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What is Language?0 Communication of thoughts and feelings through a
system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds,
gestures, or written symbols.
0 Such a system includes its rules for combining its
components, such as words.
0 Such a system as used by a nation, people, or other
distinct community; often contrasted with dialect.
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0 Language is a tool fashioned by man. Given the nature of his
innate endowment, it is one of his most sophisticated tools.
0 We use it to do various things, like giving commands and
asking questions and expressing feelings, but we use it
especially to communicate information about the world.
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Elements of Language
0 Language is a remarkably complex system, one we
continue to learn throughout our lives. It is also
essential to many aspects of learning andsocialization.
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0Researchers have identified three broad and different
aspects of language:
0 Receptive language: What infants understand from the
language of others.
0Expressive language: How babies communicate to others
through increasingly sophisticated speech and expanded
vocabulary.
0Pragmatic language: All the subtle facets of language
facial expressions, body movements, tone, volume,
inflection, ideas about when to speak and for how long.
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Daily Use
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Literary Language
0 The language which is used in Literature for
expression is called literary language.
0 Literary language is beautiful, artistic and more
expressive than any other language.
0 We can express or feelings, emotions and thoughts in
a way that spell bounds the reader or the listener.
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Characteristics of Literary
Language0 Literary Language is based on special words with
specific meanings. Literary language is used for
novels, short stories and poetry. Idioms, metaphors,imagery, and use of symbols add attractiveness to
literary language.
0
Imagination and creativity plays an important role inliterary language.
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0 Literary language is understood by people who have a taste
for it because the poets and novelists use such techniqueswhich are not understandable by everyone.
0 Objective of writing is to express oneself instead of
communicating with the readers.
0Any piece of writing which makes use of literary language
has a specific pattern. It has a beginning, interval and a
conclusion. Events occur in an organized manner.
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Scientific Language0 It is used to elaborate scientific topics like Physics,
Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, Computers, and
Economics etc. The jargon of scientific language is
understood only by people who belong to that specificfield.
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Characteristics of Scientific
Language0 It is difficult and complicated, and makes use of
unfamiliar words.
0 It is only understandable by the experts of therespective science.
0 It is used in laboratories and for the research
purposes.
0It is unbiased, full of symbols and unlike literarylanguage, it is based on realism.
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JOURNALISTIC LANGUAGE
The language which is used in
journalism for conveying latest and
up-to-date information to the peopleby the simplest, easy and neutral
ways is called journalistic language.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF JOURNALISTIC
LANGUAGE:
SIMPLE AND EASY
UNBIASED
BREVITY
BROADNESS
SERIOUSNESS
AWARENESS
AREA OF COMMUNICATION
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OBJECTIVITY
LANGUAGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION
REALISM
REPRESENTATION
POLITENESS
USAGE OF GRAMMER
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AVOID COMPLICATED AND UNFAMILIAR WORDS
AVOID DIFFICULT TERMS
SHORT SENTENCES
A BRIDGE BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND THE
PEOPLE
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JOURNALISTIC WRITING:
News style (also journalistic style or news writing
style) is the prose style used for news reporting in
media such as newspapers, radio and television.News
style encompasses not only vocabulary and sentence
structure, but also the way in which stories present
the information in terms of relative importance, tone,
and intended audience.
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Experienced journalists use a
variety of sentences to make
their writing interesting and
lively. Too many simple
sentences, for example, will
sound choppy and immature
while too many long sentenceswill be difficult to read and
hard to understand.
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Terms and structure
HEAD LINE: (main article)
SUBHEAD: (a quick blurb or article teaser)
LEAD: (storys first leading sentence)
FEATURE STYLE: (longer articles)
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Role of journalistic language
Journalistic language playsan important role in all typesof developments like socialdevelopmentby informingthe people and government
about their social problemsand by presenting thesolution of these problems.In similar way, journalisticlanguage plays an important
in the political,educational, religious andscientific developments,due to vastness.
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Scholastic
language:The language used by scholars is known as scholastic
language.
Code-switching:. Code-switching is distinct from other language
contact phenomena, such as borrowing, pidgins and
creoles, loan translation (calques), and language
transfer (language interference).
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CODE-SWITCHING
Speakers form and establish a pidgin language when
two or more speakers who do not speak a common
language form an intermediate, third language. On theother hand, speakers practice code-switching when
they are each fluent in both languages. Code mixing is
a thematically related term, but the usage of the terms
code-switching and code-mixing varies. Some
scholars use either term to denote the same practice,while
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Scholastic Method
0The scholastics would choose a book (say, the
Bible) by a renowned scholar, acuter (author),
as a subject for investigation. By reading it
thoroughly and critically, the disciples learnedto appreciate the theories of the author.
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Other documents related to the bookwould be referenced, such as Church
councils, papal letters and anything
else written on the subject, be it
ancient or contemporary.
The points of disagreement and
contention between multiple sources
would be written down in individual
sentences or snippets of text, knownas sentential.
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Philological analysis:
0Words were examined and argued to have multiple
meanings.
0It was also considered that the acuter might have
intended a certain word to mean something
different.
0Ambiguity could be used to find common groundbetween two otherwise contradictory statements.
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Logical analysis
0It relied on the rules of formal logic to show
that contradictions did not exist but weresubjective to the reader.