaxdinos negatiuri gavlena.
42
saSualo maCvenebeli regionebis mixedviT
erpalatiani
parlamentebi
da qveda
palatebi
zeda
palata an
senati
orive
palata
erTad
skandinaviis qveynebi 40.0% --- 40.0%
amerika 20.1% 19.9% 20.1%
evropa — euTos wevri
qveynebi skandinaviuri
qveynebis CarTviT 19.0% 16.3% 18.4%
evropa — euTos wevri
qveynebi skandinaviuri
qveynebis gamoklebiT 16.9% 16.3% 16.8%
saharis qvemo afrika 16.4% 17.6% 16.6%
azia 16.1% 14.5% 15.9%
wynari okenis qveynebi 12.0% 26.5% 13.9%
arabuli qveunebi 7.0% 5.9% 6.8%
wyaro: parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri (The Inter-parliamentary Union), http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm
qalTa warmomadgenloba sakanonmdeblo organoebSi qveynebis mixedviT ix.
danarTSi.
saqarTveloSi sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis suraTi
Semdegia:
arCevnebis
TariRi
sakanonmdeblo
organos
dasaxeleba
deputatTa
saerTo
raodenoba
deputat
qalTa
raodenoba
qalTa
monawileobis
%
1919 w. damfuZnebeli
kreba
130 4 3%
1990 w. uzenaesi sabWo 250 18 7,2%
1992 w. parlamenti 222 14 6,3%
1995 w. parlamenti 250 16 6,4%
1999 w. parlamenti 235 17 7,2%
2004 w. parlamenti 235 22 9,4%
2001 wlis Semodgomaze nino burjanaZe gaxda saqarTvelos parlamentarizmis
istoriaSi pirveli spikeri qali. 2004 wels isev n. burjanaZe iqna arCeuli
parlamentis Tavmjdomared.
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. 1998 wlisa da 2000 wlis mTavrobis reorga-
nizaciebis Sedegad or-ori ministri qali iyo mTavrobaSi. 2003 wels, vardebis
revoluciis win mTavrobaSi 18 ministridan mxolod 2 iyo qali (nino CxobaZe,
garemos dacvis ministri da sesili gogiberiZe, kulturis ministri). vardebis
revoluciis Semdeg 2004 wlis TebervalSi dakompleqtebul ministrTa kabinetSi
7
Tema I
qalTa monawileoba politikaSi, qalTa warmomadgenloba
saxelmwifo struqturebSi sxvadasxva doneze, qalTa
politikaSi winsvlis Semaferxebeli mizezebi.
qalTa warmomadgenloba politikaSi
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevr qveyanaSi qalma warmatebas miaRwia ganaTlebis,
samarTlis, ekonomikis, sportisa Tu xelovnebis sferoebSi, politikur arenaze
qalebi mainc cotani arian. marTalia, meoce saukunis bolosaTvis qveynebis 95%-
Si qalebs mopovebuli hqondaT saarCevno uflebebi, 1998 wlisaTvis msoflio
masStabiT qali lideri hyavda partiebis mxolod 11%-s, xolo parlamentari
qalebi msoflio parlamentarTa ricxvis 11,4%-s Seadgendnen. 2006 wlisaTvis
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis sakanonmdeblo organoebSi qalTa ricxvma
umniSvnelod moimata da saSualod 16,3% Seadgina.
sakanonmdeblo organoebSi qalTa monawileobis saSualo procentuli
maCvenebeli msoflio masStabiT 2006 wlis ianvris mdgomareobiT Semdegnairia:
orive palata erTad
parlamentarTa jamuri
raodenoba 44'204
genderulad
dacalkevebuli statistika
arsebobs
43'387
kaci 36'827
qali 7'160
qalTa monawileobis % 16.3%
erTpalatiani parlamentebi da
qveda palata
parlamentarTa jamuri
raodenoba 37'269
genderulad
dacalkevebuli statistika
arsebobs
36'994
kaci 30'887
qali 6'107
qalTa monawileobis % 16.5%
zeda palata an senati
parlamentarTa jamuri
raodenoba 6'935
genderulad
dacalkevebuli statistika
arsebobs
6'993
kaci 5'940
qali 1'053
qalTa monawileobis % 15.1%
6
SesaZloa nebismieri sferos genderuli analizis ganxorcieleba. mogvyavs mcire
magaliTi, romelSic dasaqmebis politikis genderuli aspeqtebia warmoCenili.
SemTxvevis Seswavla. dasaqmebis politikis genderuli analizi
dasaqmebis bazarze dRemde dominantur modelad iTvleba sruli samuSao dRe
dadgenili saaTebiT. nel-nela inergeba moqnili samuSao drois sistemac, Tumca
normad mainc dadgenili saaTebi rCeba.
saWiroa zogadad samuSaos bunebis axleburad gaazreba da imis gacnobiereba,
rom mouqneli samuSao saaTebis sistemas Tavisi genderuli aspeqti aqvs. raki
dRemde ZiriTadad qalebi arian saojaxo saqmisa da bavSvebis aRzrdaze
pasuxismgebelni, maT mamakacebze metad sWirdebaT da awyobT arasruli samuSao
dRe, an Tundac sruli samuSao dRe oRond moqnili da ara dadgenili saaTebiT.
aris meore momentic, mag. did britaneTSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebis komisiis
mier 2004 wels ganxorcielebulma arasruli da moqnili samuSaos (part-time job)
kvlevam aCvena, rom arasruli samuSao dReze momuSave qalebis anazRaureba
TiToeuli namuSevari saaTisaTvis 40% naklebia, vidre mTlian samuSao dReze
dakavebuli mamakacebisa.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi moqnili samuSao dRiT momuSaveTa ricxvi izrdeba,
magram amgvari modelis ufro farTod danergvas Semdegi winaaRmdegobebi
xvdeba: • Sromis bazari mouqnelia da SezRudul SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs.
• moqnili samuSao dRis modeli efeqturi rom iyos, menejersa da
daqiravebuls Soris kargi komunikacia da ndobaa saWiro.
• xSirad moqnili samuSao droiT momuSaves problemebi eqmneba sapensio
sferoSi.
genderuli analizis instrumentebi mimarTulia specifiur sferosa Tu
sakiTxis genderuli ganzomilebis gamovlenisaken da aCvenebs Tu rogor aris
damokidebuli sxvadasxva faqtorebi, genderze, asakze, socialur fenaze,
eTnikurobaze.
arsebobs genderuli analizis sxvadasxvagvari instrumentebi, imis Sesabamisad
Tu ra sferos an ra tipis programas vaanalizebT. magaliTad mogvyavs genderuli
analizis erTerTi intrumenti, romelic gamoiyeneba konkretuli SemoTavaze-
buli midgomis sxvadasxva jgufis uflebamosilebis gaZlierebaze zemoqmedebis
Sesafaseblad.
longves uflebamosilebaTa CarCo
qali mamakaci
procesi zemoqmedeba procesi zemoqmedeba
kontroli
mobilizacia
cnobiereba
misawvdomoba
keTildReoba
wyaro: Gender Equity Builging Blocks, Care, 2002.
43
savaldebulo literatura:
• Men and Women in Politics: Democracy Still in the Making. A World Comparative Study, Inter-
Parliamnetary Union, 1997.
• l. xomeriki, qalTa monawileoba adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi/ qalebi da
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, qalTa ganaTlebisa da informaciis centris
almanaxi, Tbilisi, 2001.
• l. xomeriki, genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxi postsabWoTa saqarTvelo-
Si/demokratiis mSenebloba saqarTveloSi, demokratiisa da saarCevno
daxmarebis saerTaSoriso instituti, 2003.
• saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, politikuri partiebi: miRwevebi,
gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi, redaqtorebi: gia nodia, alvaro pinto
sqoltabaxi, mSvidobis. demokratiis da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti,
niderlandebis mravalpartiuli demokratiis instituti, Tbilisi, 2006 w.
• Richard E. Matland, Enhancing Women’s Political Participation: Legislative Recruitment and Electoral Systems/Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1998.
• l. xomeriki, “dasavleTis qveynebis gamocdileba politikaSi qalTa
warmomadgenlobis gazrdis sferoSi”/genderuli problematika saqarTve-
loSi, Tbilisi, 2003.
• Using quotas to increase women’s political representation/Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1998. pp. 91-115.
• sonia lokari, qalTa politikuri monawileobis gazrdis gzebi, 2006, Tbilisi,
seminaris masalebi.
• l. xomeriki, n. javaxiSvili, m. nikuraZe, genderuli politika da masmedia,
Tbilisi, 2002.
• l. xomeriki, saxelmwifo genderuli politika/genderuli problematika
saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2003.
• lela xomeriki, genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli
politikis ganxorcielebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2006.
• Gender Statistics, UNECE's Gender Statistics Website for Europe & North America! http://www.unece.org/stats/gender/web
• Gender mainstreaming - Conceptual framework, methodology and presentation of good practices, Section Equality between Women and Men, Directorate General of Human Rights, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, February 1999
• Parliament, the Budget and Gender, Joachim Wehner (Germany) and Winnie Byanyima, MP (Uganda), the handbook jointly produced by the IPU, UNDP, WBI and UNIFEM/Chapter 4, A gender perspective on the budget, Chapter 5, Strengthening legislative participation, pages 55-81.
• An Integrated Approach to Gender-based Analysis, Gender-based analyses directorate, Status of Women Canada, 2004 Edition.
• genderuli analizis instrumenti — harvardis analitikuri CarCo.
• Analytical Tool for Assessing Gender Sensitivity of organizations, Cordaid, 2004.
44
Tema IV. specialuri droebiTi zomebi politikaSi qalisa da mamakacis
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis
• specialuri droebiTi zomebis definicia da misi saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi CarCo
• samarTlebrivi da administraciuli bazisi specialuri droebiTi
zomebisaTvis
• specialuri droebiTi zomebis ganxoricielebis praqtika evropis qveynebSi
• rogor mivaRwioT genderul balanss daniSnul sabWoebsa da Tanamdebobebze
Tema V. qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gazrdis strategiebi — e. w.
qalTa paraleluri kampaniebi, paritetuli koaliciebi. norvegiis magaliTis
Seswavla.
Tema VI. sistemebisa da organizaciebis genderuli politika. genderuli
linzebi. genderulad brma, genderulad gacnobierebuli da genderulad
transformaciuli politika. SemTxvevebis Seswavla.
Tema VII. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis genderuli politika. mediaSi
politikis gaSuqebis genderuli aspeqtebi. mediis genderuli analizis
instrumentis SemuSaveba da ramdenime media saSualebis genderuli Seswavlis
ganxorcieleba.
Tema VIII. saxelmwifo genderuli politika
• saxelmwifo genderuli politikis ZiriTadi komponentebi
• genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli kanonmdebloba
Tema IX. genderuli biujeti. cnebis ganmarteba da konceptis Camoyalibebis
mokle istoria. genderuli biujetis mniSvneloba.
Tema X. genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli politikis
ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi
• genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis instituciuri meqanizmebi
• genderuli Tanasworobis erovnuli samoqmedo gegma
Tema XI. genderuli politikis ganxorcieleba regionul doneze
• sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebi (saaris mxaris magaliTis ganxilva)
• samoqmedo gegmebi da programebi
Tema XII. genderuli statistika _ politikis Sefasebis, analizis, dagegmvis
instrumenti.
Tema XIII. genderuli meinstrimingis cnebis ganmarteba. politikis sxvadasxva
sferoSi genderuli meinstrimingis saukeTeso praqtikebis ganxilva
Tema XIV. genderuli analizi
cnebis ganmarteba, genderuli analizis instrumentebis gacnoba (longves
uflebamosilebaTa CarCo, harvardis analitikuri sqema). SemTxvevis Seswavla
genderuli analizis instrumentis gamoyenebiT.l
Tema XV. struqturebsa da organizaciebSi genderuli midgomebis danergvis
Sefaseba. organizaciis genderuli mgrZnobiarobis Sefasebis analitikuri
instrumentis Seswavla.
5
saswavlo kursis xangrZlivoba: erTi semestri (15 kvira).
saswavlo kursis mizani
saseminaro kursi mimoixilavs genderul problematikas Tanamedrove politikur
TeoriaSi, qalTa politikuri uflebebis koncefciis ganviTarebas, qalTa poli-
tikuri uflebebis dacvis saerTaSoriso da erovnul samarTlebriv meqanizmebs.
studentebi gaecnobian da imsjeleben erTi mxriv, politikaSi qalTa winsvlis
Semafarxebel mizezebze, meore mxriv, qalTa politikuri monawileobis gazrdis
sxvadasxva strategiebze. ganxiluli iqneba saxelmwifo genderuli politikis
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, genderuli Tanasworobis xelSemwyobi kanonmdebloba
da saxelmwifo struqturebi. kursi orientirebulia Teoriuli codnis
paralelurad studentebs aswavlos genderuli analizis instrumentebis gamo-
yeneba. amisaTvis kursi isea agebuli, rom konkretuli saleqcio Temis gacnobis
paralelurad, studentebi miRebul codnaze dayrdnobiT ganaxorcieleben
qarTuli kanonmdeblobisa da politikuri procesebis garkveuli aspeqtebis
genderul analizs.
saswavlo kursis formati
swavlebis dros gamoyenebuli iqneba swavlebis Semdegi formebi: Teoriuli
prezentacia, fasilitirebuli diskusia, konkretuli SemTxvevebis ganxilva,
mcire jgufebSi muSaoba, damoukidebeli muSaoba, literaturis damuSaveba,
mcire genderuli analizis ganxorcieleba.
swavlis Sedegebi
kursi gavlis Semdeg studentebi SesZleben gamoiyenon genderi, rogorc erT-
erTi kategoria politikuri procesebis SeswavlisaTvis da gaanalizon sxva-
dasxva politikuri sistemis, institutebis, programebis genderuli aspeqtebi.
studentebs SeeZlebaT politikaSi genderuli problemebis identificireba da
sxvadasxva tipis genderuli politikebis Sedareba. studentebs SeeZlebaT
ganmarton genderuli analizis, genderuli meinstrimingis, genderuli biu-
jetis, genderuli statistikis cnebebi. SemTxvevebis ganxilvis, saSinao dava-
lebebis Sesrulebisa da diskusiebis dros gavarjiSdebian politikis genderuli
eqspertizis ganxorcielebaSi, rac maT SemdgomSi saSualebas miscems miRebuli
codna praqtikuladac gamoiyenon.
saswavlo kursis Sinaarsi
Tema I. qalTa monawileoba politikaSi, politikaSi qalTa winsvlis Semafer-
xebeli mizezebi, qalTa warmomadgenloba saxelmwifo struqturebSi
sxvadasxva doneze
• qalTa warmomadgenlobis dinamika sakanonmdeblo organoebSi
• qalebi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi
Tema II. genderuli parametrebi politikur partiebSi
• Sida partiuli demokratia da qalebis monawileoba
• politikuri partiebi da saarCevno procesebSi qalTa monawileobis gazrdis
zomebi
• politikuri partiebis mier kandidatTa rekrutirebisa da mxardaWeris (maT
Soris, finansuri) formebis mimoxilva
• qalTa seqciebi partiebSi
• genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebi partiaTa programebSi
Tema III. saarCevno sistemaTa genderuli aspeqtebi
saarCevno sistemebis gavlena qalTa warmomadgenlobaze politikaSi
amomrCevel qalTa saarCevno qceva, amomrCevel qalTa interesTa jgufebi
4
damatebiTi literatura da sxva saswavlo masala:
• Jill M. Bystydzienski, Women in Electoral Politics, 1995.
• Global Database of Quotas for Women, International IDEA and Stockholm University, http://www.idea.int/gender/quotas.cfm
• http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/meetings/2004/EGMelectoral
• sonia lokari, qalTa politikuri moanwileobis gazrdis gzebi, 2006, Tbilisi,
seminaris masalebi.
• nino javaxiSvili, feminizmis mimarTulebebi, feministuri da genderuli
moZraoba/gederuli problematika saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2002. gv. 63-78.
• qali masmediaSi: portreti Tu karikatura, JurnalistTa asociaci, gender
media kavkasia, Tbilisi, 2005.
• Global Database of Quotas for Women, International IDEA and Stockholm University, http://www.idea.int/gender/quotas.cfm
• http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/meetings/2004/EGMelectoral
• sonia lokari, qalTa politikuri moanwileobis gazrdis gzebi, 2006, Tbilisi,
seminaris masalebi.
• saqarTvelos genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis erovnuli samoqmedo
gegmis proeqti, qalTa organizaciebis koaliciis instituciuri meqanizmebis
jgufi, 2006
• genderuli Tanasworobis kanonmdeblobis nimuSi, germaniis saaris mxaris
kanonmdeblobis magaliTi, qalTa informaciisa da ganaTlebis centri,
Tbilisi, 2000.
• samcxe-javaxeTis regionis genderuli politikis samoqmedo gegma, qalTa
regionuli centri, axalcixe, 2006.
• qali da mamakaci saqarTveloSi, weliwdeuli, 2005, saqarTvelos statistikis
departamenti.
45
LELA KHOMERIKI
GENDER AND POLITICS
Duration of the course: one academic term, 15 weeks, 30 classroom hours plus 95 hours of student’s independent work. Course description: The course reviews gender problems in modern political theory, trends of development of women’s right concept, national and international legal mechanisms of protection of women’s political rights. The course also reviews main directions of state gender policy, as well as gender equality supporting legislation and institutional machinery. Along with providing students with theoretical knowledge the course is also aiming at helping students apply concrete instruments of gender analysis. The course structure allows teacher supplement theoretical presentations with practical assignments, based on the knowledge obtained through the course, students will conduct gender analysis of Georgian legislation and specific aspects of political processes. Course objectives: At the completion of the course, students will be able to apply gender as one of the categories for analysis of political processes and will better understand gender aspects of different political systems, institutions and policies. Students will be able to identify gender related problems in politics. They will compare different gender policies. They will be able to list main components of gender state policy and describe structure and competences of institutional machinery for Gender equality. They will be introduced to concepts of gender analysis, gender mainstreaming, gender Budget, gender statistics. Homework, discussions, case studies will familiarize students with concrete instruments of gender analysis, help them practice skills of gender analysis and apply the knowledge and skills obtained through the course in practice. Methods of teaching: Theoretical presentations, group discussions, group work, student presentations, case studies, writing of essay, mini researches. Course Content Topic I. Women's participation in politics. Obstacles to women’s participation in politics. Women’s representation in decision making bodies on different levels. • Dynamics of women's participation in elective decision-making bodies • Obstacles to women’s political participation (Political, socio- economic and
psychological hindrances) • How far the entry of women on the parliamentary scene produces a qualitative change in
legislative work. • Participation of women in local government bodies. Topic II. Women in Political Parties • How women are incorporated in the decision-making structures of parties. • Political Parties and Special Measures Enhancing Women's Participation in Electoral
Processes. • The role of political parties in recruiting candidates for elections, the nomination of and
party support for candidates, including financial support; • Women's section of parties; • Gender problems in parties programs. • Female participation in political parties of Georgia (membership, management, electoral
lists, party programs, work with women electorate)
46
s a r C e v i
Tema I
qalTa monawileoba politikaSi, qalTa warmomadgenloba
saxelmwifo struqturebSi sxvadasxva doneze,
qalTa politikaSi winsvlis Semaferxebeli mizezebi .......................6
Tema II
genderuli parametrebi politikur partiebSi.....................................10
Tema III
saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis genderuli aspeqtebi ..................12
Tema IV
specialuri droebiTi zomebi politikaSi
qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis .............13
Tema V
qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gazrdis strategiebi .....18
Tema VI
sistemebisa da organizaciebis genderuli politika......................22
Tema VII
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis genderuli politika.
mediaSi politikis gaSuqebis genderuli aspeqtebi ..........................24
Tema VIII
saxelmwifo politika genderuli da
qalTa problemebis sferoSi ............................................................................26
Tema IX
genderuli biujeti ................................................................................................30
Tema X
genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli
politikis ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi ................................................31
Tema XI
genderuli politikis ganxorcieleba regionul doneze ...............35
Tema 12
genderuli statistika _ politikis Sefasebis,
analizis, dagegmvis instrumenti ..................................................................37
Tema XIII
genderuli meinstrimingi ...................................................................................40
Tema XIV
genderuli analizi. cnebis ganmarteba,
genderuli analizis instrumentebi ............................................................42
savaldebulo literatura .......................................................................................44
damatebiTi literatura da sxva saswavlo masala ....................................45
GENDER AND POLITICS .................................................................................................46
socialur mecnierebaTa seria
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10
el. fosta: [email protected]
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa
centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.
ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 5 - 8
Topic III. Gender aspects of electoral systems • Differential impact of the electoral systems on female political representation • Electoral behaviour of woman voters • Electoral system of Georgia from gender perspectives Topic IV. Positive action in the field of equality between women and men
• Definitions and the international legal framework for positive action • Legal and administrative basis of positive action in the field of equality between
women and men • The practice of positive action in the different member States of the Council of
Europe • Examples of how to reach gender balance in appointed bodies, boards and councils
Topic V. Strategies for enchancing women’s political participation
• women’s parallel campaigns • The Nordic Case
Topic VI. Gender Politics of sistems and organizations • Gender blinde, Gender awere, Gender transformative politics
Topic VII. Gender politics of Media. • Methods of Gender analysis of Media • Gender aspects of Georgian media
Topic VIII. State Gender Policy • Main Components of Gender state Policy • Gender equality supporting legislation • What is Institutional machinery for Enhancing Gender Equality? • Beijing Platform for Action and National Plans of Action Topic IX. Gender-sensitive Budget • Defining concept of a gender-sensitive budget • How budget have differential effects on men and women • How to perform a gender analysis of budgets • The ways of responding to the specific needs of both men and women, mechanisms and
methods for developing a gender-sensitive budget. Topic X. Georgian State policy in the Field of Gender Equality. • Gender Equality Institutional Machinery (background and current situation) • National Plan of Action Topic XI. Gender policy on the Regional level • Legal mechanisms (Case study – Gender equality law of Saarland) • Action plans and specific programs on regional level
Topic XII. Gender statistics - as a tool for policy planning and evaluation • Defining concepts of gender disaggregated data and gender statistics • Main functions of gender statistics • Producing gender statistics • Presenting gender statistics (preparing easily accessible, user-friendly formats)
Topic XIII. Gender Mainstriming • What is gender mainstreaming? • Importance of gender mainstreaming • Actors of gender mainstreaming
47
• Gender Mainstreaming tools • presentation of good practices
Topic XIV. Gender analysis • How and where can we use Gender analysis • how GA can improve the policy/program development and/or implementation process to
support gender equality • Analytical techniques and tools (checklists; guidelines and terms of reference; Gender
impact assessment, Harvard framework) • Public policy on women and gender issues in Georgia
Topic XV. Gender Analysis of Gender Sensitivity of organizations • Gender Analysis of vision, mission, values, strategies, structure, systems, procedures,
management, leadership, competencies, staff of the organisation. • Cordaid’s Analytical Tool for Assessing Gender Sensitivity of organizations
48
socialur mecnierebaTa seria
genderi
da
politika
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris
akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze
intensiuri seminari
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis
lela xomeriki
Tbilisi
2006
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