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Table of Contents (For Lecturer):
Topic Page numberCover PagePreface
y Rationale y Competency Statement y Performance Objectives y Enabling Objectives y Learners Characteristics y How to use the Learning Guide y How the learning guide is organized
Learning Guide s Table of ContentsIntroductionPre-requisitePretest and Answer SheetsStandards for pre-testContent Learning experiences for Theory
y Enabling objectives y Instruction Sheets y Mind maps y Learning Activities y Special Instructions, if any y Self Test and Answer Sheet
Theory Test Performance Test Competition Form References
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Manufa ct ur e
Des n
Compu te r
Excellent Self Learning Guide:y Step by Step Ex planation of
C on cepts y F eed b a ck Ac tivities y Self T est y P ossi b ilit y to w in prizes at the
end of the lesson throu g h inter- competition of learners
Ma st in i s:
nt odu tion to CA CA M & CNC
AAAuuu ttt hhh ooo rrr ::: MMMrrr ... NNN... DDDOOOYYYAAALLL &&&
TTThhh eee TTTeee aaa mmm ooo f f f EEExxxccceee lllllleee nnn ccceee Hi! We l o e to You My f ie nd See Y ou insid e.
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Preface:
T e ra
iona e for under
aking
is Mas
ering series on CA /CAM & CNC is
a
ese concep
s arepoor y e abora
ed in books and some
imes concep
s
a
is avai ab e in one book is no
avai ab e ino
ers. T e s
uden
fai
o ge
an expos on
ese burning
opics w ic is
e basis for a properunders
anding of
e con
emporary wor d of esign and Tec no ogy. My endeavor as been a so
oproduce
is series in order
o pu
in one book as one s
op s op a aspec
s of
e
opic in one p aceand
o a ow
e earner
o access
ese informa
ion wi
grea
er ease and c ari
y as i
was observed
a
is
opic is
rea
ed wi
ambigui
y in cer
ain books.
T e book is a so made re a
ive
o
e course under
aken by
e earner w o is genera y
o si
for anAdvance Cer
ifica
e in Educa
ion;
is eve of earners wi find
eir pa
in
is book. T e book isa so made in
o a se f earning guide suc
a
earners can assess
emse ves independen
y on
ese
opics. Muc care as been under
aken
o in
egra
e
e concep
s of Mu
ip e In
e igences
o ca
erfor
e need of differen
ype of earners.
T e genera aim for suc a book is
a
s
uden
wi be ab e
o re a
e
o CA /CAM & CNC of
e rea working wor d and wi be ab e
o app y
e unders
anding of
ese
ec no ogies in
eir
eorypapers and projec
work. T e Cambridge Advanced eve curricu um s
ipu a
es
e fo owing aim for
e earner
a
e/s e s ou d be ab e
o
y apply essential knowledge, understanding and skills of design productionprocesses to a range of technological activities and develop an understanding of industrial practices;
y use informa ion and communica ions ec no ogy (ICT), as appropriate , o en ance eirdesign and
ec no ogica capabi i
y;
Performance objec
ives are as fo ows:y apprecia e e princip es emp oyed in CA (compu er aided design) and CAM (compu er
aided manufac
ure);y describe a range of me ods of 2D and 3D mode ! ing;y exp " ain # ow $ ec # no " ogica " deve " opmen $ s can affec $ $ # e design and manufac $ ure of ar $ efac $ s;y describe % & e use of CA D (compu % er aided design) for % & e s % orage and re % rieva ' of da % a and
%
& e manipu ' a%
ion of images%
o aid design, produc%
ion and managemen%
;y describe ( ) e principa 0 fea ( ures of CAM (compu ( er aided manufac ( ure) par ( icu 0 ar 0 y in ( ) e
con(
ro 0 of mac ) ines;y describe and iden 1 ify curren 1 good prac 1 ice in 1 2 e use of CA D equipmen 1 , recognizing 1 2 e
advan1
ages of accuracy, ease of s1
orage/re1
rieva 3 , ease of modifying drawings,1
2 eproduc
1
ion of many origina 3 s and1
2 e in1
egra1
ion of da1
a for cos1
ing, s1
ock con1
ro 3 andproduc
1
ion via 3 inks wi1
2 CNC mac 2 ines;
Enab 3 ing objec1
ives wi 3 3 be given a1
1
2 e s1
ar1
of eac 2 sec1
ion of 1
2 e 3 earning guide.
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How to use this learning guide?
T4 e 5 earner is advised6
o fo 5 5 ow6
4 e norma 5 sequence of 6
4 e book and6
o comp 5 e6
e one sec6
ionbefore moving
6
o6
4 e nex6
sec6
ion i.e. sec6
ion 1 s 4 ou 5 d be comp 5 e6
ed before moving6
o sec6
ion 2. T 4 e5 earner is a 5 so sugges
6
ed6
o comp 5 e6
e6
4 e various ac6
ivi6
ies and6
es6
as6
4 is wi 5 5 give a no6
ion of 4 owmuc 4 4 as been grasped by
6
4 e 5 earner.
How this learning guide is organized?
Jargon Words
Impor7
an7
7
erms, words and p 8 rases w 8 ic 8 are unfami 9 iar7
o7
8 e9 earner are given by
7
8 e Jargon Box
Activities
S8 or7
ac7
ivi7
ies are used7
8 roug 8 ou7
7
8 is book7
o 8 e 9 p youunders
7
and many impor7
an7
7
8 emes and subjec7
s. T 8 e majori7
yof
7
8 e exercises are designed for you7
o carry ou7
; you wi 9 9 comp 9 e
7
e7
8 em7
o fina 9 9 y c 8 eck your answers7
o7
8 em
Case Studies
Case s7
udies ou7
9 ine 8 ow rea 9 manufac7
uring and engineeringcompanies produce produc
7
s using7
8 e me7
8 ods discussed in7
8 e guide
Find it out
T8 is fea7
ure invo 9 ves researc 8 7
opics and key poin7
7
oinves
7
iga7
e,7
o enab 9 e you7
o fur7
8 er unders7
and7
8 e con7
en7
Think it through
T8 is wi 9 9 a 9 9 ow you7
o revise key poin7
s in7
8 e differen7
sec7
ions
Your Guide and friend
ACTIVITY is Life!!!
Case Study
Find it out
TTThhh iiinnn kkk itTHROUGH
Jargon Box
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Learning Guide s Table of Contents
Section Topic Pg. No.
1 Pre-requisite stuff/Test
2 Introduction to CAD/CAM & CNC History
3 CAD
4 CAM
5 CNC
6 Case Studies
7 Theory test
8 Answers
9 Competition form
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Sec tion 1: Prere quisit e S tuff
S @ nce the learning guid e is abou t CADA
CAM and CNC, the pr ere B uisite to these topi cs will be th a t the learn er sh ou ld b e ac B uain te d to the compu te r, the op era tion of a la the and a mi lling ma ch ine andcon tro l syste ms.
The learner is advised to consult the other learning guides from the Mastering series on these topics.
A b rie f a perc u of a Co C put er :
It is a programmab le ma ch ine . The two prin cipa l chara cte rist ics of a compu te r ar e :y It res pond s to a sp ec ific set of in st ru ct ion s in a w ell-de fined mann er.
y It can exec u te a pr e rec ord ed list of in st ru ct ion s (a program).
Mod e rn compu te rs ar e elect roni c and digi ta l. The actua l ma ch ine ry -- wires , t ran sist or s, andcircui ts -- is ca lled hardware ; the inst ru ction s and da ta ar e called software .
All gen e ra l-purpo se compu te rs re D uir e the fo llowing hardwar e compon en ts :
y Mem o ry : Enab les a compu te r to st or e , a t least te mporari ly, da ta and program s.
F i it t
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y Mass storage device: AE E ows a compu F er F o permanen F E y re F ain E arge amoun F s of da F a. Common mass s F orage devices inc E ude In F erna E and Ex F erna E Hard disk, pendrives, diske F F e (ou F da F ed)
y Input device : Usua G G y a keyboard and mouse, H I e inpu H device is H I e condui H H I roug I w I ic I da H a and ins H ruc H ions en H er a compu H er.
y Output device : A disp P ay screen, prin Q er, or o Q R er device Q R a Q P e Q s you see w R a Q Q R ecompu Q er R as accomp P is R ed.
y Central processing unit (CPU): TS e S ear T of T S e compu T er, T S is is T S e componen T T S a T ac T ua U U y execu T es ins T ruc T ions.
In addi T ion T o T S ese componen T s, many o T S ers make i T possib U e for T S e basic componen T s T owork T oge T S er efficien T U y. For examp U e, every compu T er requires a bus T S a T T ransmi T s da T a
from one par T of T S e compu T er T o ano T S er.
CPU
T h V CPU is t h V br a i ns oW
t h V co X pu ter. S o X etimes referre d t o sim pY
y as t he ce ntr aY
pr ocess or, b ut more c omm on
Y
y caY Y
ed pr ocess or, t he CPU is w here m ost c aY
cuY
a ti on s t ak e pY
a ce. I n terms o f com pu ti ng po wer, t he CPU is t he m ost im po rt an t eleme nt o f a com pu ter s y stem.
On l a r ge m a chi nes, CPUs req uire on e or m ore pri nte d circuit b oa r d s. On pers ona l com pu ters and sm a ll w or k st a ti on s, t he CPU is hou se d i n a si ng le c hi p ca lled a micr op r ocess or. Si nce t he 1970'st he micr op r ocess or cl a ss o f CPUs ha s a lmost c om pletel y ov ert ak e n a ll ot her CPU im pleme nt a ti on s.
T he CPU itself is an i nter na l com pon e nt o f t he com pu ter. M od er n CPUs a re sm a ll and sq ua re and con t a i n m ulti ple met a llic conn ect ors or pi ns on t he und ersi d e. T he CPU is i nserte d d irectl y i nt o a CPU sock et, pi n si d e do w n , on t he m ot herb oa r d . E a ch mot herb oa r d will s uppo rt on l y a s pecifict ype or r ang e o f CPU so you m ust c hec k t he m ot herb oa r d m anu f a ct urer's s pecifica ti on s bef orea ttem pti ng t o re pl a ce or upg r ad e a CPU. Mod er n CPUs a lso hav e an a tt a che d hea t si nk and sm a ll
f an t ha t go d irectl y on t op o f t he CPU t o hel p d issi pa te hea t.
Tw o t ypica l com pon ents o f a CPU a re t he f oll owi ng:
y T he a rit hmetic l og ic un it (ALU), w hich perf orms a rit hmetic and l og ica l op er a ti on s.y T he c on tr ol un it (CU), w hich extr a cts i nstr ucti on s fr om mem or y and d ec od es and exec utes
t hem, c a lli ng on t he ALU w hen necess a r y .
Jargon Box
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Compu ` ers can be genera a a y c a assified by size and power as fo a a ows, ` b oug b ` b ere isconsiderab a e over a ap:
y Personal computer : A sma c c , sing c e-user compu d er based on a microprocessor. Inaddi d ion d o d e e microprocessor, a persona c compu d er e as a keyboard fo r en d ering
da d a, a moni d or for disp c aying informa d ion, and a s d orage device for saving da d a.y Workstation : A powerfu f , sing f e-user compu g er. A works g a g ion is f ike a persona f
compu g er, bu g i g h as a more powerfu f microprocessor and a h ig h er -qua f i g y moni g or.y Minicomputer : A mu i p i-user compu p er capab i e of suppor p ing from 10 p o q undreds
of users simu i p aneous i y.y Mainframe : A powerfu r mu r s i-user compu s er capab r e of suppor s ing many t undreds
or s t ousands of users simu r s aneous r y.y Supercomputer : An ex u reme v y fas u compu u er u w a u can perform w undreds of mi v v ions
of ins u ruc u ions per second.
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Basic Operation of a lathe and its Technicalities
A x ay
e is a mac iney
oo x w ic y
urns cy x indrica x ma
y
eria x ,y
ouc es a cuy y
ingy
oo x y
o iy
, and cuy
sy
ema
y
eria x . T e x ay
e is one of y
e mac iney
oo x smos
y
we x x used by mac ining (Figure 1).
As s own in Figure 2, a may
eria x is firm x y fixedy
oy
e c uck of a x ay
e. T e x ay
e is swiy
c ed on andy
e c uck is roy
ay
ed. And sincey
ey
ab x e w ic fixed
y
e byy
e can be moved iny
e very
ica x direc
y
ion andy
e rig y
-and- x ef y
direcy
ion byopera
y
ing some and x es s own in Fig. 3 . Iy
y
ouc es a byy
e'sy
ip iny
oy
e may
eria x byy
eopera
y
ion, and makes a mec anica x pary
.Fig.1: Appearance of a Lathe
Fig.2: Chucking of Material Fig.3: Handles of a Lathe
Three Important Elements
In order o ge an efficien process and beau ifu surface a e a e mac ining, i isimpor an o adjus a ro a ing speed, a cu ing dep and a sending speed. P ease no e a
e impor an e emen s can no decide easi y, because ese sui ab e va ues are quie differen by ma eria s, size and s apes of e par .
Rotating Speed
I expresses wi e number of ro a ions (rpm) of e c uck of a a e.
W en e ro a ing speed is ig ,processing speed becomes quick, and aprocessing surface is fine y finis ed.However, since a i e opera ionmis akes may ead o e seriousacciden , i is be er o se ow ro a ingspeed a e firs s age.
Fig.4: Three Important Elements
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Cutting Depth
T e cu ing dep of e oo affec s o e processing speed and e roug ness
of surface. W en e cu ing dep isbig, e processing speed becomesquick, bu e surface empera urebecomes ig , and i as roug surface.Moreover, a ife of by e a so becomess or . If you do no know a sui ab ecu ing dep , i is be er o se o sma va ue.
Sending Speed (Feed)
T e sending speed of e oo a soaffec s o e processing speed and eroug ness of surface. W en e sendingspeed is ig , e processing speedbecomes quick. W en e sending speedis ow, e surface is finis ed beau ifu .T ere are 'manua sending' w ic urnsand opera es a and e, and 'au oma icsending' w ic advances a by eau oma ica y. A beginner mus use emanua sending. Because seriousacciden s may be caused, suc as
ouc ing e ro a ing c uck around eby e in au oma ic sending.
A beginner of a a e mus opera e wi owro a ing speed, sma cu ing dep and owsending speed.
Cutting Tools for Lathe
T ere are various kinds of e cu ing oo s for a a e. We mus c oose em by ema eria s and s ape of a par . T ree ypica cu ing oo s are in roduced in fo ows. T en weconsider w a is an easy process or a ard process.
Form of Typical Cutting Tools
Figure 5 (a) s ows e we -used cu ing oo ca ed a side oo . I can process o cu anou side surface and an edge surface. Since
e ma eria is se a e rig of a e, en is oo can on y cu e rig of e ma eria .
T e cu ing oo s own in Figure 5(b) is useda par ing and grooving processes. I s poin ed Fig.5: Typical Cutting Tools
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end is s im, en i is oo weak. Don' add as rong side-force o e oo . T is oo mus send ver ica direc ion on y.
T e cu ing oo s own in Figure 5(c) is ca eda boring bar. I is used o cu a an insidesurface. I can make a big o e, w ic canno be process by a dri , and a ig accura e o e.
Easy Processing and Hard Processing
T e genera cu ing oo ,s own in Figure 6 (a) is eeasies and ing. T en es ape, w ic can be makeusing on y e genera cu ing oo , as easyprocessing.
In e case of e par ing orgrooving, T e processbecomes ard wi decreasing of e wid of a o e, and increasing of
e dep .
In e case of using of eboring bar, e process of apene ra ed o e is no so
ard. Bu e process of no-pene ra ed o e issomew a ard. Becausewe canno see e bo omsurface in during process.In suc cases, we decide
e oca ion of e oo wi e sound or e sca eof a e. Moreover, eprocessing of a sma o e( ess an 10 mm) or adep o e is oo ard.
f course, ere areimpossib e s apes ass own in Figure 6(c). Insuc case, e par mus bedivided.
Fig.6: Easy Processing and Hard Processing
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Digital Scale
T e ab e of e mi ing mac ine can beadjus ed accura e y a e x-, y- and z- axis.We can adjus e posi ions by seeing esca es on e opera ing and es. Moreover, if digi a sca es as s own in Figure 12 is se , i isefficien a we opera e by seeing e va uesof e digi a sca e.
Fig.12:Digital Scale Point Master
In order o ge a ig accura e processing, ezero poin mus be adjus ed exac y. A poin
mas
er as s
own in Figure 13 is
econvenien oo for e adjus men . LEDs of
e poin mas er ig w en e poin ouc esa me a ma eria inc uding e vise. We canfind e zero poin easi y wi is oo .
Fig.13: Point Master
Three Important Elements for Milling
In e case of e mi ing process, e ro a ingspeed, e cu ing dep and sending speedare very impor an . T ese impora n e emen s are affec ed by e ma eria s, es apes and e roug ness of e surface ande c. Genera y, in order o ge e ig roug ness, e cu ing dep mus be se osma , and e sending speed mus be se o
ow.Fig.14: Three Important Elements
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An examp e of e mi ing process be ow, a mec anica par is made by e mi ing mac inein e figures ( 1) o (5 ) be ow:
(1) Cut Board Material
A ma eria was cu by a band saw. T e sizeis bigger abou 3 mm an e fina size.
(2) Cutting of Bottom Surface
T e ma eria is cu wi e bo om edge of e end mi . In suc ways, wo face of e
ma eria can be cu .
(3) Cutting of Side Surface
T e ma eria is cu wi e side edge of e end mi . W en e vise is se in e
ver ica posi ion accura e y, e ma eria can ge e accura e rec ang e easi y.
(4) Shaped Part
T e ma eria is s aped wi e end mi .Since i as a comp ex s ape, we arecarefu in e processing.
(5) Drilling
T e oo is c anged from e end mi o adri .
(6) Completed Part
T is is a comp e ed par . I is no so simp es ape, bu e mi ing process is no sodifficu .
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Control System
A con
ro sys
em is a device or se
of devices
o manage, command, direc
or regu a
e
e be aviorof o
er devices or sys
ems. I
is possib e for non iving mac ines
o con
ro
roug
e use of signa s from devices known as sensors.
Feedback is a mec anism, process or signa
a
is ooped back
o con
ro a sys
em wi
in i
se f. Suc a oop is ca ed a feedback oop. In sys
ems con
aining an inpu
and ou
pu
, feeding back par
of
eou
pu
so as
o increase
e inpu
is po siti v e fee d ba ck ; feeding back par
of
e ou
pu
in suc a wayas
o par
ia j j y oppose
e inpu
is nega ti v e fee d ba ck .
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Section 2: Introduction to CAD/CAM & CNC
Enabling Objectives:
Ak
k
l e end of k
l is seck
ion you s l ou m d be ab m ek
o:1. Define n o e n erms CA D, CAM and CNC2. Draw a n ime ine of n o e n ec o no ogica advances name y CAD, CAM and CNC3 . Describe w o y no n a mac o ines work wi n o on y CAD/CAM sof n ware
What is CAD/CAM?
T e erm CAD/CAM is a s or ening of Compu er-Aided Design (CAD) and Compu er-AidedManufac uring (CAM). T e erm CAD/NC (Numerica Con ro ) is equiva en in someindus ries.
CAD/CAM sof ware uses CA D drawing oo s o describe geome ries; ese geome ries areused by e CAM por ion of e program o define a oo pa of a mac ine (suc a a e ormi ing mac ine); from mo ion of e mac ine oo e exac s ape a was drawn wi bemac ined ou . T e mac ine in ques ion is ca ed a compu er aide d mac ine.
History
Numerically-Controlled Machines
We before e deve opmen of Compu er-aided design, e manufac uring wor d adop ed oo s con ro ed by numbers and e ers o fi e need for manufac uring comp ex s apes inan accura e and repea ab e manner. During e 195 0's ese Numerica y-Con ro edmac ines used e exis ing ec no ogy of paper apes wi regu ar y spaced o es punc edin em o feed numbers in o con ro er mac ines a were wired o e mo ors posi ioning
e work on mac ine oo s. T e e ec ro-mec anica na ure of e con ro ers a owed digi a ec no ogies o be easi y incorpora ed as ey were deve oped.
By e a e 196 0's Numerica y-Con ro ed mac ining cen ers were commercia y avai ab e,incorpora ing a varie y of mac ining processes and au oma ic oo c anging. Suc oo swere capab e of doing work on mu ip e surfaces of a work piece, moving e work piece oposi ions programmed in advance and using a varie y of oo s - a au oma ica y. W a ismore, e same work cou d be done over and over again wi ex raordinary precision and
TTThhh iiinnn kkk itTHROUGH
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very i e addi iona uman inpu . NC oo s immedia e y raised au oma ion of manufac uring o a new eve once feedback oops were incorpora ed ( e oo e s ecompu er w ere i is, w i e e compu er e s i w ere i s ou d be).
W a fina y made NC ec no ogy enormous y successfu was e deve opmen of euniversa NC programming anguage ca ed APT (Au oma ica y Programmed Too s).Announced a MIT in 196 2 , APT a owed programmers o deve op pos processors specific oeac ype of NC oo so a e ou pu from e APT program cou d be s ared amongdifferen par ies wi differen manufac uring capabi i ies.
CAD& CAM Together at Last
T e deve opmen of Compu er-aided design ad i e effec on CNC ini ia y due o edifferen capabi i ies and fi e forma s used by drawing and mac ining programs. However,as CAD app ica ions suc as So idWorks and Au oCad incorpora e CAM in e igence, and asCAM app ica ions suc as Mas erCam adop sop is ica ed CAD oo s, bo designers andmanufac urers are now enjoying an increasing varie y of capab e CAD/CAM sof ware. Mos CAD/CAM sof ware was deve oped for produc deve opmen and e design andmanufac uring of componen s and mo ds, bu ey are being used by arc i ec s wi grea erfrequency.
Today, over ree-quar ers of new mac ine oo s incorpora e CNC ec no ogies. T ese oo sare used in every conceivab e manufac uring sec or, inc uding many a affec bui ding
ec no ogies. CNC ec no ogy is re a ed o Compu er In egra ed Manufac uring (CIM),Compu er Aided Process P anning (CAPP) and o er ec no ogies suc as Group Tec no ogy(GT) and Ce u ar Manufac uring. F exib e Manufac uring Sys ems (FMS) and Jus -In-TimeProduc ion (JIT) are made possib e by Numerica y-Con ro ed Mac ines.
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Section 3: CAD
Enabling Objectives:A
e end of
is sec
ion you s ou d be ab e
o:1. Describe w z a { is CAD 2. Name { z e Hardware and Sof { ware associa { ed wi { z CAD 3 . Describe z ow does CA D works4 . S{ a { e { z e various uses of { z e CAD sof { ware in Indus { ry5 . S{ a { e { z e advan { ages of using CA D 6 . S{ a { e { z e disadvan { ages of using CA D
CAD Computer aided Design
T| is occurs w | enever a designer or engineer uses a compu}
er}
o design. Norma ~ ~ y CAD is sof }
wareon a compu
}
er}
| a}
a ~ ~ ows for a range of app ~ ica}
ion w | ic | is genera ~ ~ y c ~ assified in five ca}
egories:
1. Drawing2. Pain ing3 . 3 -D Mode ing4 . Desk op Pub is ing5 . Simu a ion
Using a compu
er equipped wi
Microsof
Pain
ry
o draw
e fo owing s apes and no
e down
your experience:(a) (b) A rec ang e 30 cm by 10 cm
TTThhh iiinnn kkk itTHROUGH
I t is important to note that all of these five categories are not possible to be found in oneCAD software package alone but come as separate packages which are specialized ineach of these categories. For e.g. For CAD as a 3 D modeling software that we have on themarket like the A uto CAD 2010 software - it does consume a lot of space on the computer memory and does complex technical drawings; I n comparison small CAD software likeMicrosoft P aint can allow for drawing and painting of only basic geometrical shapes.
ACTIVITY Box 1
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Section 4: CAM
Enabling Objectives:A
e end of
is sec
ion you s ou d be ab e
o:1. Describe w a is CAM2. Name e Hardware and Sof ware associa ed wi CAM3 . Describe ow does CAM works4 . S a e e various uses of e CAM sof ware in Indus ry5 . S a e e advan ages of using CAM6 . S a e e disadvan ages of using CAM
TTT
hhh
iiinnn
kkk
itTHROUGH
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Section 5: CNC
Enabling Objectives:A
e end of
is sec
ion you s ou d be ab e
o:1. Describe w a is CNC2. Name e Hardware and Sof ware associa ed wi CNC3 . Describe ow does CNC works4 . S a e e various uses of e CNC in Indus ry5 . S a e e advan ages of using CNC6 . S a e e disadvan ages of using CNC
I
depends w e
er
ese mac ines can
ake command direc
y from
e anguage of
e Cad Camsof
ware or if i
needs
o be conver
ed in
o G codes firs
.
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Section 6: Case Studies
Enabling Objectives:
A
e end of
is sec
ion you s ou d be ab e
o:y Give an accoun of ow a combina ion of CAD/CAM and CNC is used in different Indus ries
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Section 7: Theory Test
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Section 8: Answers
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Section 9: Competition Form
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References:
y Hug es,C. ( 2002). Design and Tec no ogy: Resis an Ma eria s. London: Lo s Educa iona .
Pg 32, 33 , 83 , 86 , 89
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y Hancock, G. ( 2000). Ski s in Grap ic Produc s. xford: Heinemann Educa iona Pub is ers. Pg
77 , 80 83
y Morrison, J & Twyford, J. ( 1994 ). Design: Capabi i y and Awareness. 6 th Ed. Eng and:
Longman. Pg 188 197
y Buck e, P & Abigai , A. (1997 ). Grap h ic Produc ts for GCSE. 1st Ed. xford: xford Universi ty
Press. Pg 88 , 92 , 93
y Yarnwood, A & Heywood, H. ( 199 0). Focus on Tec h no ogy. 1st Ed. London: Hodder &
Stoug ht on. Pg 73 76
y Stense , P., Tung, A. & Soh , B.S. (2004 ). Bui ding a founda t ion wi th Design and Tec h no ogy 1 .
6 th Ed. Singapore: Pearson Educa t ion Asia P te Ltd.
y Renwick, P., S tense , P., Tung, A. & Soh , B.S. (2004 ). Bui ding a founda t ion wi th Design and
Techno ogy 2. 6 th Ed. Singapore: Pearson Educa t ion Asia P te Ltd.
y Wa is, S. & Godfrey, N. ( 2005 ). Manufac turing. 1st
Ed. Uni ted Kingdom: Ne son T hornes L td.
y Norman, E., Cubi tt , J., & Wh itt aker, M. ( 2000). Advance Design & Techno ogy. 3rd Ed.
Eng and: Person Educa t ion Limi t ed. Pg. 67 , 89 , 94 , 130, 333 & 334
Interne t Websi tes:
htt p://www.gsd. h arvard.edu/inside/cadcam/w h a t is.ht m
htt p://www.nmri.go.jp/eng/k h ira ta/me ta work/index_e. ht m
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