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LEAD PERCHLORATE AS A NEUTRINO DETECTION MEDIUMSTEVEN ELLIOTT, PETER DOE, HAMISH ROBERTSON, TOM STEIGER, JOHN WILKERSON. UNIVERSITY OF WSHINGTON, SEATTLELEAD PERCHLORATE AS A NEUTRINO DETECTION MEDIUMSTEVEN ELLIOTT, PETER DOE, HAMISH ROBERTSON, TOM STEIGER, JOHN WILKERSON. UNIVERSITY OF WSHINGTON, SEATTLE

LEAD PERCHLORATEAS A

NEUTRINO DETECTION MEDIUM

LEAD I S AN EXCELLENT NEUTRINO TARGET:

♦ HIGH CROSS SECTION (Fu lle r et al. Ast r o-ph / 980 916 4)

♦ RELATIV ELY LOW COST

♦ CC AND NC REACTIONS

νe

+

208

Pb →

208

Bi

+ e

208 − Y

Bi + X γ + Yn

νe

+

208

Pb →

208

Pb

+ ν

'

x

208 - Y

Pb + X γ + Yn

DETECTOR SHOU LD BE SENSITIVE TO:

♦ CHARGED P ARTICLES

♦ NEUTRONS

♦ GAMM A RAYS

CHARGED CURRENT

NEU TRAL CURRENT

LEVEL SCHEMESof the

208Pb 208Bi System

THE NUCLEAR PHYSICS OF LEADTHE NUCLEAR PHYSICS OF LEAD PROPERTIES OF A LEAD PERCHLORATE SOLUTIONSPROPERTIES OF A LEAD PERCHLORATE SOLUTIONS

LEADCERENKOVDETECTOR?

Attenuation Length =43cm

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

15 35 55

Path Length (cm)

PMT Signal (mA)

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.5

1.55

0 20 40 60 80

Concentration (% by mass)

Index of Refraction

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

200 300 400 500 600 700

Wavelength (nm)

Transmission (%)

DETECTOR SHOULD BE SENSITIVE TO:

♦ CHA RGED PARTI CLES

♦ NEUTRONS

♦ GAMM A RAYS

LEAD PERCHLORAT E Pb(ClO4)2 IS:

♦ HIGHLY SOLUBLE500g m Pb(ClO4) 2/1 00g m H2ODen si t y = 2.7 @ 80 % Con c.

♦ CONTA INS CHLORIN ENeut ron Capt u r e on Cl ⇒ 8 .4 MeV γ’s35 Cl n capt u r e cr oss sect ion 44 .0b

♦ RELATIV ELY INEXPENSIVE≈$10 k / Tonne (≥ 100 tonne @ 80 % con c.)

♦ APPEARS TRANSPARENTRef r act i ve Index = 1.5 @ 80 % Con c.May be u sed as a Cer en kov Detector

♦ WATER BASED SOLUTIONGood ne ut ron m od era tor1.7 x 10 21 208 Pb / cc (80% soln .)3 .6 x 10 22 H / cc (80% soln .)

Expect about 185 /cmStopping Power 0.2 cm/MeV (80%) 0.33 cm/MeV (50%)15 MeV electron ~550 (80%) ~920 (50%)

No Obvious Features

Scattering or Absorption?

Suspect limit due to Pb salt colloids possibly due to reaction with dissolved gasesNeed to understand chemistry better measurements in progress

INDEX OF REFRACTION AS A FUNCTIONOF SOLUTION CONCENTRATION

SPECTRAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH A 1 CM CELL OF 80% Pb4(ClO4)2 (UNPURIFIED) REFERENCED TO H2O

ATTENUATION LENGTH OF 430 nm LIGHT IN 80% Pb4(ClO4)2 (UNPURIFIED)

APPLICATIONS

Transition ν Spectrum σFHM σKL

Pb(νe,e)x Tν=4 MeVη=3

6.9 6.7

Pb(νe,e)x Tν=8 MeVη=0

58 43

Pb(ν,ν’)x Tν=4 MeVη=3

0.66 0.23

Pb(ν,ν’)x Tν=8 MeVη=0

4.5 1.4

Pb(n, )e x μ DAR 91 59.6

FHM: Fuller, Haxton, McLaughlin, PR D59, 085005 (1999)KL: Kolbe, Langanke, preprint Nucl-th\0003060

σ units10-40 cm2

CROSS SECTION COMPARISON

Isotope σ n captur e(b) Relativ e num.den. .w r. .t Pb

n captu re rate.w r. .t H

204Pb 0.70 0.01 0206Pb 0.03 0.24 0207Pb 0.70 0.22 0.04208Pb 0.02 0.52 0

35Cl 44.00 1.52 18.337Cl 0.43 0.48 0.0616O 0.00 13.57 017O 0.23 0.01 018O 0.00 0.03 0

H 0.32 11.3 1

n capture time~10-100 μs.

NEUTRON CAPTURE TIME IN 80 % Pb(ClO4)2

SUPERNOVA OBSERVATORYSUPERNOVA OBSERVATORY ν PHYSICS, OSCILLATIONSν PHYSICS, OSCILLATIONS

ConclusionsConclusions

Approximately thermal.Absolute temperature scales are somewhat uncertain.Relative temperature scales are not: there is a hierarchy, Te < Tanti-e < Tμ,.Observation of Te > Tanti-e would be indicative of ν oscillations.

Supernova Spectra

2.76 MeV 6.27 MeV

0.1

1

10

100

1000

/ (10dE

-40

cm2

/ )MeV

1000 ( )Energy MeV

0.1

1

10

100

1000

/ (10dE

-40

cm2

/ )MeV

1000 ( )Energy MeV

Cross Section

The cross section is strongly dependent on Te

NC events produce little energy in coincidence with neutrons.

The CC-events will have electron energy in coincidence with neutrons.

The CC electron energy can be sorted as to how many neutrons were in coincidence.

In coinc., 2-n events are almost all due to νe.

In coinc., 1-n events are due to νe and anti- νe.

Spectral Features Ratio for 2-n/1-n Events

This ratio is verysensitive to Te.

FHM indicates uncertainty of 50%.KL and FHM differ by large amounts.Decay at Rest (DAR) μ from stopped + decay has spectrum similar to supernova, but with no anti-νe.A DAR μ measurement in Pb(ClO4)2 studies the Pb reaction, without interference from the well known H reaction.A 10 t detector could measure the cross section to 10% or so in a few months at proposed ORLaND facility.

Need to Measure σ

0.1

1

10

100

1000

Cross Section (10

-40

cm2

/MeV)

6040200

Energy (MeV)

Look for 29.8-MeVνe coming early in time. = 26 ns

μ = 2200 ns

+ ⇒ μ+ + νμ

μ+ ⇒ e+ + νe + νμ

OscillationsDecay at Rest

Measuring not just the total number of neutrons but the number of events with 1 or 2 neutrons is very powerful.

Measuring the electron energy in coincidence with the neutrons permits separation of NC and CC interactions.

Pb(ClO4)2 has the potential to make thesemeasurements because it is sensitiveto charged particles, gammas and neutrons.

8

6

4

2

Electron Neutrino Temperature (MeV)

8642Electron Anti-Neutrino Temperature (MeV)

2.1

1.7 1.3

0.9

0.5 0.5

0.1 0.1