LATE 19LATE 19THTH CENTURY U.S. CENTURY U.S. FOREIGN POLICY & FOREIGN POLICY &
IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM
Unit VDUnit VD
AP United States HistoryAP United States History
Fundamental QuestionFundamental Question
To what extent was the American To what extent was the American public supportive of increased foreign public supportive of increased foreign involvement?involvement?
U.S. Foreign Policy (1789-1850)U.S. Foreign Policy (1789-1850) Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address
Avoid permanent alliances, but defend American interestsAvoid permanent alliances, but defend American interests Jefferson’s Empire of LibertyJefferson’s Empire of Liberty
Model of republicanism and democracyModel of republicanism and democracy Louisiana Purchase (1803)Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine Prevention of European intervention in Western HemispherePrevention of European intervention in Western Hemisphere
Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny Adams-Onis TreatyAdams-Onis Treaty Webster-Ashburton TreatyWebster-Ashburton Treaty Oregon TerritoryOregon Territory TexasTexas Mexican-American War – Mexican CessionMexican-American War – Mexican Cession
Limited InvolvementLimited Involvement Domestic economic expansionDomestic economic expansion
Protective tariffsProtective tariffs Economic dependency on European powersEconomic dependency on European powers
ImmigrationImmigration Mass wave during 1830s-1840sMass wave during 1830s-1840s
U.S. Foreign Policy During Sectionalism U.S. Foreign Policy During Sectionalism (1850-1860)(1850-1860)
Zachary Taylor (W)Zachary Taylor (W) Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)
Neutrality of possible Neutrality of possible Nicaragua canalNicaragua canal
Millard Fillmore (W)Millard Fillmore (W) Pursued Asian marketsPursued Asian markets
Franklin Pierce (D)Franklin Pierce (D) Gadsden Purchase (1853)Gadsden Purchase (1853) Perry Expedition (1853-1854)Perry Expedition (1853-1854)
Encourage trade and Encourage trade and diplomatic relations with diplomatic relations with JapanJapan
Convention of Kanagawa Convention of Kanagawa (1854)(1854)
James Buchanan (D)James Buchanan (D) Limited foreign affairs due to Limited foreign affairs due to
onset of Civil Waronset of Civil War
William SewardWilliam Seward Secretary of State (1861-1869)Secretary of State (1861-1869)
Under Lincoln and JohnsonUnder Lincoln and Johnson
Trent Affair (1861)Trent Affair (1861) France and MexicoFrance and Mexico Alaska Purchase (1867)Alaska Purchase (1867)
$7.2 million (2 cents per acre) to $7.2 million (2 cents per acre) to Russia for 586,412 sq. mi.Russia for 586,412 sq. mi.
““Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox”Icebox”
Eventual discovery of gold and Eventual discovery of gold and oil reservesoil reserves
Burlingame Treaty (1868)Burlingame Treaty (1868) Most favored nation status with Most favored nation status with
ChinaChina
James G. Blaine Secretary of State (1881,
1889-1892) Under Garfield and
Harrison
Expansionist Latin America
Pan-American Conference (1889)
Assert American influence and free trade
Limit or prevent European intervention
HawaiiHawaii White IntrusionWhite Intrusion
Sugar Plantation OwnersSugar Plantation Owners Queen LiliuokalaniQueen Liliuokalani
Attempted to reassert Attempted to reassert native authority and drive native authority and drive out foreignersout foreigners
Overthrow of Hawaii Overthrow of Hawaii (1893)(1893) Sanford DoleSanford Dole Republic of Hawaii (1894-Republic of Hawaii (1894-
1898)1898) Annexation by U.S. Annexation by U.S.
(1898)(1898) Strategic commercial and Strategic commercial and
military locationmilitary location
Why Hawaii?Why Hawaii?
Spanish-American War (1898) Origins and Causes
Cuba Jose Marti Reconcentrado
DeLome Letter Spanish diplomat ridicules
McKinley
U.S.S. Maine (Feb. 15) 266 deaths “Remember the Maine! To
hell with Spain!”
Yellow Journalism Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst
Declaration of War (Apr. 21) Teller Amendment
U.S. promise Cuban independence, not annexation
Spanish-American War (1898)Caribbean Theater
Cuba Battle of San Juan Hill
Significant American victory
Battle of Santiago de Cuba Destruction of Spanish fleet
Puerto Rico Rough Riders
Volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt
Earned fame from Battle of San Juan Hill
Yellow Fever 75% of American forces affected Walter Reed proves mosquito
transmission
Spanish-American War (1898)Pacific Theater
Philippines Battle of Manila Bay
Destruction of Spanish fleet
Emilio Aguinaldo Led rebellion forces against
Spanish rule Declared independence
Spanish-American War (1898) “A splendid little war.” Treaty of Paris
American Acquisitions
Puerto Rico Guam Philippines
Cuba American military
occupation (1898-1902)
Platt Amendment (1901)
Treaties required American approval
Guantanamo Bay
Imperialists and Anti-ImperialistsImperialists and Anti-Imperialists ProponentsProponents
Most from GOPMost from GOP Theodore Roosevelt (R)Theodore Roosevelt (R) John Hay (R)John Hay (R) James G. Blaine (R)James G. Blaine (R)
ReasonsReasons Economic expansion Economic expansion Political securityPolitical security International prestigeInternational prestige Humanitarian effortsHumanitarian efforts
Capt. Alfred Thayer MahanCapt. Alfred Thayer Mahan The Influence of Sea Power upon The Influence of Sea Power upon
HistoryHistory (1890) (1890) Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism
JingoismJingoism ““White Man’s Burden”White Man’s Burden”
Insular CasesInsular Cases (1901-1903) (1901-1903) Supreme Court ruled constitutional Supreme Court ruled constitutional
guarantees granted only by Congress to guarantees granted only by Congress to U.S. territoriesU.S. territories
““Constitution does not necessarily follow Constitution does not necessarily follow the flag”the flag”
OpponentsOpponents Mostly from Democratic PartyMostly from Democratic Party Anti-Imperialist LeagueAnti-Imperialist League Grover Cleveland (D)Grover Cleveland (D) William Jennings Bryan (D)William Jennings Bryan (D) Senator Ben Tillman (D-SC)Senator Ben Tillman (D-SC) Samuel Gompers (AFL)Samuel Gompers (AFL) Mark TwainMark Twain Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Jane AddamsJane Addams
ReasonsReasons UndemocraticUndemocratic Violated republicanismViolated republicanism
““consent of the governed”consent of the governed” Prevent influx of “inferior races”Prevent influx of “inferior races”
The Philippines Philippine-American War
(1899-1902) Atrocities
Torture by both sides Concentration camps
Casualties 12,000-20,000 Filipinos 4,165 Americans 200,000-1,000,000 Filipino
civilians Americanization
Freedom of religion English as official language
China
Open Door Policy Secretary of State John
Hay Spheres of influence Mutual economic policies
among foreign powers
Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) Eight-Nation Alliance
against Chinese nationalists
Severely weakened Qing Dynasty
Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)Big Stick PolicyBig Stick Policy
The AmericasThe Americas Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary
U.S. right to intervene if:U.S. right to intervene if: Incapable of protecting American Incapable of protecting American
interestsinterests Stabilize economies to prevent Stabilize economies to prevent
European influenceEuropean influence
Panama CanalPanama Canal Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) Panamanian Revolution (1903)Panamanian Revolution (1903) Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) Panama Canal opened 1914Panama Canal opened 1914
Asian PolicyAsian Policy Treaty of Portsmouth (1904)Treaty of Portsmouth (1904) ““Gentleman’s Agreement” (1907)Gentleman’s Agreement” (1907) Great White Fleet (1907-1909)Great White Fleet (1907-1909)
Demonstrate U.S. naval power and Demonstrate U.S. naval power and prestigeprestige
William Howard Taft (1909-1913)William Howard Taft (1909-1913)Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy
Encourage economic Encourage economic development infrastructure in development infrastructure in Latin America and abroadLatin America and abroad Administration of loans and Administration of loans and
financingfinancing Railroad investments in ChinaRailroad investments in China
Lodge Corollary (1912)Lodge Corollary (1912) Henry Cabot LodgeHenry Cabot Lodge Forbade any foreign acquisition in Forbade any foreign acquisition in
Western HemisphereWestern Hemisphere
Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)Moral DiplomacyMoral Diplomacy
Pursuit of non-expansionist policies Pursuit of non-expansionist policies and promote democratic and promote democratic governmentsgovernments Despite military intervention in Haiti, Despite military intervention in Haiti,
Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, and MexicoMexico
MexicoMexico Tampico Affair (1914)Tampico Affair (1914) Pancho Villa Expedition (1916-1917)Pancho Villa Expedition (1916-1917)
General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing
Jones Act of 1916Jones Act of 1916 Democratic policies for PhilippinesDemocratic policies for Philippines
Jones Act of 1917Jones Act of 1917 U.S. citizenship to Puerto RicoU.S. citizenship to Puerto Rico
World War IWorld War I Fourteen PointsFourteen Points
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