Lawrence G. Roberts
CEO Anagran
September 2005
Enabling Data-Intensive iGrid Applications with Advanced
Network Technology
Copyright Anagran 2005
Switching Alternatives
Packet Routing Route Every Packet Individually, Queue by Priority – High Cost per bit Single route per destination, 40% utilization, Best Effort QoS
Flow Routing Lookup Flow State, Route if start of flow, Switch rest of flow – Lower cost Multiple routes per destination, 80% utilization, Full QoS
Optical Switching Switch without transceivers. Route by session, No queuing – lowest cost Low utilization for normal traffic, Full QoS
Optical Switched Core Fill Lambda with Flow Router, Select best route per flowFlow Routed Edges High Utilization for all traffic, Full QoS, Lowest Overall cost
Copyright Anagran 2005
Packet, Flow, & Communication Cost Trends
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
$/T
era
bit
Cost Trends for Network Components
Flow Routing
Packet RoutingC
omm
unications
DWDM changed the slope of
communications cost
1969 Crossover
when Packet Routing
became cost effective
ARPANET NSFNET COMMERICAL
CSNET
2010 Crossover where Lambdas
become less expensive than
two packet router ports
Uncertainty
INTERNET HISTORY
Copyright Anagran 2005
Router Price with 8 High Speed Ports
0
100
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300
400
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600
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800
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
$K
.5 Mbps
Economics of Flow Routing vs Packet
8 Ports are of Highest Speed Available in that Year
Flow RoutingPacket Routing
Flow Too Costly Flow Less Expensive
17 Mbps .5 Gbps 15 Gbps 440 Gbps.Router
Capacity
Flow Memory Too Expensive
Flow Lookup Reduces Expense
Copyright Anagran 2005
Flow Routing Improves Trunk Utilization
Total utilization averages 83% with FSA vs. a US Internet average of 27% utilization
• Variance of IP Traffic Very High• Variance is reduced as the Square Root of the rate controlled flows
•IP Packet Router- 16 Queues: Variance reduced 4:1•IP Flow Router- 1 M Flows rate controlled per 10 Gbps: Variance reduced 1000:1
Delay vs Utilization
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100,000
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Utilization
De
lay
- M
icro
se
co
nd
s
Flo
w R
outi
ng
Packet Routing
Queuing Formula Results
Copyright Anagran 2005
Flow Routing Allows Multiple Path Load Balancing
This network has 4 equal-cost (3 hop) paths from A to B• A Packet Router must send all A-B traffic on the “best” route (red) to keep packets in order
•The “best” route may change from time to time as the load changes, hurting voice•A Flow Router can send each flow over a different near-equal-cost route (flow in order)
• It can then load balance the network, sending each flow over the best available route• It keeps track of 16 near-equal-cost routes, their load, capacity and jitter• Thus instead of overloading any link, the network can be used to the maximum capacity• If the “best” path changes, but a flow is on a functional path, it need not be move
•This avoids gaps in Voice and Video
A B
Assuming the main load is from
A to B a FSA Router would have twice the capacity
from A-B compared to a packet router
Copyright Anagran 2005
Total Cost of Service - One Hop Lambda, Flow, and Packet Switching
Utilization - Lambda 15%, Packet 40%, Flow 80%, Lambda/Flow 80%
0.01
0.1
1
10
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
$/Te
rab
it
Total Cost for Switched Communications Service
• Network cost above includes Lambda cost and the router or switch ports at both ends• Lambda (Optical) Switching is considered as zero cost• Utilization varies with each switching method – estimates• Optimal Strategy is to use Optical Switch Core and Flow Routed Edges to raise utilization
Uncertainty
Flow Routing
Packet Routing
Lambda SwitchingIf Lambda
switching achieves 35% utilization, crossover with
packet is in 2005
2011 Crossover where Lambda
Switching becomes less
expensive then Packet Switching
Lambda Core, Flow Edge
Copyright Anagran 2005
Flow Routed Edge Supports Grid into Lambda-NetDWDM
Flow Router
Server
Flow Routers can interconnect at low cost to support >1000 ServersThey support all Level 3 features for security and routingThey provide Guaranteed Rate paths on demand for high throughputThey can route flows on every available near-equal-cost pathPath selection avoids flows interrupting other flowsServer Utilization is typically twice that of packet routingTrunk Utilization is optimized at 80% by routing flows, not sessions or packets
Optical Switched Network
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