Last summer I were in my Grandpa`s village. I remember
different funny stories from there. First week I were ill so my
Grandpa didn`t allow me to eat ice cream. I knew that I will be
able to eat it in the future, but I were really sad that I couldn`t
eat it hole week. But I knew that if I didn`t eat it I might be
well soon. When I recovered my Grandpa said that I can eat ice
cream as much as I want. But still I asked every time if I could
eat ice cream, because I knew that Grandpa can`t be wrong. Every
week I asked him if he could bring a cup of ice cream. So 3 weeks
later Grandpa said that I should eat a little bit of ice cream. I
knew that I needed to eat it less, because otherwise I would become
sick. Grandpa and ice cream
Slide 2
Modal verb is a special verb which behaves very differently
from normal verb. The following verbs are called Modal verbs. Modal
verbs
Slide 3
They are: Can Could Must Shall Need May Might Should Will Ought
to What are modal verbs? Modal verbs are sometimes referred to as
Modal Auxiliary verbs because they help other verbs They are
Auxiliary verbs that provide additional and specific meaning to the
main verb of the sentence
Slide 4
Example: Mary could play the piano How do we use modals? S
Subject V Verb M They do not accept conjugation They do not need
other auxiliary verbs
Slide 5
They can have different meanings depending on the situations
they are used To understand it better we are going to divide them
into 4 categories 1.Modal Verbs of obligation, no obligation,
prohibition and advice. 2.Modal verbs of ability and permission.
3.Modal verbs of speculation and deduction. 4.Modals perfects: They
are used to express a situation in the past What do they
express?
Slide 6
Obligation, no obligation, prohibition and advice Ability and
permission Speculation and deduction Modal perfects perfects must/
mustnt can / cant may may/might have might / might not should/
shouldnt have have to/dont have to could / couldnt must have could
neednt ought to cant have cant should/ shouldnt may could have must
cant Categories
Slide 7
ModalConceptExamples * 1 Must Have to/has to Obligation You
must decide now. I have / she has to be fit to enter the race. * 2
Dont have to/doesnt have to * 3 Neednt No obligation (its not
necessary) You dont have / she doesnt have to phone me tomorrow.
You neednt meet me at the airport. Ill get a taxi. Ought to Should
Shouldnt Must Advice and recommendation They ought to thank her for
the present. You should stop smoking all the time. You shouldnt
cross the street without looking first. Its dangerous. You must try
this recipe. Mustnt Cant Prohibition You mustnt ride a motorbike
without a helmet. You cant park here look at the sign. obligation,
no obligation, prohibition and advice Modals of obligation, no
obligation, prohibition and advice
Slide 8
(*) Notes 1 In writing there is no real difference between
these words. In speech there is sometimes a small difference. Must
is used when the speaker personally feels something is important
and have to is used when the situation makes something necessary.
You must start working harder!(I say so) You have to turn left
here.(its the law) 2 Must and have to are very similar in their
affirmative forms but they are completely different in their
negative forms. Mustnt describes sth which is prohibited. Dont have
to describes sth that is not necessary. You mustnt leave now.(its
not allowed. Its against the rules) You dont have to leave now.(its
not necessary) 3 In informal spoken language we use dont need to
instead of neednt. You dont need to go to the gym every day. Youre
in good shape.
Slide 9
ModalConceptExamples Can / cantAbility in the present I can
play the piano. My friend cant speak Spanish Could / couldnt
Ability in the past He could ski when he was 4. I couldnt ride a
bike when I was a child Can Could May To ask permission and make
polite requests Dad, can I go to the concert? Could I have some
money, please? May I come in, please? Can Cant Permission in the
present You can borrow this CD if you like. Students cant wear
their own clothes to school. Could Couldnt Permission in the past I
could stay out until midnight when I was 14. We couldnt wear
jewellery at school. ability and permission Modals of ability and
permission
Slide 10
ModalConceptExamples *1 May Might Could Might not Speculation
Hes wearing a ring, so he may be married. I might go shopping
later, I dont know. It could rain today. She might not be on the
train. CantNegative deductionThat cant be Sue. Shes in Brazil. Must
Affirmative deduction You must be tired after your long journey.
speculation and deduction Modals of speculation and deduction *1
these words all express uncertainty or possibility. Could is not
used with not in this context. The meaning for all three words is
approximately 50% probability. But if we stress the modal verb
strongly in speech the probability is reduced.
Slide 11
They are modals referred to actions that happened in the past
It must have been a difficult decision They should have invited her
to their wedding Modal Perfects MODAL + HAVE + verb in past
participle
Slide 12
ModalConceptExamples May have Past unreal possibility We may
have passed the test, but it was too difficult. Might have Past
unreal small possibility She might have been swimming. Her hair is
wet. Should have Past unreal recommendation You should have
listened to the doctor. You shouldnt have eaten too much chocolate.
Must have Past unreal assumption She looks very fit. She must have
been to the gym a lot lately. Cant have Impossibility in the past
He cant have stolen the money. He was with me all morning. Could
have Past unreal ability/possibility She could have taken the
flight. They could have won the match. Modal perfects
Slide 13
Writing the modal verbs that you listening in this video.
Slide 14
1.My son ___ be home by now. Where can he be? a. Have tob.
Wouldc. Shouldd. Could 2. I think your thumb is broken. You ___ go
to the emergency room. a. Mightb. couldc. ought tod. can 3. If you
are interested in losing weight, you ______ try this new diet. a.
Couldb. mustntc. dont have tod. had to 4. Johnnies fallen down the
stairs! I ________ call an ambulance! a. Willb. mightc. mayd. ought
to 5.You _______ come too early. We wont leave until 9 oclock. a.
Has tob. mustc. needntd. cant Practise
Slide 15
6. Children ________ be accompanied by an adult at the zoo. a.
Ought tob. mustc. wouldd. mustnt 7.You _________ talk during tests.
Its forbidden! a. dont have tob. mustntc. couldntd. ought to 8.I
can feel the heat. We _________ be near the fire. a. Canb. wouldc.
mustd. have to 9.They ________ hear him because he was whispering.
a. Wouldntb. mustntc. shouldntd. couldnt 10.Youve never heard of
Britney Spears! You ________ be serious! a. Mustb. had toc. cantd.
shouldnt
Slide 16
11. __________ you like to have dinner with me tonight? a.
Couldb. mayc. shouldd. would 12.You _________ let him hear about
the party tomorrow. Its a surprise! a. mustntb. wouldntc. couldntd.
can 13.__________ I speak to the Chief of Police, please? a. Mustb.
Mayc. Wouldd. Need 14.He has arrived late. He _______ missed the
bus a. Must haveb. Should have c. Could haved. must
Slide 17
Re-write the following sentences using modals so that they have
the same meaning. 1.I suggest that you get a good lawyer! You
___________________________________________ 2.A university degree
isnt necessary for that job. You
___________________________________________ 3. Perhaps my father
will pick you up. My father _______________________________________
4.Eating is forbidden in class! You
___________________________________________ should get a lawyer
neednt have a university degree for that job dont have to have a
university may / might pick you up mustnt eat in class
Slide 18
5.Look at his dirty clothes! Im sure he is a poor person. He
____________________________________________ 6. I dont believe that
the legend of Hercules is true because therere many contradictions.
The legend of Hercules ____________________________ must be a poor
person cant be true
Slide 19
Think about these situations and create a sentence using
modals. 1.We are going to Paris for a weekend. (Make suggestions
about things to do) 2.We start school in September. (Talk about
necessity) 3.Margaret is a very talented sportswoman. (Talk about
ability) 4.You have just won the lottery! (Talk about possibility)
5.Peter has got a headache and a congested nose. (Give him some
advice) 6.You want to borrow your uncles Mercedes Benz. (Ask for
permission politely) Speaking
Slide 20
Invents a story using some modal verbs Writing (homework)