Artificial Intelligence(AI)
Lecture No. 1
Rahman AliRahman AliLecturer in Computer Science,
Quaid-e-Azam College of Commerce, University of Peshawar
Agenda
Intelligence Intelligence of computer Artificial intelligence Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing Contribution of other fields to AI History of AI Applications of AI References End
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
2April 10, 2023
Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
3April 10, 2023
Can Intelligence be defined?
Intelligence can not be defined abstractly There are probably as many definitions of intelligence as there
are experts who study it.
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
4April 10, 2023
Intelligence (defination)
from "Mainstream Science on Intelligence" (1994), an editorial statement by fifty-two researchers: A very general mental capability that, among
other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly (conceptually), comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience.
(Gottfredson, L.S., 1997).
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
5April 10, 2023
Intelligence
from "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" (1995), a report published by the Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association: Individuals differ from one another in their
ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought.
(Neisser, 1997) and (Perloff, 1996)
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
6April 10, 2023
Other definitions of intelligence
capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activity; aptitude (ability) in grasping truths, relationships, facts, meanings, etc.
the faculty of understanding. knowledge of an event, circumstance, etc., received
or imparted; news; information. the gathering or distribution of information,
especially secret information www. dictionary.com
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
7April 10, 2023
Intelligence (summary)
Intelligence is the ability of:abstract thoughtunderstandingcommunication reasoninglearningplanning problem solving
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
8April 10, 2023
Intelligence of computer
According to the British computer scientist Alan Turing's test in (1950):“a computer would deserves to be
called intelligent if it could deceive a human into believing that it was human.”
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
9April 10, 2023
Artificial Intelligence?
???
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
10April 10, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
“A branch of a computer science which studies the development of software and hardware which simulates human intelligence”
(Dr. Ghassan Issa)
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
11April 10, 2023
Artificial Intelligence
AI is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems, that is, computer systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behavior- Understanding languages, learning, reasoning, solving problems, and so on.
(Barr and Feigenbaum, 1981)
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
12April 10, 2023
Natural Language Processing (NLP) by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC, UOP
13April 10, 2023
Other Definitions of AI ….
“AI is the study of how to make computer do things at which, at the moment, people are better”
(Rich and Knight, 1991)
“AI is study of idea that enable computers to be intelligent”
(Patrick H. Winston)
Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
14April 10, 2023
Intelligent Computing Conventional Computing
1 Does not guarantee a solution to a given problem.
1 Guarantees a solution to a given problem.
2 Results may not be reliable and consistent
2 Results are consistent and reliable.
3 Programmer does not tell the system how to solve the given problem.
3 Programmer tells the system exactly how to solve the problem
4 Can solve a range of problems in a given domain.
4 Can solve only one problem at a time in a given domain
Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing …
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
15April 10, 2023
Conventional: Based on algorithms whose instructions are
stored in memory and executed in sequential way.
AI Computing: Not based on algorithms but based on:
Knowledge base (symbolic representation)
Uses reasoning and inferencing over the knowledge base to search and perform pattern matching.
Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing …
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
16April 10, 2023
Contributions of other disciplines to AI
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
17April 10, 2023
Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system, foundations of learning, language,
rationality (wisdom) Mathematics Formal representation and proof of algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,probability
Economics utility, decision theory Neuroscience how do brain process information (neuron operation) Psychology 1- How do humans and animals think and act
2- phenomena of perception and motor control,experimental techniques
Computer engineering building fast computers
Control theory 1- How can artifacts (objects) operate under their own control?
2- design systems that maximize an objectivefunction over time.
Linguistics knowledge representation, grammar
Abridged history of artificial intelligence
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
18April 10, 2023
1941 first electric computer was developed 1943 McCulloch & Pitts:
Boolean circuit model of brain 1949 first “stored program” computer was introduced 1950 Turing proposed his “Turing Test” for
intelligence. 1955 early chess playing programs demonstrated 1956 in Dartmouth conference birth was given to:
"Artificial Intelligence" 1957 LISP language by John McCarthy at MIT
Abridged history of artificial intelligence
1965 expert system DENDRAL started at Stanford 1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical
reasoning 1966 expert system MACSYMA started at MIT 1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based
systems 1970 implementation of the Prolog language 1972 expert system MYCIN developed at Stanford 1972 SHRDLU natural language robot demonstrated at
MIT
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
19April 10, 2023
Abridged history of artificial intelligence
1980-- AI becomes an industry 1981-- Commercial NLP system “Intellect” available
from NLP group 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity 1987-- AI becomes a science 1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents 1995-2007 HLAI (Human Level AI):
AI should return to its roots of striving "machines that think, that learn”
Hays and Efros (2007) discuss the problem of filling in holes in a photograph
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
20April 10, 2023
Abridged history of artificial intelligence
2008--Artificial General Intelligence or AGI AGI looks for a universal algorithm for learning and
acting in any environment (Halevy et al_ 2009)
learning algorithm
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
21April 10, 2023
Applications of AI
Game playing General problem solving Expert system Natural language Processing Computer vision Robotics Education Others
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
22April 10, 2023
References
Gottfredson, L.S. (1997). "Foreword to "intelligence and social policy"" Intelligence 24 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90010-6. http://www.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1997specialissue.pdf.
Neisser, U.; Boodoo, G.; Bouchard Jr, T.J.; Boykin, A.W.; Brody, N.; Ceci, S.J.; Halpern, D.F.; Loehlin, J.C.; Perloff, R.; Sternberg, R.J.; Others, (1998). "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns". Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development 1997. ISBN 9780876308707. http://books.google.com/?id=gLWnmVbKdLwC&pg=PA95&dq=Intelligence:+Knowns+and+unknowns.
Perloff, R.; Sternberg, R.J.; Urbina, S. (1996). "Intelligence: knowns and unknowns". American Psychologist 51.
Dr. Ghassan Issa, Artificial intelligence, retrieved from: http://www.uop.edu.jo/issa/ai/ai-part1.htm, retrieved date: 04 Oct, 2011.
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
23April 10, 2023
References
Crash Course in Artificial Intelligence and Expert systems by Louise E. Frenzel.
Chapter No.1
Artificial Intelligence - A Modern Approach 3rd ed - S. Russell, P. Norvig (Prentice-Hall, 2010) WW
Chapter No.1
Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP
24April 10, 2023
Natural Language Processing (NLP) by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC, UOP
25April 10, 2023
Question????
Natural Language Processing (NLP) by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC, UOP
26April 10, 2023
The end