Latin 1 / Intro to Latin

A study of the Latin language and the history, culture, and geography of

ancient Rome

Imperfect Tense

• Imperfect = not completed•An action which was going

on or was habitual in the past.

Imperfect Tense – Translation to English

He was loving, he used to love, he kept on loving, he loved continually, he loved habitually

Verb formation

• Latin verbs: stem + tense sign + personal ending

• The present tense has no sign, so it is just stem + ending

• ama + nt = amant• They love, they are loving

• Latin verbs: stem + tense sign + personal ending• Imperfect tense sign = ba• Ama + ba + nt = amabant• They used to love, they were loving, they kept on

loving

Verb formation – Imperfect

Singular Plural

1st Person ama + ba + m amabam ama + ba + mus amabamus

2nd Person ama + ba + s amabas ama + ba + tis amabatis

3rd Person ama + ba + t amabat ama + ba + nt amabant

Second Declension

•No new concepts – just new endings

Second Declension – Gender

•Masculine•Neuter

Second Declension – Stem

• Just like First Declension – chop off the ending• servus, servī, M: servant, slave• serv ī• stem = serv

Figuring out Nominative Plural

What is the plural or nucleus, radius, octopus, cactus, focus, alumnus, syllabus, fungus?

What is the plural of millennium, curriculum?

What does data mean?

What is the plural of data?

What about bacteria?

Second Declension – Endings

• Note: for neuter words, Nominative = Accusative• All declensions• Always

Singular PluralM N M N

Nom -us -um -ī -aGen -ī -ī -ōrum -ōrumDat -ō -ō -īs -īsAcc -um -um -ōs -aAbl -ō -ō -īs -īs

Second Declension – Declined

servus, servī, M: servant, slaveSingular PluralM M

Nom servus servī

Gen servī servōrum

Dat servō servīs

Acc servum servōs

Abl servō servīs

Second Declension – Declined

verbum, verbī, N: wordSingular PluralN N

Nom verbum verba

Gen verbī verbōrum

Dat verbō verbīs

Acc verbum verba

Abl verbō verbīs

 Second Declension – Vocabservus, servi, M:

filius, filii, M:

amicus, amici, M:

deus, dei, M:

annus, anni, M:

dominus, domini, M:

equus, equi, M:

mundus, mundi, M:

bellum, belli, N:

templum, temple, N:

verbum, verbi, N:

donum, doni, N:

servant, slave

son

friend (amica for female)

god (dea for goddess)

year

lord, master

horse

world

war

temple

word

gift

Italia (Italy) Graecia (Greece)

Sicilia (Sicily)

Tib

er R

iver

• Rome• Ostia

What is an adjective?

An adjective is a word which modifies a noun.

Examples:• the happy boy• the funny girl• an exciting vacation• a beautiful gift• an excellent sword• the fast horse

Adjectives in Latin

• Bad news – just like nouns, you have to decline adjectives

• Good news – adjectives use the same endings as nouns!

Adjectives in Latin

Adjectives can follow:• 1st & 2nd Declension Endings• 3rd Declension Endings

Endings for 1st & 2nd Declension Adjectives

Singular PluralM F N M F N

Nom -us -a -um -ī -ae -aGen -ī -ae -ī -ōrum -ārum -ōrumDat -ō -ae -ō -īs -īs -īsAcc -um -am -um -ōs -ās -aAbl -ō -ā -ō -īs -īs -īs

Adjective/Noun Agreement

•Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify in:–Case–Number–Gender

Adjectives - Vocab

bonus, bona, bonum:

malus, mala, malum:

magnus, magna, magnum:

parvus, parva, parvum:

laetus, laeta, laetum:

clārus, clāra, clārum:

good

evil, bad, wicked

large, big, great

small, little

happy

bright, clear, famous

Adjectives - Vocab

bonus, -a, -um:

malus, -a, -um:

magnus, -a, -um:

parvus, -a, -um:

laetus, -a, -um:

clārus, -a, -um:

good

evil, bad, wicked

large, big, great

small, little

happy

bright, clear, famous

Adjective/Noun Agreement

• Little sons (nominative)– Sons• filius, filiī, M• Nominative Plural Masculine• fili + ī = filiī

– Small• parvus, parva, parvum• Nominative Plural Masculine• parv + ī = parvī

• Parvī filiī.

Adjective/Noun Agreement

• Large temples (dative)– Temples• templum, templī, N• Dative Plural Neuter• templ + īs = templīs

– Large• magnus, magna, magnum• Dative Plural Neuter• magn + īs = magnīs

• Magnīs templīs.

Adjective/Noun Agreement

The teacher praises the good girl.• Girl

– Case: Accusative– Number: Singular– Gender: Feminine– puellam

• Good– Accusative, Singular, Feminine– bonam– bonam puellam

Magistra bonam puellam laudat.