KOSTEGIDS | COST GUIDE
2017/18
B • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 1
’n Spesiale woord van dank aan ons borge wat die druk van hierdie Kostegids, asook die gratis verspreiding daarvan aan alle VinPro-lede en
rolspelers in die wynbedryf moontlik maak.
A special word of thanks to our sponsors without whom this Cost Guide could not have been published or distributed for free to all VinPro
members and role-players in the wine industry.
Orchard Suppliers • Netafim • Boshoff Visser • Santam Hauptfleisch Grondverskuiwing • InteliGro / Villa Crop
Samestelling / CompositionAndries van Zyl & Pieter van NiekerkVinPro Landbou-ekonomiese Dienste / VinPro Agricultural Economic Services
Kantoor: 021 276 0429Sel: 073 280 8703 / 083 561 9465
VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 3
INHOUD / CONTENTS
Voorwoord / Foreword ................................................................................................................ 5
Doel / Purpose ............................................................................................................................. 5
Wynbedryfoorsig / Wine Industry Overview .................................................................................................. 7
Koste van wyndruifproduksie (2016-oes) / Cost of wine grape production (2016 harvest) .................................................... 14
Kostestruktuur van top presteerders / Cost structure of top achievers ..................................................................................... 26
Teikeninkomste (2016-oes) / Target income (2016 harvest) ......................................................................................... 31
Oesversekering / Harvest Insurance ........................................................................................................... 34
Arbeidsriglyne / Labour guidelines ........................................................................................................... 37
Vestigingskoste / Establishment cost ......................................................................................................... 40
Koste van meganisasie / Cost of mechanisation ................................................................................................... 54
Kelders / Cellars ............................................................................................................................. 62
VinPro kontakbesonderhede / VinPro contact details ............................. Agterblad / Back page
Die samestellers van die VinPro Kostegids het deurgaans te goeder trou opgetree. Enige besluit voortspruitend, of aksie gebaseer op die inligting soos vervat in die gids, word op eie risiko gedoen. Nie die samestellers of VinPro kan verantwoordelik gehou word vir enige finansiële verlies weens so ’n besluit of aksie nie, terwyl enige finansiële wins slegs tot die voordeel van die gebruiker daarvan is.
The VinPro Cost Guide was compiled in good faith. Any decision taken as a result of, or actions based on information contained in the guide is solely at the user’s own risk. Neither the compilers nor VinPro are accountable for any financial loss due to such decisions or actions, while any financial gain derived from it is solely to the benefit of the users thereof.
Vrywaring / Indemnity
VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 5
VOORWOORD / FOREWORDIn die strewe na ’n volhoubare en deelnemende wynprodusentegemeenskap bly die VinPro Land-bou-ekonomiese Diens verbind tot effek tiewe en waardetoegevoegde ekonomiese diens lewering aan VinPro se lede en ander rolspelers in die bedryf.
Die Suid-Afrikaanse wyndruifprodusent is die afgelope paar jaar blootgestel aan stygende insetkostes en dalende winsmarges, wat daar-toe lei dat die produsent se winsgewendheid onder geweldige druk verkeer. Met hierdie in ag geneem, openbaar die VinPro Landbou-ekonomiese Dienste jaarliks kritiese finansiële aanwysers wat regdeur die wynbedryf erken en gebruik word as ’n betroubare maatstaf. ’n Uit-vloeisel daarvan is die samestelling van hierdie meer gedetailleerde Kostegids – wat jaarliks in Mei opgedateer en beskikbaar gestel word – ter verdere ondersteuning van die produsent.
VinPro Landbou-ekonomiese Dienste• Lewensvatbaarheidstudies, koste- en wins -
gewendheidsanalises, asook skade bepalings.
• Koördinering van finansiële studiegroepe/Produksieplan – finansiële geheelplaas- en bedryfstak-analises op plaasvlak.
• Ekonomiese en bedryfsverwante artikels en aanbiedings.
• Versameling en verspreiding van verteen-woordigende landbou-ekonomiese bedryfs-inligting.
In the quest towards a sustainable and par-ticipating wine producer community, VinPro Agricultural Economic Services are committed to providing effective and value-added economic services to all members of VinPro, as well as other role players in the industry.
The South African wine producer’s profitability has been under enormous pressure over the past few years due to rising input costs, as well as low and decreasing profit margins. With this in mind, VinPro Agricultural Economic Services annually reveal financial indicators that are ac-cepted and used throughout the wine industry as a trusted benchmark. As an extension of its support to producers, VinPro compiled this more detailed Cost Guide, which is updated annually and available in May.
VinPro Agricultural Economic Services• Feasibility studies, cost- and profitability
analyses, as well as damage assessments.
• Coordinating financial study groups/Produc-tion Plan – financial analyses of total farm or operational enterprise.
• Economic and industry-related articles and presentations.
• Collecting and distributing relevant financial industry information.
Die hoofdoel van hierdie Kostegids is om sekere noodsaaklike ekonomiese aspekte in ’n eenvoudige formaat te verpak wat as hulp-middel kan dien vir die opstel van begrotings deur wyndruifprodusente. Weens dramatiese prysskommelinge is dit baie moeilik om sin-vol en akkuraat te begroot en kan hierdie gids as riglyn daarvoor aangewend word.
The main purpose of this guide is to provide wine grape producers with specific finan-cial indicators to assist them in compiling a budget. Due to the fact that prices vary dramatically, it is difficult to compile a budget that is both meaningful and accurate. This guide is a useful aid in compiling a more accurate budget.
Doel / Purpose
VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 7
WYNBEDRYFOORSIG
WINE INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Santam is an authorised financial services provider (licence number 3416).
A modern farmer faces many challenges and takes on different roles to overcome them. You’re responsible for your farm, your workers, your assets, your home and your family. At Santam we understand just
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For more information, call your broker or visit www.santam.co.za/products/agriculture.Santam. Insurance good and proper.
TODAY’S FARMERS KNOW MORE THAN JUST FARMING.
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8 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 9
VINPRO OORSIG / VINPRO OVERVIEWVinPro is die diensorganisasie vir nagenoeg 3 500 Suid-Afrikaanse wynprodusente en kelders en verteenwoordig hulle in gesprekke
met die regering en op relevante wynbedryf forums.
VinPro is the service organisation for close to 3 500 South African wine producers and cellars and represents them in discussions with
Government and on relevant wine industry forums.
Grondkunde & GISSoil science & GIS
Vititec (Edms) BpkPlantmateriaal / Plant material
Wingerdkunde Viticulture
Transformasie & OntwikkelingTransformation & Development
Wynkelders Wine Cellars
Landbou-ekonomie Agricultural economics
INCORPORATING WINETECH TEGNIES INGELYF 1931 - 2017 | 86 YEARS
JANUARY 2017
RSA R43,00 INCL VAT
9 7 7 0 0 4 3 9 6 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2
NUWE LEIERSKAP BY VINPRO
ROMANCING CHARDONNAY
A FRENCH AFFAIR IN AFRICA
A WINE LABEL IS A PROMISE
WHAT’S IN A LABEL?
Takseer jy wyn op sy
baadjie?
corkCONFIDENCE IN EVERY
Packagingi ss u e
z
CORK SUPPLY SOUTH AFRICA
Kommunikasie/WineLand Communication/WineLand
FarmMS (Edms) BpkBestuurstelsels / Management Systems
Tegnologie-oordrag Technology transfer
Verteenwoordiging Representation
VinPro StigtingSosiale ontwikkeling befondsing
VinPro Foundation Social development funding
VinPro CapitalFinansiering van transformasie
Financing transformation
BEDRYFORGANOGRAM / INDUSTRY ORGANOGRAMDie wyn- en brandewynbedryf word deur twee hoof organisasies verteenwoordig:
The wine and brandy industry is represented by two main organisations:
VinPro en Salba word op die rade van drie wynbedryf besigheidseenhede verteenwoordig:
These organisations are also represented on three business units:
Hierdie organisasies dien saam met ander belangegroepe op: These organisations serve with other interest groups on the:
TRANSFORMASIE KOMITEE / TRANSFORMATION COMMITTEEKoördineer die aanwending van statutêre heffings vir transformasieprojekte.
Co-ordinates application of statutory levies for transformation.
3 000 lede / 3 000 membersWyndruifprodusente,
wynprodusente, landgoedere, produsentekelders.
Wine grape producers, wine producers, estates,
producer cellars.
22 lede / 22 membersVervaardigers/verspreiders
& handels merkeienaars, insluitend Distell & KWV.
Manufacturers/distributors & trade mark owners,
including Distell & KWV.
Uitvoere-promotor. Bou generiese besigheidskapasiteit. Export promotor, builds generic business capacity.
Versamel, en versprei wynbedryf-statistieke en bestuur die Wyn van Oorsprong Skema. Statistics and Wine of Origin Scheme.
Koördineer navorsing & tegnologie-oordrag in die wynbedryf. Research & technology transfer.
10 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 11
Wingerdoppervlak in SA verbou (uitgesluit Tafeldruiwe)Area under vines (excluding table grape)
103 478 ha
Wyndruif-kultivarsWine Grape varieties
95 775 ha
Primêre wyndruiweprodusentePrimary wine grape producers
3,145
Produserende keldersProducing cellars
598
Werkgeleenthede in die wynbedryfEmployment opportunities in the wine industry
289,151
Indiensneming op wynplase en in keldersEmployment on wine farms and in cellars
61 435
Stokkies onder verbouing (vinifera variëteite)Vines under cultivation (Vinifera varieties)
284
Ton geoesTons harvested
1 405 401
Liters geoesLiters harvested
1 089 m
Gebruik word vir die produksie van wynUsed for production of wine
83%
Liter wyn verbruik in die binnelandse markLiters of wine consumed in domestic market
436.9 m
Liters uitgevoerLiters exported
428.5 m
% totale SA wyn word uitgevoer% of SA wine exported
48%
SA as % van die wêreld se wingerdeSA as % of world vineyards
1.6%
Posisie in die wêreld (oppervlakte onder wingerd)Size ranking in the world (area under vines)
14th
Posisie in die wêreld (aantal Liter)Ranking in the world (volume of wine produced)
7th
SA-gedeelte van die wêreld se wynproduksieSA contribution to the world’s wine production
4%
SA as % van die wêreld se uitvoerwynSA contribution to world wine exports (%)
4.1%
SA per capita wynverbruikSA per capita wine consumption
7.8 litres
Jaarlikse impak van die SA-wynbedryf op BBPAnnual impact of the SA wine industry on GDP = 1.2%
R 36.1 b
Primêre wynprodusente se inkomstePrimary wine producers income
R5.03 b
Staatsinkomste van BTW en aksyns op wynbedryfprodukteState income from VAT and excise on wine industry products
R6.23 b
SA Wynbedryf Statistieke / SA Wine Industry Statistics
Met vergunning van Sawis / Courtesy of Sawis.
WINE INDUSTRY STRATEGIC EXERCISE
STATE OF THE INDUSTRY
STOCK LEVELS
Projected stock levels end 2017 lowest in 5 years!
2015BASELINE
80,000 ton surplus
TARGET2025
EquilibriumPossible shortages
ACTUAL2016
WINE TOURISM
Full Implementation 2017
2015BASELINE
R6 bn
TARGET2025
R15 bnIn progress
ACTUAL2016
TRANSFORMATION: LAND & WATER
KEY INITIATIVES: Project with 35 Black Owned BrandsContinued support to 52 BEE projects • L&D desk implementation 2017
2015BASELINE
1,5%
TARGET2025
20%2,0%
ACTUAL2016
KEY STATISTICS:Producers: 3 139 (-93) • Area: 96,753 (-1 843)
RETURN ON INVESTMENT
2015BASELINE
2%
TARGET2025
CPI + 5%<1%
ACTUAL2016
Bulk: 259 m l ( 7%) = R1,9 bn (6%)Packaged: 169 m l (-3%) = R7,0 bn (11%)Total: 428 m l ( 3%) = R8,9 bn (10%)
BULK: PACKAGED RATIO
2015BASELINE
60:40
TARGET2025
40:6061:39
ACTUAL2016
DOMESTIC MARKET
NETT 2 YEAR VOLUME GROWTH: ± 50 MILLION LITREBag in box ± 50 m litre Glass 0 m litrePlastic - 4 m litre Tetra + 4 m litre
2015BASELINE
350 m litre
TARGET2025
450 m litre400 m litreESTIMATE
ACTUAL2016
Value/Total Export Value = 20%!
NEW MARKETS: (USA, CHINA, AFRICA)
2015BASELINE
10%
TARGET2025
25%11%
ACTUAL2016
STRENGTHEN THE CORE!!
ETHICAL ACCREDITED VOLUME
2015BASELINE
20%
TARGET2025
100%48%
ACTUAL2016
VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 1312 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE
Cape SouthCoast
2 657 ha
Swartland12 939 ha
Paarl15 279 ha
Stellenbosch15 339 ha
Worcester6 618 ha
Breedekloof12 893 ha
OlifantsRiver
10 018 ha
LittleKaroo
2 443 ha
Robertson13 227 ha
Vredendal
Piketberg
Clanwilliam
Citrusdal
Malmesbury
Paarl
Stellenbosch
Tulbagh
Worcester
Robertson
Laingsburg
Montagu
LadismithCalitzdorp
PrinceAlbert
Oudtshoorn
George
Uniondale
Caledon
Hermanus
Swellendam
Bredasdorp
L`Agulhas
Riversdale
PlettenbergBay
MosselBay
Wellington
Franschhoek
CapeTown
Date created: 2017/05/02Time created: 3:07:23 PMSAWIS Statistical Regions Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984
Datum: WGS 1984Map compiled by: Heinrich SchlomsSAWIS statistiekstrekePhone: 083 480 2686 / 021 276 0432www.vinpro.co.za
Document Path: C:\Projekte\Afbakenings\KWV_streke\KWV Streke.mxd
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 16010Kilometers
NorthernCape
4 360 ha
Production per Region (Total tons: 1 425 283)
Breedekloof: 252 278 ton
Cape South Coast:
Little Karoo: 41 047 ton
Northern Cape: 124 445 ton
Olifants River: 223 218 ton
Paarl: 137 438 ton
Robertson: 248 485 ton
Stellenbosch: 111 017 ton
Swartland: 113 730 ton
Worcester: 173 624 tonTotal winegrape hectares: 95 775 ha
Cape SouthCoast
2 657 ha
Swartland12 939 ha
Paarl15 279 ha
Stellenbosch15 339 ha
Worcester6 618 ha
Breedekloof12 893 ha
OlifantsRiver
10 018 ha
LittleKaroo
2 443 ha
Robertson13 227 ha
Vredendal
Piketberg
Clanwilliam
Citrusdal
Malmesbury
Paarl
Stellenbosch
Tulbagh
Worcester
Robertson
Laingsburg
Montagu
LadismithCalitzdorp
PrinceAlbert
Oudtshoorn
George
Uniondale
Caledon
Hermanus
Swellendam
Bredasdorp
L`Agulhas
Riversdale
PlettenbergBay
MosselBay
Wellington
Franschhoek
CapeTown
Date created: 2017/05/02Time created: 3:07:23 PMSAWIS Statistical Regions Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984
Datum: WGS 1984Map compiled by: Heinrich SchlomsSAWIS statistiekstrekePhone: 083 480 2686 / 021 276 0432www.vinpro.co.za
Document Path: C:\Projekte\Afbakenings\KWV_streke\KWV Streke.mxd
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 16010Kilometers
NorthernCape
4 360 ha
Production per Region (Total tons: 1 425 283)
Breedekloof: 252 278 ton
Cape South Coast:
Little Karoo: 41 047 ton
Northern Cape: 124 445 ton
Olifants River: 223 218 ton
Paarl: 137 438 ton
Robertson: 248 485 ton
Stellenbosch: 111 017 ton
Swartland: 113 730 ton
Worcester: 173 624 tonTotal winegrape hectares: 95 775 ha
SAWIS Statistical RegionsMap compiled by: Heinrich Schloms
SAWIS statistiekstrekePhone: 083 480 2686 / 021 276 0432
www.vinpro.co.za
VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 15
KOSTE VAN WYNDRUIFPRODUKSIE (2016-OES) / COST OF WINE GRAPE PRODUCTION (2016 HARVEST)
Die 2016 rekord-oes en die impak op primêre wyndruifprodusente
se finansiële volhoubaarheid
Inleiding / Introduction
KOSTE VAN WYNDRUIFPRODUKSIE
COST OF WINE GRAPE PRODUCTION
VinPro Landbou-Ekonomiese Dienste het in 2016 met die ondersteuning van Winetech, die Nasionale Landboubemarkingsraad (NLBR), Standard Bank, Absa, Land Bank, ENB, Nedbank en Capital Harvest diepte-ontledings in al nege wyndistrikte uitgevoer. Die primêre doel is om die produksie- en koste-struktuur en winsgewendheid per distrik te bepaal en sodoende die finansiële welstand van die produsente vas te stel.
Altesaam 235 boerdery-eenhede uit nege wyndistrikte het aan die 2016 Produksieplan-opname deelgeneem. Die steekproef het in 2016 uit 22 790 ha (23% van die totale Suid-Afrikaanse wingerdstand in 2015) bestaan. Hier-die 22 790 ha het 400 285 ton gelewer (29% van die totale Suid-Afrikaanse oes in 2016). Hiervan was 64% wit- en 36% rooiwyndruiwe en 66% van die tonne is meganies gepars.
Die ontleding hanteer die wingerdvertakking in geheel (draende en nie-draende hektare) en daar word nie onderskeid tussen kultivars en sekere blokke tydens die koste-ontleding getref nie. Die groter meerderheid van die deelnemers is gediversifiseerd en verskil ten opsigte van plaas-grootte. Die verslag verteenwoordig bedryfs-gemiddelde syfers, wat bereken word deur die geweegde gemiddelde van al die deelnemers te bepaal. Die Malmesbury-distrik word deurgaans afsonderlik geëvalueer en maak nie deel van die bedryfsgemiddelde syfers uit nie, aangesien dié studiegroep ’n groot komponent droëland-wingerd verbou wat ’n alternatiewe produksie-, koste- en kapitaalstruktuur vereis.
VinPro’s Agricultural Economic Division con-tinues to play a pivotal role within the wine industry, and 2016 saw yet another year of wide-ranging analysis across the nine wine dis-tricts. The project is supported by Winetech, the National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC), Standard Bank, Absa, Land Bank, FNB, Nedbank and Capital Harvest. The primary objective is still to determine the production structure, cost structure and profitability per district, so as to determine the financial interest of the producers.
Altogether 235 farming units from all nine wine districts participated in the 2016 Production Plan survey. In 2016 the sample consisted of 22 790 ha (23% of the total South African area planted to wine grapes in 2015, producing 351 818 tons (25% of the total South African crop in 2016). Of these 62% and 38% were white and red wine grapes respectively. Mechanical harvesting continues to see an increasing trend, about 66% of the tonnages were harvested mechanically compared to 59% the previous year.
The evaluations are not cultivar and/or block specific – it applies to vineyard enterprises as a whole (bearing and non-bearing). The large number of participants evaluated differ in re-spect to farm size and are diversified in their respective enterprises. The Malmesbury district is evaluated separately throughout and does not form part of the industry average figures, in view of the fact that this study group cultivates a large component of dryland vineyards, which require an alternative production, cost and capital structure.
16 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 17
Die jaarlikse koste wat aangegaan is om die 2016-oes voor te berei, het uit kontantuit- ga wes en voorsiening vir vervanging bestaan – belasting, renteverpligtinge en ondernemers-loon uitgesluit. Die bedryfsgemiddelde totale produksie koste (Malmesbury uitgesluit) het sedert 2015 met 7% na R44 390/ha in 2016 toegeneem.
The annual cost incurred to prepare the 2016 crop comprised cash expenditure and provision for replacement, excluding all tax, interest and entrepreneurial remuneration. Compared to 2015 the industry average total production cost (excluding Malmesbury) increased by 7% to R44 390/ha in 2016.
Die koste van wyndruifproduksie / The cost of wine grape production
Cash expenditure is specified as direct cost, labour, mechanisation, fixed improvements and general expenses. Total cash expenditure indi-cates a 7% increase from 2015 to R34 047/ha in the 2016 production year.
The increase is driven mainly by the labour com-ponent which continued to increase more rapidly than some of the other cost elements. This con-tributed to the increased mechanisation compo-nent, including an increase in alternative practices such as mechanical pruning. A second factor that impacted negatively on the cost increase was the weak rand in 2016, compared to 2015. This carries great weight because a large com-ponent of our inputs is imported. Record crops in some regions also contributed to the average cost increase, seeing that increased inputs are required. The cost component differs among the various areas due to the level of mechanisation and climatic differences, for example drought. Stringent cost management, with a balance between wine style objective and input require-ment for each block, remains critical in cycles of sub-inflationary increases in income. Once again agricultural inflation was higher than the average South African inflation.
Kontantuitgawes word as direkte koste, arbeid, meganisasie, vaste verbeteringe en algemene uitgawes gespesifiseer. Totale kontantuitgawes toon ’n 7% styging sedert 2015 tot R34 047/ha in die 2016-oesjaar.
Hierdie verhoging word hoofsaaklik deur arbeid aangevuur wat steeds vinniger gegroei het as van die ander koste-elemente. Dit het bygedra tot die verhoogde komponent wyndruiwe wat meganies gepars word, asook al hoe meer van die ander praktyke. ’n Tweede faktor wat nadelig bygedra het tot die kostestyging, was die swak rand in 2016 vergeleke met 2015. Laasgenoemde dra groot gewig, omdat ’n groot komponent van ons insette, ingevoer word. Rekordproduksies in sekere streke het verder bygedra tot die gemid-delde kostestyging weens verhoogde insette wat verlang word. Afhangend van die mate van meganisering en klimaatsverskille, byvoorbeeld droogte, verskil die kostesamestelling tussen sekere gebiede. Noukeurige kostebestuur, met die balans tussen wyndoelwit en insetbehoef-te per blok, bly krities in siklusse van minder as inflasie-inkomstestygings. Landbou-inflasie was weereens hoër as die gemiddelde Suid-Afrikaanse inflasie.
Kontantuitgawes / Cash expenditure
Totale kontantuitgawes / Total cash expenditure Totale voorsiening vir vervanging / Total provision for renewal
Totale produksiekoste / Total production cost
Totale produksiekoste / Total production costR50 000
R45 000
R40 000
R35 000
R30 000
R25 000
R20 000
R15 000
R10 000
R5 000
R02007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
R/h
a
20162015
R44 390
R34
047
R10
344
R41 635
R31
944
R9
691
R38 674
R29
235
R9
439
R35 739
R26
659
R9
080
R32 417
R23
812
R8
605
R30 581
R22
442
R8
139
R28 585
R20
648
R7
937
R26 580
R19
039
R7
541
R23 578
R16
702
R6
876
R22 125
R16
017
R6
108
Kontantuitgawes / Cash expenditure Bedryf / Industry
R16 017 R16 702
R19 039R20 648
R22 442R23 812
R26 659
R29 235
R31 944
R34 047
R40 000
R35 000
R30 000
R25 000
R20 000
R15 000
R10 000
R5 000
0
R/h
a
20162007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
R10 528R11 041 R10 550
R10 407R8 980
R9 919R12 127
R9 492
R10 344
R8 345
R38 876 R31 654 R33 168 R29 957 R28 694 R40 180 R33 902 R39 623 R34 047 R20 844
Kontantuitgawes / Cash expenditure Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for renewal
Totale produksiekoste per distrik 2016 / Total production cost per district 2016
R60 000
R50 000
R40 000
R30 000
R20 000
R10 000
0
R/h
a
18 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 19
Herstel, onderdele & reparasies (los bates) / Repair, parts & maintenance (moveable assets) Brandstof / Fuel
Elektrisiteit / Electricity Waterbelasting / Water tax Administrasie / Administration
R10 000
R9 000
R8 000
R7 000
R6 000
R5 000
R4 000
R3 000
R2 000
R1 000
0
R/h
a
R1 547 R1 589R1 719
R2 137 R2 132R2 246 R2 325
R2 755R3 134
R3 342 R3 219
R4 185 R4 219 R4 097R4 459
R4 920R5 272
R5 616R6 076
R6 828
R7 860
R9 051Arbeid / LabourBedryf / Industry
Onkruid / HerbicidePlaag- en siektebeheer / Pesticide controlKunsmis / Fertiliser
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
R/h
aR3 000
R2 500
R2 000
R1 500
R1 000
R500
0
R344 R370 R424R549 R544 R592 R548 R589
R788
R929 R957
R756R875
R1 012
R1 176 R1 144 R1 257
R1 506
R1 758R1 655 R1 639
R1 839
R2 230
R2 428 R2 388
R1 172R1 327
R1 382
R1 570
R1 831
R1 981R2 061
R2 273
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
R/h
a
R1 106
R1 252
R1 464
R1 639R1 533
R1 726
R2 040
R2 358
R2 613R2 646
R2 592
R1 468R1 517
R1 586
R1 842
R1 983
R2 243R2 136
R2 352
R2 594
R2 949
R3 177R3 500
R3 000
R2 500
R2 000
R1 500
R1 000
R500
R0
R/h
a
Algemene uitgawes / General expenditureBedryf / Industry
R647
R803
R1 019 R1 043R1 119 R1 072
R2 796
R2 498
R2 302R2 287
R1 664
R1 541R1 427R1 421
R1 254R1 176
R1 131
R1 339
R1 768
R2 063
R655 R652
R1 099R1 034
R926R971R931R846
R720R681
R3 000
R2 500
R2 000
R1 500
R1 000
R500
R0
Permanente arbeid / Permanent labour Seisoensarbeid & kontrakteurs / Seasonal labour & contractors
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 201620162015201420132012201120102009200820072006
Meganisasie / MechanisationBedryf / Industry
Direkte koste / Direct cost Bedryf / Industry
20 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 21
Met die berekening voorsiening vir vervanging word items oor verskillende termyne teen die vervangingswaarde as volg afgeskryf:
Geboue 60 jaar
Wingerde 20 jaar
Los bates / produksiemiddele 7 - 15 jaar
When calculating provision for renewal, items are written off at renewal value over different periods:
Buildings 60 years
Grapevines 20 years
Moveable assets / means of production 7 - 15 years
Totale voorsiening vir vervanging het in die 2016-oesjaar R10 344/ha beloop – ’n styging van 7% sedert 2015.
Total provision for renewal amounted to R10 344/ha in the 2016 production year – a 7% increase from 2015.
Die totale produksiekoste per hektaar, wat sedert 2015 met 7% gestyg het, het daartoe gelei dat die gelykbreek in terme van rand per ton van R2 382/ton tot R2 527/ton in 2016 toegeneem het. Anders gestel: Die eerste R2 527 wat die pro-dusent gedurende die 2016-oes vir ’n ton druiwe ontvang het, behoort vir totale produksiekoste aangewend te word. Geen ondernemersloon, rente of belasting is in berekening gebring nie.
Total production cost per hectare, which in-creased by 7% from 2015, caused the break-even in terms of rand per ton to increase from R2 382/ton to R2 527/ton in 2016. In other words: the first R2 527 for a ton of grapes received by the producer during the 2016 har-vest, should be applied for total production cost – no entrepreneurial remuneration, interest or tax has been taken into account yet.
Gelykbreek / Break-even
Produksiekoste word nie net tot kontantuit-gawes beperk nie, maar kapitale items moet ook oor tyd vervang word om die besigheid in stand te hou en dit verg ’n volhoubare besigheids-model. Trekkers, gereedskap, ander produksie-middele, wingerde en geboue word ouer en moet vervang word, dus moet die aankoop-waarde van die item oor ’n spesifieke leeftyd verhaal word. Deur die beginsel “voorsiening vir vervanging” te gebruik word ’n groter bedrag as in die geval van depresiasie verhaal. Dit spreek die probleem van reglynige waardevermindering tot ’n mate aan.
Production cost is not restricted to cash expen-diture, capital items also have to be replaced in due course so as to maintain the business as a running concern and ensure a sustainable business model. Tractors, tools, other means of production, vineyards and buildings deteriorate and have to be renewed, therefore the purchase value of the item has to be recovered over a specific lifetime. By using the principle “provi-sion for renewal” a larger amount is recovered than in the case of depreciation. To a certain extent this addresses the problem of rectilinear depreciation.
Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for renewal
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%20162007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Samestelling van jaarlikse kontantuitgawes / Composition of annual cash expenditureBedryf / Industry
Direkte koste / Direct cost Arbeid / Labour
Meganisasie / Mechanisation Vaste verbeteringe / Fixed improvements
Algemene uitgawes / General expenditure
17%
4%
20%
42%
18%
17%
4%
20%
42%
18%
17%
3%
20%
41%
18%
19%
3%
21%
40%
18%
19%
3%
20%
40%
17%
18%
3%
21%
41%
18%
16%
4%
20%
41%
19%
15%
4%
21%
42%
18%
16%
4%
21%
42%
17%
17%
4%
15%
43%
20%
R6 107R6 876
R7 541 R7 937 R8 139R8 605 R9 080 R9 439 R9 691
Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for renewal Bedryf / Industry
R12 000
R10 000
R8 000
R6 000
R4 000
R2 000
0
R/h
a
R10 347
20162007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Vervangingswaarde van kapitaalstruktuur / Replacement value of capital structureBedryf / Industry
2007 - 2016250 000
200 000
150 000
100 000
50 000
0
Wingerde / Vineyards Vaste verbeterings (geboue) / Fixed improvements (buildings)
Losgoed (produksiemiddele) / Moveable assets
(production means)
Totaal (grond uitgesluit) / Total (land excluded)
R62
507
R11
4 19
3
R34
594 R61
101
R23
924
R42
906
R12
1 02
5
R21
8 20
0
R/h
a
22 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE
Die gemiddelde opbrengste verskil noemens-waardig tussen die distrikte, asook tussen die verskillende kultivars, terwyl die produksiekoste nie noemenswaardig verskil nie. Dit gee aanlei-ding tot groot verskille in die gelykbreekprys ten opsigte van totale produksiekoste in die onder-skeie distrikte en tussen die verskillende kultivars.
The average yields differ considerably among the districts, as well as among the various cultivars, while the production cost does not differ to the same extent. This gives rise to large differences in break-even price in terms of total production cost in the respective district and among the various cultivars.
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C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
Villa Inteligro Ad.pdf 1 2017/03/23 12:47 PM
Ton/
ha
Ran
d/t
on
20162007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Invloed van produksie op gelykbreek / Influence of production on break-even Bedryf / Industry
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Ton/
ha
R7 000
R6 000
R5 000
R4 000
R3 000
R2 000
R1 000
0
Ran
d/t
on
Paa
rl
Wor
cest
er
Rob
erts
on
Kle
in K
aroo
Ste
llenb
osch
Olif
ants
Riv
(i)er
Ora
nge
Riv
(i)er
Bed
ryfs
gem
idd
eld
/ In
dus
try
aver
age
Mal
mes
bur
y
Bre
edek
loof
Invloed van produksie op gelykbreek per distrik (2016) Influence of production on break-even per district (2016)
Opbrengs / Yield (Ton/ha) Produksiekoste / Production cost (R/ton)
Gemiddelde opbrengs / Average yield Gelykbreek / Break-even (Rand/ton)
28
23
18
13
8
3
-2
R3 000
R2 500
R2 000
R1 500
R1 000
R500
0
1 44616
,31
1 709
15,5
5
1 941
14,7
3
2 028
15,0
8
1 910
16,9
8
2 042
17,5
0
2 186
17,6
9
2 382
17,4
8
2 527
17,5
6
1 420
15,5
8
10,7
7
3 498
25,2
3
1 600
2 229
19,6
1
2 014
21,2
2 289
20,2
7
5 752
8,71
23,8
3
1 9321 589
30,9
17,5
6
2 527
4 158
7,02
VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 25
# Ingesluit: Voorsorgfonds, WVF, medies, beskermde klere, klerasie, bonusse, rantsoene, ongevalle / vergoeding kommisaris, ens.# Included: Provident fund, UIF, medical, protected clothes, clothing, bonus, ration, workman’s compensation comission, etc.
* Ingesluit: Bankkoste, ouditeursgelde, lidmaatskappe, sekuriteit, rekenaaronderhoud, professionele dienste, kursusse / opleiding, posgeld, telefoon, skryfbehoeftes, besproeiingsmonitering en diverse uitgawes.
* Included: Banking costs, bookkeeping fees, membership fees, security, computer maintenance, professional fees, training / courses, postage, telephone, stationary, irrigation monitoring and sundries.
PRODUKSIEKOSTE VIR WYNDRUIWE - KOSTE AS RAND PER HEKTAAR (2016-OES)PROUDUCTION COST FOR WINE GRAPES - COST AS RAND PER HECTARE (2016 HARVEST)
DISTRIK / DISTRICT Stellenbosch Paarl Robertson Breedekloof Olifants Riv(i)er Worcester Orange Riv(i)er Klein Karoo Bedryf/Industry Malmesbury
KOSTE STRUKTUUR / COST STRUCTURE Rand / Ha
DIREKTE KOSTE / DIRECT COST 5 846 4 617 7 024 6 585 5 281 7 507 4 253 6 248 5 959 3 338
SAAD / SEED 302 110 258 112 8 150 272 7 168 185
KUNSMIS / FERTILIZER 986 1 238 2 308 1 813 2 606 2 597 1 864 2 213 1 827 573
ORGANIESE BEMESTING / ORGANIC MATERIAL 46 41 99 956 404 244 180 501 278 20
PLAAG- EN SIEKTEBEHEER / PESTICIDE CONTROL 3 216 1 941 2 709 2 441 1 447 2 873 968 2 613 2 388 1 753
ONKRUIDBEHEER / HERBICIDE CONTROL 817 973 1 378 962 472 1 234 853 547 957 713
HERSTEL- EN BINDMATERIAAL / REPAIR AND BINDING MATERIAL 479 314 271 302 344 409 115 366 340 94
ARBEID/ LABOUR # 19 741 13 419 12 182 12 160 11 396 12 661 21 947 9 668 14 231 9 281
TOESIG EN BESTUURSHULP / SUPERVISION 2 338 1 638 1 747 2 446 1 589 2 132 2 268 664 1 960 1 113
PERMANENTE ARBEID / PERMANENT LABOUR 11 930 7 992 7 870 8 317 8 379 9 419 9 870 7 911 9 051 4 958
SEISOENSARBEID & KONTRAKTEURS / SEASONAL & CONTRACT WORKERS 5 472 3 789 2 565 1 396 1 428 1 110 9 810 1 092 3 219 3 211
MEGANISASIE / MECHANISATION 7 451 5 252 7 317 5 924 7 834 7 374 6 974 5 791 6 752 5 120
BRANDSTOF / FUEL 2 954 2 045 2 280 2 392 2 590 3 293 3 462 2 458 2 592 1 586
HERSTEL, ONDERDELE & REPARASIES / REPAIR, PARTS & MAINTENANCE 3 690 1 947 4 198 2 748 3 959 3 201 2 250 2 497 3 177 2 368
LISENSIES & VERSEKERING / LICENCES & INSURANCE 592 486 596 656 925 589 1 065 547 647 483
VERVOER GEHUUR / TRANSPORT HIRED 214 773 243 128 360 291 197 289 336 683
VASTE VERBETERINGE / FIXED IMPROVEMENTS 1 257 931 1 040 1 570 1 548 1 649 1 129 587 1 256 945
HERSTEL & ONDERHOUD / REPAIR & MAINTENANCE 978 712 841 1 294 1 264 1 389 720 436 1 001 677
VERSEKERING / INSURANCE 279 219 199 276 284 260 409 151 256 268
ALGEMENE UITGAWES / GENERAL EXPENDITURES 5 885 4 475 5 605 5 415 7 843 6 685 5 321 7 664 5 849 2 160
ELEKTRISITEIT / ELECTRICITY 2 013 2 081 3 258 3 512 3 490 3 345 2 194 2 269 2 796 841
WATERKOSTE / WATER COST 838 894 779 223 2 295 1 580 1 404 3 165 1 099 639
GROND-, EIENDOMS- & MUN BELASTINGS / LAND-, PROPERTY- & MUN TAXES 319 237 243 255 498 244 259 264 290 122
ADMINISTRASIE / ADMINISTRATION * 2 716 1 263 1 325 1 425 1 560 1 515 1 464 1 966 1 664 558
TOTALE KONTANTUITGAWES / TOTAL CASH EXPENDITURES 40 180 28 694 33 168 31 654 33 902 35 875 39 623 29 957 34 047 20 844
VOORSIENING VIR VERVANGING / PROVISION FOR RENEWAL 9 919 8 980 10 550 11 041 12 127 10 528 9 492 10 407 10 344 8 344
WINGERDE / VINEYARDS 5 638 5 782 5 699 5 924 5 315 5 882 5 666 5 747 5 710 5 230
VASTE VERBETERINGS / FIXED IMPROVEMENTS 1 175 741 963 1 173 1 257 1 597 543 728 1 065 713
LOSGOED OF PRODUKSIEMIDDELE / LOOSE ASSETS OR PRODUCTION MEANS 3 105 2 458 3 887 3 944 5 556 3 050 3 282 3 932 3 569 2 401
TOTALE UITGAWES / TOTAL EXPENDITURE 50 099 37 674 43 718 42 695 46 029 46 403 49 115 40 364 44 390 29 188
GEMIDDELDE OPP GEPLANT / AREA PLANTED (HA) 107 109 104 119 56 97 18 38 95 143
AREA ONDER BESPROEIING / AREA UNDER IRRIGATION (%) 89% 88% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 96% 39%
OUDERDOMSAMESTELLING / AGE COMPOSITION (%)
3 JAAR & JONGER / 3 YEARS AND YOUNGER 7.41 7.49 15.23 14.02 9.95 15.85 10.33 20.61 11.49 9.25
TUSSEN 4 & 7 JAAR / BETWEEN 4 & 7 YEARS 11.61 15.30 19.41 14.92 12.36 16.44 16.71 18.97 15.20 8.40
TUSSEN 8 & 15 JAAR / BETWEEN 8 & 15 YEARS 36.00 44.13 33.38 32.89 37.06 33.02 37.54 29.20 36.28 48.26
TUSSEN 16 & 20 JAAR / BETWEEN 16 & 20 YEARS 24.30 22.98 19.76 22.21 19.61 18.14 18.79 26.10 21.53 23.25
OUER AS 20 JAAR / OLDER THAN 20 YEARS 22.04 9.66 12.22 16.13 21.49 16.53 16.63 5.43 15.77 10.84
GEMIDDELDE OPBRENGS / AVERAGE YIELD (TON PER HA) 8.71 10.77 19.61 21.20 23.83 20.27 30.90 25.23 17.56 7.02
KONTANTUITGAWES / CASH EXPENDITURES (RAND PER TON) 4 613 2 664 1 691 1 493 1 423 1 770 1 282 1 187 1 938 2 969
TOTALE UITGAWES / TOTAL EXPENDITURE (RAND PER TON) 5 752 3 498 2 229 2 014 1 932 2 289 1 589 1 600 2 527 4 158
26 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 27
KOSTESTRUKTUUR VAN TOP PRESTEERDERS / COST STRUCTURE OF TOP ACHIEVERS
Toppresteerders se jaarlikse kontantuitgawe (R32 414/ha) is ten minste 5% laer as dié van die bedryfsgemiddelde (R34 047/ha), terwyl die voorsiening vir vervanging van hierdie groep teen R10 528/ha sowat 2% hoër as die bedryfs-gemiddeld van R10 344/ha is. Totale produk-siekoste van die top 50 produsente beloop R42 942/ha, wat 3% laer is as die bedryfsgemid-deld van R44 390/ha.
Top producers’ annual cash expenditure (R32 414/ha) is at least 5% lower than that of the industry (R34 047/ha), while the provision for replacement of this group at R10 528/ha is about 2% higher than the industry average of R10 344/ha. Total production cost of the top 50 producers amounts to R42 942/ha, 3% lower than the industry average of R44 390/ha.
PRODUKSIEKOSTE VIR WYNDRUIWE (R/HA) / PRODUCTION COST FOR WINE GRAPES (R/HA)
KOSTESTRUKTUUR / COST STRUCTURETop 50 2014R/ha
Bedryf Industry
2014R/ha
Top 50 2015R/ha
Bedryf Industry
2015R/ha
Top 50 2016R/ha
Bedryf Industry
2016R/ha
DIREKTE KOSTE / DIRECT COST 6 080 5 382 6 115 5 744 6 774 5 959
SAAD / SEED 133 75 207 125 231 168
KUNSMIS / FERTILISER 1 577 1 591 1 772 1 687 1 969 1 827
ORGANIESE BEMESTING / ORGANIC MATERIAL 779 315 297 250 691 278
PLAAG- & SIEKTEBEHEER / PESTICIDE CONTROL 2 310 2 230 2 613 2 428 2 594 2 388
ONKRUIDBEHEER / HERBICIDE CONTROL 812 788 830 929 1 027 957
HERSTEL- & BINDMATERIAAL / REPAIR & BINDING MATERIAL 469 383 395 326 263 340
ARBEID / LABOUR 10 216 12 001 11 982 13 282 12 482 14 231
TOESIG & BESTUURSHULP / SUPERVISION 1 720 2 039 2 018 2 081 1 996 1 960
PERMANENTE ARBEID / PERMANENT LABOUR 6 590 6 828 7 587 7 860 8 094 9 051
SEISOENSARBEID & KONTRAKTEURS / SEASONAL & CONTRACT WORKERS 1 906 3 134 2 377 3 342 2 392 3 219
MEGANISASIE / MECHANISATION 5 680 5 952 6 088 6 439 6 489 6 752
BRANDSTOF / FUEL 2 629 2 613 2 525 2 646 2 267 2 592
HERSTEL, ONDERDELE & REPARASIES / REPAIR, PARTS & MAINTENANCE 2 334 2 594 2 751 2 949 3 426 3 177
LISENSIES & VERSEKERING / LICENCES & INSURANCE 532 523 599 598 620 647
VERVOER GEHUUR / TRANSPORT HIRED 185 222 212 246 176 336
VASTE VERBETERINGE / FIXED IMPROVEMENTS 1 095 985 1 415 1 136 1 355 1 256
HERSTEL & ONDERHOUD / REPAIR & MAINTENANCE 875 763 1 173 878 1 109 1 001
VERSEKERING / INSURANCE 220 222 242 257 246 256
ALGEMENE UITGAWES / GENERAL EXPENDITURE 4 263 4 914 5 270 5 343 5 315 5 849
ELEKTRISITEIT / ELECTRICITY 2 036 2 302 2 453 2 498 2 798 2 796
WATERKOSTE / WATER COST 803 926 1 242 1 034 959 1 099
GROND-, EIENDOMS- & MUN BELASTINGS / LAND-, PROPERTY- & MUN TAXES 224 259 296 270 228 290
ADMINISTRASIE / ADMINISTRATION* 1 201 1 427 1 279 1 541 1 329 1 664
TOTALE KONTANTUITGAWES / TOTAL CASH EXPENDITURE 27 334 29 235 30 870 31 944 32 414 34 047
VOORSIENING VIR VERVANGING / PROVISION FOR RENEWAL 9 503 9 439 9 893 9 691 10 528 10 344
WINGERDE / VINEYARDS 5 449 5 388 5 477 5 357 5 848 5 710
VASTE VERBETERINGS / FIXED IMPROVEMENTS 888 912 982 935 946 1 065
LOSGOED OF PRODUKSIEMIDDELE / MOVEABLE ASSETS OR PRODUCTION MEANS 3 166 3 140 3 435 3 398 3 734 3 569
TOTALE UITGAWES / TOTAL EXPENDITURE 36 837 38 674 40 764 41 635 42 942 44 390
KOSTESTRUKTUUR VAN TOP PRESTEERDERS
COST STRUCTURE OF TOP ACHIEVERS
28 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 29
Die samestelling van toppresteerders se kon-tantuitgawes verskil nie noemenswaardig van dié van die bedryfsgemiddeld nie. Die 50 top-produsente bestee meer op direkte kostes soos kunsmis en plaag- en siektebeheer, en begryp die risiko is te groot om te probeer bespaar aan die direkte insette wat aan die grootte en kwaliteit van die oes gekoppel word. ’n Ander voortdurende tendens is die mate van megani-sering om sodoende arbeid meer produktief aan te wend. Dit is nie net tot die oes van wyndruiwe beperk nie; meganiese snoeipraktyke raak al hoe gewilder. Maar daar is steeds produsente wat hul hulpbronne op konvensionele wingerdpraktyke toespits met uitstekende resultate.
The composition of top achievers’ cash ex-penditure does not differ substantially from the industry average. The top 50 producers spend more on direct costs, namely fertiliser and pest and disease control and realise that the risk is too large to try and save on direct inputs, which are linked to the size and quality of the crop. Another trend that persists is the extent of mechanisation in order to use labour more productively. This is not only limited to mechanical harvesting of wine grapes, because mechanical pruning is increas-ingly popular. Even so, some producers still focus their resources on conventional viticultural practices and achieve excellent levels of success.
Die verskil in die kostestruktuur van die top-produsente is slegs een van die drywers wat wins gewendheid beïnvloed. Die verbetering in wins gewendheid word aan verhoogde produksies met ’n hoër gemiddelde uitbetaling toegeskryf.
Beide die topprodusente en bedryfsgemiddeld beskik oor ’n aanvaarbare ouderdomsamestel-ling van die wingerd. Dit is meestal die toppro-dusente wat kan bekostig om nie-winsgewende wingerde te vervang en indien nodig te diversifi-seer met meer winsgewende vertakkings.
The difference in the cost structure of the top producers is just one of the drivers that impact on profitability; the improvement in profitability is ascribed to increased productions with an even higher average payout.
Both the top producers and the industry average have an acceptable age composition. It is mostly the top producers who can afford to replace non-profitable grapevines, as well as to diversify, if required, into other more profitable enterprises of the agricultural industry.
Wat doen top presteerders anders? / What sets top performers apart?
Die volgende korttermyn tegniese praktyke het oor die afgelope drie tot vyf jaar die winsgewend-heid van individuele wynprodusente ’n hupstoot gegee.
Snoeimetodes
In ’n poging om produksie te verhoog, poog produsente om oogladings tydens snoei te verhoog deur die toepassing van verskillende snoeipraktyke. Die aantal oë word toegeken met inagneming van die groeikrag – geiler stokke kry dus meer of langer draers en ’n hoër ooglading. Verskillende snoeimetodes/-stelsels word ook vir verskillende wyndoelwitte toegepas.
Lowerbestuurspraktyke
Lower word bestuur om vegetatiewe groei te akkommodeer sonder verlies aan vrugbaarheid en met behoud van kwaliteit. Groot fokus word geplaas op lig in die lower en suier-, top- en blaar breek-aksies word uitgevoer om te verhoed dat stokke te dig en onvrugbaar raak. Pro dusente poog ook om op arbeid te bespaar deur sekere praktyke uit te skakel of af te skaal. Só word wingerde onder andere meer toegelaat om oop te lê “sprawl” om voldoende deurlugting en belig-ting te verseker. Voorheen is voorkeur gegee aan vertikale lootposisionering “VSP” waar al die lote tussen die loofdrade ingedruk word en ver digting maklik kan plaasvind indien daar nie gesuier word nie.
Bemesting en besproeiing
Groeikrag het ’n groot impak op produksie en produsente pas hul bemestings- en besproei-ingspraktyke volgens spesifieke wyndoelwitte toe. Premium-blokke het matige groei en drag wat in balans is, terwyl bulkwynblokke sterker groeikrag het wat ’n groter lower en drag kan akkommodeer. Besproeiing en bemesting word hierby aangepas.
Blokke met hoër produksies word dikwels geas-sosieer met:
• Goedgedreineerde grond• Diep grondvoorbereiding• Meer stikstof (N)• Luukse watervoorsiening (nie te veel nie –
risiko van versuiping).
Tekortbesproeiing (“RDI”) word slegs toegepas indien die wynprys dit regverdig.
The following short-term technical practices improved the profitability of individual wine pro-ducers over the past three to five years.
Pruning methods
In an attempt to increase production, producers attempt to increase bud load during pruning by means of various pruning practices. The number of buds allocated depends on vigour – grape-vines that are more vigorous have more spurs or longer bearers – in other words, a higher bud load. Moreover, different pruning methods/systems are used for different wine objectives.
Canopy management practices
Canopies are managed to accommodate veg-etative growth without loss of fertility, while retaining quality. There is considerable focus on sunlight penetration within the canopy, and suckering techniques, topping and leaf removal are performed to prevent grapevine cano-pies from becoming too dense and infertile. Producers also attempt to save on labour by eliminating or downscaling certain practices. By allowing certain grapevines to sprawl in order to ensure sufficient aeration and light penetration, shoots do not need to be tucked into wires as required with vertical shoot positioning sys-tems. The latter practice could be responsible for too dense canopies unless proper suckering takes place.
Fertilisation and irrigation
Vigour has a great impact on yield; therefore producers apply their fertilisation and irrigation practices according to specific wine objectives. The growth and yield in premium blocks are moderate and in balance, whereas bulk wine blocks are more vigorous in order to accom-modate larger canopies and yields. Irrigation and fertilisation are adjusted accordingly.
Blocks with high yield are often associated with:
• Well-drained soil• Deep soil preparation• More nitrogen (N)• Abundant water provision (not too much –
risk of drowning).
Deficit irrigation (“RDI”) is applied only if it is justified by the price of the wine.
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%Top 50 2012
Bedryf/ Industry
2012
Bedryf/ Industry
2013
Bedryf/ Industry
2014
Bedryf/ Industry
2015
Bedryf/ Industry
2016
Top 50 2013
Top 50 2014
Top 50 2015
Top 50 2016
Direkte koste / Direct cost Arbeid / Labour
Meganisasie / Mechanisation Vaste verbeteringe / Fixed improvements
Algemene uitgawes / General expenditure
21%
36%
20%
3%
21%
17%
40%
19%
3%
20%
19%
35%
20%
4%
22%
19%
40%
18%
3%
21%
16%
37%
22%
4%
21%
17%
41%
18%
3%
20%
17%
39%
20%
5%
20%
17%
42%
18%
4%
20%
16%
39%
21%
4%
20%
17%
4%
20%
42%
18%
Samestelling van jaarlikse kontantuitgawes / Composition of annual cash expenditures
30 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 31
Belyn praktyke met die wyndoelwitWingerdbestuur het tot ’n groot mate verskuif vanaf slegs gehalte teen alle koste na wins-gewendheid teen die regte gehalte. Produsente belyn dus hul praktyke met die uiteindelike wyndoelwit en druiweprys. ’n Langtermynprak-tyk wat vorentoe ’n groot rol gaan speel, is die gebruik van nouer plantwydtes, en spesifiek nouer rywydte, wat meer rye per hektaar gee.
Alternatiewe prieelstelselsDie keuse van prieelstelsel het ’n baie groot impak op winsgewendheid, en hoewel nog in die beginfase, gebruik ál meer produsente alter-natiewe prieelstelsels of bestuur hul bestaande stelsel(s) anders.
Alternatiewe prieelstelsels kan:
• Produksie (ton/ha) verhoog deurdat ver-hoogde effektiewe blaaroppervlak ’n groter oes kan rypmaak
• Arbeidskostes verlaag, byvoorbeeld ooplê-stelsels teenoor VSP
• Sonligpenetrasie verbeter• Tot meer gebalanseerde groeikrag lei• Tot beter gehalte teen ’n hoër produksie aan-
leiding gee, vanweë groter effektiewe lowers.
Uitkap van nie-winsgewende blokkeLaer-produserende blokke of dié waarvan die drui we nie meer in aanvraag is nie, word uitgekap.
Doeltreffende arbeidsbestuurAs deel van beter algemene kostebestuur, word arbeid meer doeltreffend bestuur deur onder andere te meganiseer waar moontlik en gebruik te maak van meer opgeleide arbeiders waar hande-arbeid wel benodig word.
Plant nuwe wingerde aanSlegs winsgewende produsente plant tans nuwe wingerde aan, maar doen fyn beplanning vir beter produksies met betrekking tot die grond, kultivar, onderstok, klone, prieel, besproeiing, bemesting, snoei en lowerbestuur.
Tydsberekening van aksiesDie korrekte tydsberekening van verskillende wingerdaksies is baie belangrik – dit kan kostes bespaar en effektiwiteit verbeter. Feitlik alle ak-sies vereis ’n bepaalde tyd; verbeur dit en betaal die gevolge.
Align practices with the wine objectiveViticultural management has shifted to a large extent from quality alone at all costs, to profit-ability combined with the right quality. Producers are therefore aligning their practices with the eventual wine objective and grape price. A long-term practice that is set to play a significant role in the future, is the use of narrower plant widths, and specifically narrower row width, which gives more rows per hectare.
Alternative trellising systemsThe choice of trellis system has an enormous impact on profitability, and although it is early days yet, more and more producers are using alternative trellis systems, or manage their exist-ing system(s) differently.
Alternative trellis systems can:
• Increase yield (ton/ha), as a larger effective leaf surface area is able to ripen a larger crop
• Reduce labour costs, for example sprawling systems versus vertical positioning
• Improve sunlight penetration• Result in more balanced vigour• Result in improved quality and higher yield,
due to bigger effective canopies.
Uprooting of non-profitable blocksBlocks with low yields, or blocks with grapes that are no longer in demand, are uprooted.
Efficient labour managementAs part of improved general cost management, labour is managed more efficiently by means of mechanisation, inter alia, where possible, and where manual labour is required, by making use of more skilled labourers.
Plant new vineyardsOnly producers who make a profit are currently planting new vineyards, following meticulous planning for improved yields with regard to the soil, cultivar, rootstock, clones, trellis, irrigation, fertilisation, pruning and canopy management.
Timing of actionsCorrect timing of various vineyard activities can go a long way to reducing costs and increasing the effectiveness of operations, where late action often comes with extra costs. Just about every activity has it’s time; miss it and it will cost you.
TEIKENINKOMSTE
TARGET INCOME
32 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 33
TEIKENINKOMSTE RIGLYNE PER HEKTAAR (2016) / TARGET INCOME GUIDELINE PER HECTARE (2016)
DISTRIK / DISTRICT Stellenbosch Paarl Robertson Breedekloof Olifants Riv(i)er Worcester Orange Riv(i)er Klein Karoo Bedryf / Industry Malmesbury *
Plaasgrootte / Farm size 40 100 40 100 40 100 40 100 40 100 40 100 40 100 40 100 40 100 70 140
R / ha R / ha R / ha R / ha R / ha R / ha R / ha R / ha R / ha R / ha
Totale kontantuitgawesTotal cash expenditures 40 180 40 180 28 694 28 694 33 168 33 168 31 654 31 654 33 902 33 902 35 876 35 876 39 623 39 623 29 957 29 957 34 047 34 047 20 844 20 844
Voorsiening vir vervangingProvision for renewal 9 919 9 919 8 980 8 980 10 550 10 550 11 041 11 041 12 127 12 127 10 528 10 528 9 492 9 492 10 407 10 407 10 344 10 344 8 345 8 345
Teikeninkomste na produksiekosteTarget income after production cost 50 099 50 099 37 674 37 674 43 718 43 718 42 695 42 695 46 029 46 029 46 403 46 403 49 115 49 115 40 364 40 364 44 390 44 390 29 189 29 189
Rente op belegging (Vestigingskoste - R160 000 / ha)Interest on investment (Establishment cost - R160 000 / ha)
12 800 12 800 12 800 12 800 12 800 12 800 12 800 12 800 12 800 12 800 12 800 12 800 12 800 12 800 12 800 12 800 12 800 12 800 10 400 10 400
Teikeninkomste voor ondernemingsloonTarget income before entrepreneur remuneration
62 899 62 899 50 474 50 474 56 518 56 518 55 495 55 495 58 829 58 829 59 203 59 203 61 915 61 915 53 164 53 164 57 190 57 190 39 589 39 589
Ondernemingsloon (R40 000 per maand)Entrepreneur remuneration (R40 000 per month)
12 000 4 800 12 000 4 800 12 000 4 800 12 000 4 800 12 000 4 800 12 000 4 800 12 000 4 800 12 000 4 800 12 000 4 800 6 857 3 429
Teikeninkomste per haTarget income per ha 74 899 67 699 62 474 55 274 68 518 61 318 67 495 60 295 70 829 63 629 71 203 64 003 73 915 66 715 65 164 57 964 69 190 61 990 46 446 43 018
TEIKENINKOMSTE RIGLYN PER TON (2016) / TARGET INCOME GUIDELINE PER TON (2016)
Produksie per hektaar / Yield per hectare R / ton R / ton R / ton R / ton R / ton R / ton R / ton R / ton R / ton R / ton
5 14 980 13 540 12 495 11 055 13 704 12 264 13 499 12 059 14 166 12 726 14 241 12 801 14 783 13 343 13 033 11 593 13 838 12 398 9 289 8 604
8 9 362 8 462 7 809 6 909 8 565 7 665 8 437 7 537 8 854 7 954 8 900 8 000 9 239 8 339 8 146 7 246 8 649 7 749 5 806 5 377
10 7 490 6 770 6 247 5 527 6 852 6 132 6 750 6 030 7 083 6 363 7 120 6 400 7 391 6 671 6 516 5 796 6 919 6 199 4 645 4 302
12 6 242 5 642 5 206 4 606 5 710 5 110 5 625 5 025 5 902 5 302 5 934 5 334 6 160 5 560 5 430 4 830 5 766 5 166 3 871 3 585
15 4 993 4 513 4 165 3 685 4 568 4 088 4 500 4 020 4 722 4 242 4 747 4 267 4 928 4 448 4 344 3 864 4 613 4 133 3 096 2 868
20 3 745 3 385 3 124 2 764 3 426 3 066 3 375 3 015 3 541 3 181 3 560 3 200 3 696 3 336 3 258 2 898 3 460 3 100 2 322 2 151
25 2 996 2 708 2 499 2 211 2 741 2 453 2 700 2 412 2 833 2 545 2 848 2 560 2 957 2 669 2 607 2 319 2 768 2 480 1 858 1 721
30 2 497 2 257 2 082 1 842 2 284 2 044 2 250 2 010 2 361 2 121 2 373 2 133 2 464 2 224 2 172 1 932 2 306 2 066 1 548 1 434
Dit is van uiterste belang dat produsente en ander rolspelers in die wynbedryf weet wat die teikeninkomste per hektaar moet wees om te verseker dat redelike en aanvaarbare ekonomiese opbrengste gerealiseer word. Om die tei keninkomste te bepaal word die totale produksiekoste, ’n aanvaarbare ondernemer s- loon, asook ’n realistiese opbrengs op kapi-taalbelegging in berekening gebring. Sodoende
TEIKENINKOMSTE (2016-OES) TARGET INCOME (2016 HARVEST)
It is important that producers and other role players are informed of what their target income per hectare should be to ensure that reasonable and acceptable economic yields are obtained. Total production cost, entrepreneurial remunera-tion and a realistic return on capital investment are all taken into account to determine the total target income. After the target income per hec-tare has been calculated, it should be divided
according to varying levels of production in order to determine target prices for specific prod-ucts. The target income guidelines shown here represent the average for all the participants of the Production Plan per district and producers should ideally calculate their individual target income according to their own cost structure, farm size, etc.
word die teikeninkomste per hektaar bepaal, wat na gelang van verskillende produksies aangepas moet word om teikenpryse vir spesi-fieke produkte te bepaal. Hierdie syfers is slegs ’n gemiddelde teikeninkomste per distrik ten opsigte van Produksieplan-deelnemers en die ideaal is dat elke produsent sy eie individuele teikeninkomste bepaal na gelang van sy plaas-grootte, kostestruktuur, ens.
* Malmesbury Rente op belegging (Vestigingskoste - R 130 000/ha) / Interest on investment (Establishment cost - R130 000 / ha)
34 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 35
OESVERSEKERING
HARVEST INSURANCE
OESVERSEKERING / HARVEST INSURANCE
Die afgelope seisoen het die wynbedryf ook deeglik kennis geneem van die klimatologiese impak en risiko gekoppel aan spesifieke gebeur-tenisse soos brande. Vir beplannings-doeleindes het SANTAM ’n paar riglyne deurgegee en vind goeie aansluiting by die ander koste-items in hierdie gids.
Dekking beskikbaar:• Hael – kliënt kies watter blokke verseker moet
word, bybetaling is per blok, slegs kwantit a-tiewe skade is gedek en dekking strek vanaf volbot tot oes.
• Brand – alle blokke per plaas moet verseker word, bybetaling is 15% van die eis bedrag.
• Alle dekking tree in werking 7 dae na datum van polis.
Versekerde waardes• Hael – kliënt bepaal versekerde waarde per
blok en wel as volg: aantal hektare X ton per hektaar X Rand per ton. Hierdie waardes moet realisties wees en alle eise wat mag ontstaan, word teen die versekerde waarde vergoed.
• Brand – die totale versekerde waarde word as volg saamgestel:
– Oes waarde soos hierby aangedui.
– Infrastruktuur waarde (besproeiingstelsel, pale, draad, ankers, ens.).
– Hervestigings kostes (verwydering van beskadigde materiaal, grond voorbereiding, arbeid, stokkies, ens.)
Brand waardes moet realisties wees, aangesien eise teen die werklike waarde of die versekerde waarde geskik word, welke die minste. Indien te laag verseker word avery toegepas. Die oes gedeelte is gedek tot na oes en die infrastruk-tuur/hervestiging vir ’n jaar. Polisse word jaarliks Junie/Julie hernu.
Over the past season, the wine industry was thoroughly made aware of the climatological impact and risk related to specific events like fires. SANTAM has provided some guidelines for planning purposes, which tie in nicely with the other cost items in this guide.
Cover available:• Hail – client chooses which blocks must be
insured, excess payments are per block, only quantitative damage is covered and cover stretches from peak budding to harvest.
• Fire – all blocks per farm have to be insured, excess payment is 15% of the claim amount.
• All coverage comes into effect 7 days after the policy date.
Insured values• Hail – client determines insured value per
block and this is calculated as follows: amount of hectares X tons per hectare X Rand per ton. These values must be realistic and any claims that may occur, is remunerated against the insured value.
• Fire – the total insured value is compiled as follows:
– Harvest value as indicated herewith.
– Infrastructure value (irrigation system, poles, wire, anchors, etc.)
– Re-establishment costs (removal of da-maged material, soil preparation, labour, grafted vines, etc.)
Fire values must be realistic, as claims are settled against the actual value or the insured value, whichever the lowest. If the insured value is too low average will apply. The harvest portion is covered until end of harvest and the infrastruc-ture/re-establishment for a year. Policies are renewed annually in June/July.
Opsies in die wynbedryf / Options in the wine industry
36 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 37
Insurance costs• Hail – the cost is determined by the excess
payment option, which varies from 10% to 30%, as well as the district where the property is located. Tariffs are normally lower closer to the coast and higher moving further into the interior, as summer rainfall increases.
• Fire – the cost is 0.3% of the insured value, plus VAT, and applies for all districts. SASRIA can be added at an additional 0.0144%. Fire insurance is subject to a review.
All premiums are payable 45 days after policy date, thus a single annual premium.
Damage determination• Hail – damage is determined within a week of
occurrence and settled.
• Fire – damage determination can be post-poned, until the total value can be correctly determined, but usually not for longer than ±30 days. Claims are remunerated at 85% of the claim amount, thus a 15% excess pay-ment applies.
The above-mentioned guidelines can be dis-cussed in greater detail with SANTAM and/or your broker.
Koste van versekering• Hael – die koste word bepaal deur die by-
betalings keuse, wat wissel vanaf 10% tot 30%, asook die distrik waarin die eiendom geleë is. Tariewe is normaalweg laer nader aan die kus en hoër verder binneland in, soos wat somer reënval toeneem.
• Brand – die koste is 0.3% van die versekerde waarde, plus BTW, en geld vir alle distrikte. SASRIA kan teen ’n verdere 0.0144% byge-voeg word. Toestaan van brand dekking is onderhewig aan ’n oorsig.
Alle premies is betaalbaar 45 dae na datum van polis, dus ’n eenmalige jaar premie.
Skadebepalings• Hael – skade word binne ’n week na voorkoms
bepaal en afgehandel.
• Brand – skade bepaling kan uitgestel word, totdat die totale waarde korrek bepaal kan word, maar normaalweg nie langer as ±30 dae nie. Eise word vergoed teen 85% van die eis bedrag, dus ’n 15% bybetaling.
Voorgenoemde riglyne kan verder met SANTAM en/of u makelaar in detail bespreek word.
ARBEIDSRIGLYNE
LABOUR GUIDELINES
38 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 39
Arbeid is verreweg die grootste komponent van die wyndruifprodusent se jaarlikse kostes. Daar-om is die effektiewe bestuur van die arbeidsmag op die plaas baie belangrik. In die volgende tabel is arbeidsnorme vir sekere aksies saamgevat wat die wyndruifprodusent sal help met die beplan-ning, bestuur van, en begroting vir arbeid – beide permanent en seisoenaal – deur die jaar.
ARBEIDSRIGLYNE / LABOUR GUIDELINES
Labour is by far the largest component of wine grape producers’ annual expenditure. Therefore efficient management of the labour corps on the farm is of utmost importance. The following table includes labour norms for specific actions that will assist the wine grape producer to plan, manage and budget for labour – both permanent and seasonal – throughout the year.
Arbeidsnorme / Labour norms
ARBEIDSNORME / LABOUR NORMS
Tipe aksie / Type of action Man-ure per hektaar / Man hours per hectare
Vir eie gebruik /For own use
Wingerd uittrek / Vineyard uproot
Bosstok / Bush Vines 40 - 55
Opleiwingerd / Trellised Vineyards 1 100 - 1 400
Skoonmaak van grond / Field clearing 23 - 30
Skoonmaak van grond (trekker) / Field clearing (tractor) 25 - 35
Verwyder ou stokke / Uproot old vines 23 - 30
Wegry van stokke / Remove vines from site 25 - 35
Wingerdvestiging (Alle aktiwiteite) / Establishment (All Activities)
Jaar 1 / Year 1 900 - 1 300
Jaar 2 / Year 2 1 000 - 2 400
Jaar 3 / Year 3 1 000 - 1 500
Wingerdvestiging (Gespesifiseerde aktiwiteite) / Establishment (Specified Activities)
Pale plant / Plant posts 320 - 380
Draadspan / Strain wires 70 - 90
Besproeiing installeer / Install irrigation 170 - 200
Opleistelsel oprig (medium tot groot) / Erect trellis systems (medium to large) 1 200 - 1 700
Saai van dekgewas / Sow cover crop seed 3 - 5
Plant van stokke / Plant vines 160 - 185
Lê van dekplastiek / Lay plastic covering 24 - 30
Groenlootontwikkeling / Green shoot development 230 - 300
Winterloot op raamwerk / Winter cane on framework 110 - 125
Oesbeheer / Crop control 65 - 80
Ander aktiwiteite / Other activities
Voorsnoei vir oplei / Pre-prune for trellising 30 - 37
Skoonsnoei vir bosstok / Clear pruning for bush vines 86 - 160
Skoonsnoei vir oplei / Clear pruning for trellising 105 - 120
Stompsnoei vir bosstok / Blunt pruning for bush vines 45 - 55
Stompsnoei vir oplei / Blunt pruning for trellising 42 - 62
Gesamentlike snoei (skoon en stomp) / Collective pruning (blunt and clear) 90 - 145
Suier intensief / Intensive offset 45 - 80
Suier ekstensief / Extensive offset 24 - 45
Lote deursteek / Plant shoots 20 - 36
Top van lote / Top shoots 15 - 25
Blare uitbreek / Remove leaves 20 - 30
Oesbeheer / Crop control 65 - 80
Oes van bosstok (man-ure per ton) / Harvest of bush vines (man hours per ton) 11 - 15
Oes van oplei (man-ure per ton) / Harvest of trellis (man hours per ton) 9 - 11
ARBEIDSNORME / LABOUR NORMS
Tipe aksie / Type of action Man-ure per hektaar / Man hours per hectare
Vir eie gebruik /For own use
Besproeiing in seisoen / Irrigation in season 20 - 35
Plaagbeheer (trekker) / Pest control (tractor) 60 - 75
Somerloofaksie / Summer foliage action 230 - 320
Skoffel / Hand cultivate 25 - 40
Minimum loon / Minimum wage
The minimum wage from 1 March 2017 until 28 February 2018 is as follows:
Minimumloonkoers vanaf 1 Maart 2017 tot 28 Februarie 2018 is soos volg:
Uurlikse loon / Hourly wage R15,39 per uur / per hour
Daaglikse loon / Daily wage R138,52 per dag / per day
Weeklikse loon / Weekly wage R692,62 per week
Maandelikse loon / Monthly wage R3 001,13 per maand / per month
40 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 41
VESTIGINGSKOSTE
ESTABLISHMENT COST
VESTIGINGSKOSTE / ESTABLISHMENT COST
Dit is wenslik om die volgende prosedures te volg ten einde ’n eenmalige, korrekte voorberei-ding vir die meerjarige wingerd daar te stel.
GrondontledingsChemiese regstellings, soos die uitstrooi van die regte hoeveelheid kalk vir die regstel van die grond se pH en fosforstatus, gaan gepaard met grond-voorbereiding. In die meeste gevalle lei grond wat bekalk is tot ’n pH van 6 tot ’n betekenisvolle ver-hoging in wortelmassas van onderstokke.
Grondprofiel-inspeksieDie maak van profielgate vir grondklassifika-sie is nodig sodat beoordeel kan word watter bewerkingsmetode nodig sal wees. Grondver-skuiwingsmaatskappye werk vandag baie nou saam met grondkundiges en dring dikwels aan by produsente dat grondkundiges eers gronde moet besigtig of klassifiseer. Netjiese profielgate wat strek tot 1 500 mm en selfs dieper bied goeie aanwysers vir besluitneming.
Implementkeuse / Implement selectionWieltrekkers is lankal nie meer die oplossing vir diep grondbewerking nie, omdat kontak met die grondoppervlak te min is, genoegsame krag op die grond ontbreek en die wielglip moontlik grondkompaksie bevorder. Kruiptrekkers is die enigste kragbron wat suksesvol gebruik kan word, aangesien dit meer krag na die grond verplaas met minder kompaksie weens groter kontak tussen die rusperbande en die grondop-pervlak.
Die vestiging van wingerd is ’n langtermyn, kapitaal-intensiewe besluit waarmee die pro-dusent vir meer as 20 jaar moet saamleef. Dit is dus krities dat alle aspekte rondom so ’n besluit deeglik besin moet word alvorens dit geneem of uitgevoer word.
The following procedures are recommended to ensure once-off, correct soil preparation for the perennial grapevine.
Soil analysesChemical adjustments such as the application of the right amount of lime to adjust the soil’s pH and phosphorus status, go hand in hand with soil preparation. In most instances soil that had been limed to a pH of 6 led to a significant increase in the root mass of rootstocks.
Soil profile inspectionIt is necessary to create profile pits for soil clas-sification, in order to determine the required cultivation method. Nowadays there is excellent collaboration between earthmovers and soil scientists, the former often urging producers to have a soil scientist view or classify the soil beforehand. Neat profile pits up to a depth of 1 500 mm and deeper are very good indicators in decision-making.
Implement selectionTractors are no longer suitable for deep soil preparation, as their soil surface contact is in-sufficient, there is not sufficient power available on the soil and if used, slipping wheels could add to soil compaction. Bulldozers are the only source of power that can be used successfully, as they displace more power to the soil with less compaction due to the larger contact area of the caterpillar tyres on the soil’s surface.
The establishment of vineyard is a long-term, capital-intensive decision, which will have an effect on the producer for the next 20 years or more. It is therefore critical that all aspects sur-rounding the matter are thoroughly considered before the decision is made or implemented.
Grondvoorbereiding / Soil preparation
42 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 43
• Die grondklimaat moet korrek wees – ’n té droë klimaat lei tot groot kluite en ’n té nat klimaat smeer die ondergrond.
Gereelde evaluering van grondvoorbereiding is on-ontbeerlik. Profielgate moet gereeld gemaak word (hou slootgrawer byderhand), sodat vorde ring en kwaliteit deur kundiges beoordeel kan word.
Die koste van grondvoorbereidingDie moontlike kostes van verskillende grond-voorbereidingsaksies word in die volgende tabel opgesom. Let wel dat hierdie slegs riglyne is en dat die kostes sal wissel afhangende van grondtipe, implement-tipe en die spesifieke aksies wat deur die produsent verlang word. Die produsent moet verder self vervoerkostes in berekening bring volgens sy/haar eie situasie.
• The soil climate should be correct – a too dry climate will lead to large clods and a too wet climate will smear the subsoil.
Regular evaluation of soil preparation is es-sential. That means creating regular profile pits (keep trencher handy), so that progress and quality may be judged by the experts.
Cost of soil preparationThe potential costs of certain soil preparation actions are summarised in the following table. Please note that these are only guidelines and that the actual costs will differ depending on soil type, implement type and the specific ac-tions required by the producer. Furthermore, the producer must calculate the transport cost according to his/her own situation.
TIPE BEWERKING TYPE OF ACTION
DROË KOSTE (R / HA)DRY COST (R / HA)
DIESELVERBRUIK DIESEL USAGE
± 800 mm diepte/depth
± 1 200 mm diepte/depth
± 800 mm diepte/depth
± 1 200 mm diepte/depth
Rip maklike grond (wye aanvoorwydtes: ±1 000 mm*) Rip easy soil (wide furrow width: ±1 000 mm*) R8 000 / ha R9 500 / ha 280L / ha 320L / ha
Rip moeilike grond (nou aanvoorwydtes: ±750 mm**) Rip difficult terrain and soil (narrow furrow widths: ±750 mm**) R10 200 / ha R11 600 / ha 350L / ha 450L / ha
1-Toon Rip en 1-Toon kruis maklike grond (wye aanvoorwydtes*) Rip and cross easy soil (wide furrow width) R14 000 / ha R16 200 / ha 560L / ha 640L / ha
1-Toon Rip en 1-Toon kruis moeilike grond (nou aanvoorwydtes**): Rip and cross difficult terrain and soil (narrow furrow width) R16 500 / ha R19 900 / ha 720L / ha 880L / ha
Diep meng- of skuifdol enkel aksie (sonder rip) Deep mix and delve plough (without rip) R14 500 / ha R17 400 / ha 520L / ha 650L / ha
Rip en kruisdol (nou aanvoorwydte) Rip and cross delve (narrow furrow width) R20 500 / ha R24 400 / ha 820L / ha 950L / ha
Enkel toon Rip en 3 toon kruis-mengrip Single blade rip and 3 blade cross-mix rip R12 500 / ha R14 600 / ha 420L / ha 490L / ha
Spitdol vol oppervlakte (25 ton excavator) Spit delve full area (25 ton excavator) R25 100 / ha 950L / ha
Spitdol net op rye en opert (25 ton excavator) Spit delve only on rows and ridging (25 ton excavator) R9 000 / ha 420L / ha
Rye opert met bulldozer (D5-D6 Cat) Ridging of rows with bulldozer (D5-D6 Cat) R6 500 / ha 280L / ha
Ontbossing (D8 Cat) Deforestation (D8 Cat) R4 200 - R6 300/ha 140 - 250L / ha
Wingerd uitrip met vlerk (D8 Cat) Remove vines with wing (D8 Cat) R3 500 / ha 150L / ha
Slootgrawer (CAT ±30 ton) – werkstempo afhangend van grondtipe Excavator (Cat ±30 ton) – work tempo dependent on soil type R550 / uur 25L / uur
Tipe vermenging
Tans is die gebruik van slootgrawers, bekend as spitdol, ’n gemaklike opsie om te oorweeg. Daar is egter min gronde wat uitstekend gepas is tot die gebruik van die spitdol; daarom word groot masjiene eerder aanbeveel. Indien lae voorkom, weens onder andere drastiese tekstuurverskille (dupleksgronde), moet versigtig omgegaan word met ’n slootgrawer wat lae vermeng, en sal ’n skuifmengdol wat lae in posisie hou, beter gepas wees.
’n Skeurploeg en skuifmengdol se aanvoorwydte – die wydte tussen die implement se skare – moet ook voor die tyd bepaal word, hoofsaak-lik weens koste-implikasies en die nodigheid daarvan. Indien groot lense onversteurde grond tussen die aanvoorwydtes vermy wil word, sal hierdie keuse oordeelkundig gemaak moet word. Die lense kan gewoonlik met ’n kruisaksie ver-klein word. Indien daar tot dieptes van 900 mm bewerk word, moet die aanvoor twee-derdes opneem – dus 600 mm.
Tydperk van grondvoorbereiding
Die tydperk van grondvoorbereiding is baie belangrik. In té droë grond sal groot kluite, veral op die oppervlakte, breek wat ’n ongewenste situasie skep wanneer ingewerk word met dol-aksies. Die grondklimaat is byvoorbeeld geskik vir bewerking wanneer ’n balletjie grond gerol kan word en met geringe druk uitmekaar kan val. Klimaat en kalkbehoefte sal dan bepaal of die grond gekruisdol moet word of anders net ’n enkele aksie sal benodig. Die vorming van groot kluite kan beperk word deur benatting van die grond vir vier ure met sprinkelbesproeiing in die orde van ± 25 mm water en ’n toelating van 48 – 72 uur daarna vir uitdroging.
Opsomming
Die volgende moet in gedagte gehou word:
• Oormatige bewerking kan lei tot struktuurver-nietiging en die grond, wanneer droog, sal tot poeierstof bewerk wees.
• Té wye aanvoorwydtes lei tot swak vermen-ging met groot onaangeraakte grondbanke/-lense.
• Die bewerkingsrigting moet korrek gekies word met die oog op ondergrondse dreinering.
Type of mix
Currently the use of digger loaders, known as “spit” delve, is a good option to consider. How-ever, there are not many soils that are totally suited to the use of the “spit” delve; therefore large machines are preferred. If layers occur due to, inter alia, drastic differences in texture (du-plex soils), a digger loader should be used with caution, since it mixes layers, and one would prefer a finger mix delve plough, which keeps layers in position.
The furrow width – the width between the plough-shares – of a ripper and finger mix delve plough needs to be determined well in advance, mainly due to cost implications and the neces-sity thereof. If you want to avoid large lenses of undisturbed soil between the furrow widths, this will have to be a carefully considered decision. Lenses can usually be reduced with a cross action. If vines are planted up to a depth of 900 mm, the furrow should be take up two-thirds – in other words 600 mm.
Period of soil preparation
The period of soil preparation is of utmost im-portance. In excessively dry soils, large clods will break, especially on the surface, which creates an undesirable situation when the soil is trenched. The soil climate is, for example, most optimal for cultivation when a ball of soil can be rolled and falls apart with the slightest of pressure. Climate and lime requirements will determine whether the soil should be cross-delved or alternatively require a single action. The formation of large clods can be limited if the soil is wetted for four hours with sprinkler irrigation at ± 25 mm water, followed by a drying period of 48 - 72 hours.
Summary
The following should be kept in mind at all times:
• Excessive tillage can result in destruction of the structure and the soil, when dry, will have been tilled to a powdery matter.
• Excessively wide furrow widths result in poor mixing with large untouched soil banks/lenses.
• Cultivation row should be selected correctly with a view to drain the subsoil.
44 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 45
Die koste van prieelstelsels word bereken deur die nuutste pryse (BTW uitgesluit) vanaf verskeie verskaffers van pale, draad en ander materiaal te verkry. Die gemiddelde pryse word in ’n teo retiese model ingevoeg om die koste van verskillende prieelstelsels met verskillende paallengtes, paal-spasiërings, ens te bepaal. Dit bly dus teo retiese bedrae en kan van werklike kostes verskil. Vir ’n meer akkurate kosteberekening van prieel-stelselkoste, kontak die samestellers.
Vir vertikale prieelstelsels is die pale in 6 m-vakke geplant en vir die alternatiewe stelsels is die vakke 7.5 m. Kontak die samestellers gerus om u unieke prieelstelselkoste te bepaal met verskillende vaklengtes, paallengtes en -diktes.
The cost of a trellis system is calculated by ob-taining the latest prices (VAT excluded) for the poles, wire and other materials from a number of suppliers. These prices are entered into a theoretical model to calculate the cost of various trellis systems with different pole lengths, pole spacings, etc. These are therefore theoretical costs and may differ from actual costs. For a more accurate cost calculation of different trellis systems, please contact the compilers.
For the vertical trellis systems a pole spacing of 6 m is used and 7.5 m for alternative trellis systems. Feel free to contact the compilers to calculate your unique trellis system cost with different pole types and spacing.
Koste van prieelstelsels / Cost of trellis systems
Daar mag soms verwarring voorkom tussen die benamings en konstruksies van verskillende vertikale prieelstelsels. Ten einde enige verwar-ring uit te skakel word ’n skematiese voorstelling van die stelsels voorsien met die voorgestelde benamings en afkortings.
There may be some confusion regarding the names and constructions of different vertical trellis systems. To eliminate any confusion, a schematic representation of the systems is provided, with their names and abbreviations.
ALTERNATIEWE PRIEELSTELSELS / ALTERNATIVE TRELLIS SYSTEMS
Tipe stelselType of system
PaalPole
Ry-spasiering / Row-spacing
2.1 2.5 2.75 3 3.3
Skuinskap 1.5m KappaalSlanting trellis - 1.5 m slanting pole 2.4m (50 - 75) – – 55 737 49 750 45 243
Skuinskap 1.8m KappaalSlanting trellis - 1.8 m slanting pole 2.4m (50 - 75) – – 59 599 54 647 49 695
Gewelstelsel 2.1m PaalGable system 2.1m Pole 2.1m (75 - 100) – – 88 246 81 141 73 711
Fabrieksdak 2.1m PaalFactory roof 2.1m Pole 2.1m (75 - 100) – – 72 709 65 743 61 177
U-stelselU-system 2.1m (75 - 100) – – – 98 171 87 222
DraadgewelWire gable 2.1m (50 - 75) – – 65 834 – –
LierstelselLyre system 2.4m (100 - 125) – – – 113 610 –
Scott Henry 2.7m (75 - 100) 73 318 62 451 56 210 51 541 46 871
Grobbelaar 2.1m (75 - 100) – 82 594 76 433 70 271 67 275
T - KapT - System 2.4m (75 - 100) – 78 632 72 766 66 900 64 049
VE
RT
IKA
LE P
RIE
ELS
TE
LSE
LS /
VE
RT
ICA
L T
RE
LLIS
ING
SY
ST
EM
S
Prie
elst
else
l / T
relli
s sy
stem
Bin
ne-p
aal
Inne
r p
ole
Ry-
spas
ierin
g /
Row
sp
acin
g
1.8
1.9
22.
12.
22.
32.
42.
52.
62.
752.
82.
93
3.1
3.2
3.3
Een
dra
ad H
eini
ngO
ne s
tran
d h
edge
1.2m
(50
-75)
27
059
25
585
24
609
23
135
22
159
21
162
20
186
19
687
18
712
17
736
17
237
16
739
16
262
15
763
15
264
14
787
Twee
dra
ad H
eini
ngTw
o st
rand
hed
ge1.
2m (5
0 -7
5) 2
8 93
0 2
7 35
3 2
6 31
0 2
4 73
3 2
3 69
0 2
2 62
4 2
1 58
0 2
1 04
8 2
0 00
4 1
8 96
0 1
8 42
8 1
7 89
5 1
7 38
4 1
6 85
1 1
6 31
8 1
5 80
7
Drie
dra
ad H
eini
ngTh
ree
stra
nd h
edge
2.1m
(75
- 10
0) 7
7 03
1 7
2 83
1 7
0 05
4 6
5 85
4 6
3 07
7 6
0 23
3 5
7 45
6 5
6 03
4 5
3 25
6 5
0 47
8 4
9 05
7 4
7 63
5 4
6 27
9 4
4 85
8 4
3 43
6 4
2 08
0
Vie
rdra
ad H
eini
ngFo
ur s
tran
d h
edge
2.1m
(75
- 10
0) 7
8 90
1 7
4 60
0 7
1 75
4 6
7 45
3 6
4 60
7 6
1 69
6 5
8 85
0 5
7 39
4 5
4 54
9 5
1 70
3 5
0 24
7 4
8 79
2 4
7 40
1 4
5 94
6 4
4 49
0 4
3 10
0
Vyf
dra
ad H
eini
ngFi
ve s
tran
d h
edge
2.4m
(50
- 75
) 6
4 46
3 6
0 95
5 5
8 63
0 5
5 12
2 5
2 79
8 5
0 43
0 4
8 10
5 4
6 92
2 4
4 59
7 4
3 41
3 4
1 08
9 3
9 90
5 3
8 76
4 3
7 58
0 3
6 39
7 3
5 25
6
Per
old
1.8m
(100
- 1
25)
89
401
84
527
81
304
76
429
73
206
69
903
66
680
65
028
61
805
58
582
56
930
55
279
53
708
52
056
50
404
48
833
Dub
bel
Per
old
Dou
ble
Per
old
1.8m
(100
- 1
25)
92
209
87
181
83
856
78
829
75
504
72
098
68
773
67
070
63
745
60
420
58
717
57
015
55
392
53
690
51
987
50
365
Sku
ifbar
e P
erol
dM
ovab
le P
erol
d2.
1m (1
00 -
125
) 9
5 37
5 9
0 17
5 8
6 73
6 8
1 53
5 7
8 09
6 7
4 57
3 7
1 13
4 6
9 37
2 6
5 93
3 6
2 49
4 6
0 73
2 5
8 97
1 5
7 29
4 5
5 53
2 5
3 77
0 5
2 09
3
Vie
rdra
ad v
erle
ngd
e P
erol
dFo
ur s
tran
d e
xten
ded
Per
old
2.1m
(100
- 1
25)
94
438
89
288
85
883
80
734
77
329
73
840
70
435
68
690
65
285
61
880
60
136
58
391
56
731
54
986
53
242
51
581
Vyf
dra
ad v
erle
ngd
e P
erol
dFi
ve s
tran
d e
xten
ded
Per
old
2.1m
(100
- 1
25)
91
810
86
806
83
498
78
494
75
187
71
794
68
487
66
791
63
483
60
175
58
479
56
783
55
171
53
475
51
779
50
168
Vyf
dra
ad s
kuifb
are
verle
ngd
e P
erol
dM
ovab
le fi
ve s
tran
d e
xten
ded
Per
old
2.1m
(100
- 1
25)
96
351
91
100
87
627
82
375
78
902
75
345
71
872
70
093
66
621
63
148
61
369
59
590
57
896
56
118
54
339
52
645
Ses
dra
ad v
erle
ngd
e P
erol
dS
ix s
tran
d e
xten
ded
Per
old
2.4m
(100
- 1
25)
109
908
1
03 9
16
99
956
93
964
90
004
85
942
81
981
79
950
75
989
72
029
69
998
67
967
66
037
64
006
61
975
60
046
Vyf
dra
ad v
erle
ngd
e d
ubb
el P
erol
dFi
ve s
tran
d e
xten
ded
dou
ble
Per
old
2.1m
(100
- 1
25)
97
289
91
986
88
479
83
176
79
670
76
078
72
571
70
775
67
268
63
762
61
966
60
170
58
459
56
663
54
867
53
156
Ses
dra
ad d
ubb
el v
erle
ngd
e P
erol
dS
ix s
tran
d d
oub
le e
xten
ded
Per
old
2.4m
(100
- 1
25)
113
302
1
07 1
26
103
042
9
6 86
5 9
2 78
1 8
8 59
5 8
4 51
1 8
2 41
9 7
8 33
5 7
4 25
1 7
2 15
8 7
0 06
5 6
8 07
4 6
5 98
1 6
3 88
8 6
1 89
7
Vyf
dra
ad d
ubb
el v
erle
ngd
e P
erol
dFi
ve s
tran
d d
oub
le e
xten
ded
Per
old
2.4m
(100
- 1
25)
111
432
1
05 3
57
101
341
9
5 26
7 9
1 25
1 8
7 13
3 8
3 11
7 8
1 05
8 7
7 04
2 7
3 02
6 7
0 96
8 6
8 90
9 6
6 95
2 6
4 89
3 6
2 83
4 6
0 87
7
Ses
dra
ad v
erle
ngd
e d
ubb
el P
erol
dS
ix s
tran
d e
xten
ded
dou
ble
Per
old
2.4m
(100
- 1
25)
114
240
1
08 0
12
103
894
9
7 66
6 9
3 54
8 8
9 32
8 8
5 21
0 8
3 10
1 7
8 98
2 7
4 86
4 7
2 75
5 7
0 64
5 6
8 63
6 6
6 52
7 6
4 41
7 6
2 40
8
Sew
edra
ad v
erle
ngd
e d
ubb
el P
erol
dS
even
str
and
ext
end
ed d
oub
le P
erol
d2.
7m (1
00 -
125
) 1
29 3
19
122
268
1
17 6
06
110
555
1
05 8
93
101
115
9
6 45
3 9
4 06
4 8
9 40
2 8
4 74
0 8
2 35
1 7
9 96
2 7
7 69
0 7
5 30
1 7
2 91
2 7
0 63
9
Sew
edra
ad d
ubb
el v
erle
ngd
e P
erol
dS
even
str
and
dou
ble
ext
end
ed P
erol
d2.
7m (1
00 -
125
) 1
28 3
81
121
381
1
16 7
54
109
754
1
05 1
26
100
382
9
5 75
4 9
3 38
2 8
8 75
5 8
4 12
7 8
1 75
5 7
9 38
3 7
7 12
7 7
4 75
5 7
2 38
3 7
0 12
7
Sm
art
Dys
on2.
4m (1
00 -
125
) –
– –
–
–
– 8
4 51
1 8
2 41
9 7
8 33
5 7
4 25
1 7
2 15
8 7
0 06
5 6
8 07
4 6
5 98
1 6
3 88
8 6
1 89
7
Meg
anie
se s
tels
el (H
igh
Wire
)M
echa
nica
l tre
llis
(Hig
h W
ire)
1.8m
(100
- 1
25)
– –
– –
–
– 6
1 57
8 6
0 05
1 5
7 07
7 5
4 10
3 5
2 57
5 5
1 04
8 4
9 60
1 4
8 07
4 4
6 54
7 4
5 10
0
PRIEELSTELSELS / TRELLIS SYSTEMS
PEROLD
P
SP / MP 4VP / 4LP OVP / ILP 5VP / 5LP
SKUIFBARE PEROLDMOVEABLE PEROLD
VIERDRAAD VERLENGDE PEROLDFOUR-STRAND LENGTHENED PEROLD
OMGEKEERDE VERLENGDE PEROLDINVERTED LENGTHENED PEROLD
VYFDRAAD VERLENGDE PEROLDFIVE-STRAND LENGTHENED PEROLD
S5VP / M5LP 6VP /6LP 5DVP / 5DLP 6DVP / 6DLP
SKUIFBARE VYFDRAAD VERLENGDE PEROLD
MOVABLE FIVE-STRAND LENGTHENED PEROLD
SESDRAAD VERLENGDE PEROLDSIX-STRAND LENGTHENED
PEROLD
VYFDRAAD DUBBEL VERLENGDE PEROLD
FIVE-STRAND DOUBLE LENGTHENED PEROLD
SESDRAAD DUBBEL VERLENGDE PEROLD
SIX-STRAND DOUBLE LENGTH-ENED PEROLD
7DVP / 7DLP
SEWEDRAAD DUBBEL VERLENGDE PEROLDSEVEN-STRAND DOUBLE LENGTHENED PEROLD
BOSSTOK (GOBLET)BUSH VINE
STOK-BY-PAALTJIEPOSTED VINE
EENDRAAD HEININGONE-STRAND HEDGE
TWEEDRAAD HEININGTWO-STRAND HEDGE
DRIEDRAAD HEININGTHREE-STRAND HEDGE
VIERDRAAD HEININGFOUR-STRAND HEDGE
VYFDRAAD HEININGFIVE-STRAND HEDGE
1H 2H 3H
4H 5H
SBP / PVBOS / BV
EENDRAAD HOË HEINING (MEGANIES OF HAND SNOEI)ONE-STRAND HIGH HEDGE (MECHANICAL OR HAND PRUNING) “HIGH WIRE”
1HM (H)
TWEEDRAAD HOË HEINING (MEGANIES OF HAND SNOEI)TWO-STRAND HIGH HEDGE (MECHANICAL OR HAND PRUNING)
2HM (H)
Loofdraad/ Canopy wire
Kordondraad/ Cordon wire
Saamgestel in samewerking met
48 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 49
PRIEELSTELSELS / TRELLIS SYSTEMS
RUAKURA DUBBEL VLAK PRIEELRUAKURA TWO TIER TRELLIS
RUAKURA DUBBEL VLAK PRIEELRUAKURA TWO TIER TRELLIS
LIER-STELSELLYRE TRELLIS
2K2T
2K2T
LYR
DP / DP 5VDP / 5LDP
DUBBEL PEROLDDOUBLE PEROLD
VYFDRAAD VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD
FIVE-STRAND LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD
6VDP / 6LDP 7VDP / 7LDP
SESDRAAD VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD
SIX-STRAND LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD
SEWEDRAAD VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD
SEVEN-STRAND LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD
DUBBEL VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD
DOUBLE LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD
DVDP / DLDP
SCOTT-HENRYSCOTT-HENRY
SH
SMART-DYSONSMART-DYSON
SD
BALLETROKBALLERINA
BAL
SH
Saamgestel in samewerking met
Loofdraad/ Canopy wire
Kordondraad/ Cordon wire
50 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 51
PRIEELSTELSELS / TRELLIS SYSTEMS
GRO / GAL
TIROOL PRIEELTRENTINA TRELLIS
TIR / TT
FABRIEKSDAK PRIEELFACTORY ROOF TRELLIS
FAB / FT
SKUINSKAP PRIEELSLANTING TRELLIS
SK / ST
GEWELSTELSEL (DUBBEL SKUINSPRIEEL) - ENKEL / DUBBEL KORDONGABLE TRELLIS (DOUBLE SLANTING TRELLIS) - SINGLE CORDON / DOUBLE CORDON
GEW / GT
HUTPRIEELHUT TRELLIS
HUT
Saamgestel in samewerking met
Saamgestel in samewerking met
GROBBELAAR OF GALGGROBBELAAR OR GALLOW
GENEVA DUBBELGORDYNGENEVA DOUBLE CURTAIN
GDC
T-KAPT-TRELLIS
TS
Loofdraad/ Canopy wire
Kordondraad/ Cordon wire
52 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 53
Besproeiing / Irrigation
Ongeveer 63% van die totale wyndruif wingerd-stand van Suid-Afrika word tans deur middel van drupbesproeiing besproei. Ander vorme van besproeiing (droëland ingesluit) het drasties afgeneem sedert 2005.
Die koste van verskillende besproeiingstelsels word saamgevat in die meegaande tabel. Hier-die algemene riglyne sluit slegs die bogrondse materiaal en sublyne – wat sal wissel na gelang van verskillende blokuitlegte – in die blok in.
Approximately 63% of the total area under wine grape vineyards in South Africa currently receives drip irrigation. Other forms of irrigation (dryland included) have decreased drastically since 2005.
The cost of various irrigation systems are seen in the accompanying table. These general guide-lines only include the material installed above the soil, as well as sub-pipelines – which will differ according to various block layouts – in the block.
Ander nuttige inligting / Other useful information
KOSTE VAN BESPROEIINGSTELSELS / COST OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Stelsel System
Ry spasiering (m) / Row spacing (m)
1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.75 3.00 3.30
Drup 0.6m Gekompenseerd Drip 0.6m Compensated 50 571 47 812 45 974 43 215 41 376 39 537 37 698 36 779 34 940 33 101 30 343 27 584
Drup 0.6m Nie-Gekompenseerd Drip 0.6m Non-Compensated 36 702 34 700 33 365 31 363 30 029 28 694 27 360 26 692 25 358 24 023 22 021 20 019
Drup 0.75m Gekompenseerd Drip 0.75m Compensated 45 582 43 096 41 439 38 952 37 295 35 637 33 980 33 151 31 493 29 836 27 349 24 863
Drup 0.75m Nie-Gekompenseerd Drip 0.75m Non-Compensated 34 034 32 177 30 940 29 083 27 846 26 608 25 371 24 752 23 514 22 277 20 420 18 564
Drup 1.0m Gekompenseerd Drip 1.0m Compensated 40 594 38 380 36 903 34 689 33 213 31 737 30 261 29 523 28 047 26 571 24 356 22 142
Drup 1.0m Nie-Gekompenseerd Drip 1.0m Non-Compensated 32 700 30 916 29 727 27 943 26 754 25 565 24 376 23 782 22 593 21 403 19 620 17 836
Mikro (straalspuit) Direk op polypyp Micro (jet spray) Direct on polypipe 55 067 52 063 50 061 47 057 45 055 43 052 41 050 40 049 38 046 36 044 33 040 30 037
Mikro (Roteerder) op pen met sagte pypie Micro (Rotate) on pen with soft pipe
62 962 59 528 57 238 53 804 51 514 49 225 46 935 45 791 43 501 41 211 37 777 34 343
Permanente sprinkel (12m x 12.5m) Permanent sprinklers (12m x 12.5m) 29 831 29 831 29 831 29 831 29 831 29 831 29 831 29 831 29 831 29 831 29 831 29 831
AANTAL STOKKE PER HEKTAAR / VINES PER HECTARE
Plantafstand in die ry (m) Plantdistance in row (m)
Ry Spasiering (m) / Row Spacing (m)
1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.40 2.50 2.75 2.80 3.00 3.30
1.00 5 556 5 263 5 000 4 762 4 167 4 000 3 636 3 571 3 333 3 030
1.20 4 630 4 386 4 167 3 968 3 472 3 333 3 030 2 976 2 778 2 525
1.50 3 704 3 509 3 333 3 175 2 778 2 667 2 424 2 381 2 222 2 020
1.80 3 086 2 924 2 778 2 646 2 315 2 222 2 020 1 984 1 852 1 684
2.00 2 778 2 632 2 500 2 381 2 083 2 000 1 818 1 786 1 667 1 515
Ryspasiëring (m)Row spacing (m)
Aantal rye/haRows/ha
1.80 55
1.90 52
2.00 50
2.10 47
2.40 41
2.50 40
2.75 36
2.80 35
3.00 33
3.30 30
STOKKIEPRYSE (SLEGS RIGLYNE) / VINE PRICES (ONLY GUIDELINES)
(Per Stokkie / Per Vine)
Standaard Wit en Rooi op P 1103, R110, R99 Standard White and Red on P1103, R110, R99 R13.54
Standaard Wit en Rooi op 101-14, SO4, Rug140 Standard White and Red on 101-14, S04, Rug140 R13.76
Colombar, Chardonnay, Sémillon, SA Riesling, Shiraz, Pinot Noir, Muskadel op Ramsey, 101/14
Colombar, Chardonnay, Sémillon, SA Riesling, Shiraz, Pinot Noir, Muskadel on Ramsey, 101/14
R15.85
Standaard Wit en Rooi op Ramsey, 143B Standard White and Red on Ramsey, 143B R15.83
Standaard Wit en Rooi op US8-7 Standard White and Red on US8-7 R15.85
Sultana op Ramsey Sultana on Ramsey R21.80
Makstok Rooted Scion R10.85
VOORBEELD HOE OM TOTALE VESTIGINGSKOSTE PER HEKTAAR TE BEREKEN / EXAMPLE HOW TO CALCULATE TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COST PER HA
Koste per ha/ Cost per ha
Vyfdraad dubbel verlengde Perold. / Five strand double extended Perold. Eenhede / Units
Plantafstand/ Plant distance 2.4m x 1.2m
Grondvoorbereiding / Soil preparation R30 460
1 200mm 1-Toon Rip en 1-Toon kruis moeilike grond (nou aanvoorwydtes**) / 1 200mm Rip and cross difficult terrain and soil (narrow furrow width)
R19 900
Diesel verbruik/ usage (R12 liter) 880 L R10 560
Chemiese regstelling / Fertiliser R14 561
Ander/OtherNeem van grondmonsters / Soil samples
R14 000R561
Besproeiing/ Irrigation R42 558Drup 0.6 Gekompenseerd/ Drip 0.6m CompensatedSlootgrawer (Grawe van slote) / Diggerloader (Ditches in block)Dieselverbruik / usage (R12 liter)
R37 698R3 600R1 260
Prieelstelsel / Trellising R83 117
Vyfdraad dubbel verlengde Perold. / Five strand double extended Perold. R83 117
Plantmateriaal / Plant material R54 108
3472 x R15.83 (RAMSEY) R54 108
Vestigingsarbeid / Establishment Labour (R15.39 p/h) R26 163Besproeiing / IrrigationPrieelstelsel / TrellisingPlantmateriaal / Plantmaterial
200 h1300 h200 h
R3 078R20 007R3 078
Totale vestigingskoste / Total establishment cost R250 967
Besproeiingstipes / Irrigation types(2005 - 2015)
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
63%
12%
5%
54 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 55
KOSTE VAN MEGANISASIE
COST OF MECHANISATION
Metodiek / Methodology
Dit is onmoontlik om die loopkoste 100% akku-raat te bepaal, maar die volgende metodiek word redelik algemeen gebruik. Dit sluit sekere aannames in wat in samewerking met hande-laars aangepas is en die loopkoste meer toepas-lik maak tot die wynbedryf.
Operateurs word nie in berekening gebring nie en produsente moet self daardie komponent bybring. Alle kostes is uitgedruk in rand per uur (uitgesluit bakkies en vragmotors). Indien die koste per hektaar benodig word, kan die volgende formule gebruik word:
rand per hektaar = (koste in rand per uur) ÷
(hoeveelheid hektaar per uur bewerk)
It is not possible to calculate the running cost of implements 100% accurately; however the following methodology is commonly used. It includes certain assumptions which have been modified, in collaboration with dealerships, to be more suited to the wine industry.
Operators are not included in the running cost and should be included by producers. All costs are in rand per hour (except trucks and pick-ups). If the cost per hectare is required, the following equation can be used:
rand per hectare = (cost in rand per hour) ÷
(hectares per hour cultivated)
Waardevermindering: Depreciation:
(Aankoopwaarde - Skrootwaarde) ÷ Leeftyd (Purchase value - Salvage value) ÷ Lifetime
Versekering & Lisensie: Licence & Insurance:
1% van gemiddelde belegging ÷ Ure per jaar 1% of average investment ÷ Hours per annum
Rentekoste: Interest cost:
8% van gemiddelde belegging 8% of average investment
Herstel en onderhoud: Repair and maintenance:
Spesifieke % van Aankoopprys ÷ Leeftyd Specific % of Purchase value ÷ Leeftyd
Brandstof: Fuel:
Bereken met dieselprys van R12 Calculated with diesel price of R12
KOSTE VAN MEGANISASIE / COST OF MECHANISATIONHierdie kosteriglyne help produsente om die loopkostes van sekere wingerdmasjinerie te bepaal. Dit kan ook gebruik word om te bepaal of sekere implemente vervang moet word al dan nie.
Die besit en gebruik van enige implement gaan gepaard met ’n koste. Hierdie koste bestaan uit twee komponente, naamlik veranderlike koste en vaste koste. Die vaste koste bly onveranderd, of die masjien gebruik word al dan nie. Vaste koste sluit rente (geleentheidskoste), waardever-mindering, versekering en lisensiëring in.
Die veranderlike koste word bepaal deur die aantal ure wat die masjien/implement gebruik word deur die jaar. Dit sluit brandstof, herstel-werk, onderhoud en bande in.
These guidelines assist producers in determining the running costs of specific vineyard machinery. It can also be used to determine whether imple-ments need to be replaced.
The ownership and use of any implement or machine involves a cost to the producer. This cost consists of two components, namely fixed cost and variable cost. The fixed cost relates to ownership of the machine, whether it is used or not. This includes depreciation, licensing and insurance, as well as an interest component (opportunity cost).
The variable cost is mainly determined by the total number of hours the implement is used throughout the year. This includes fuel, repair, maintenance and tyres.
56 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 57
4 X
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58 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 59
SLEEP PARSMASJIEN / TRAILED HARVESTER
Aankoopprys / Purchase value: R1 600 000
TonnegeparsTons
harvest
JaarliksegebruikAnnual usage
Waarde-verminderingDepreciation
Versekering& lisensieLicence &insurance
RenteInterest
Totale vastekoste
Total fixedcost
Herstel &onderhoudRepair &
maintenance
Veranderlikekoste
Variablecost
TotalekosteTotalcost
Ton h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h
500 71 303 133 1 393 1 829 118 118 1 947
750 107 303 88 929 1 320 118 118 1 438
1000 143 303 66 697 1 066 118 118 1 184
1250 179 303 53 557 913 118 118 1 031
1500 214 303 44 464 812 118 118 930
1750 250 303 38 398 739 118 118 857
2000 286 303 33 348 685 118 118 802
2200 314 303 30 317 650 118 118 768
2400 343 303 28 290 621 118 118 739
3000 429 303 22 232 557 118 118 675
SPUITPOMPE / SPRAYPUMPS
Model
Aankoop-prys
Purchase value
JaarliksegebruikAnnual usage
Waarde-verminde-
ringDepreciation
RenteInterest
Totale vastekoste
Total fixedcost
Herstel &onderhoudRepair &
maintenance
Totale kostesonder rente
Total costexcl interest
TotalekosteTotalcost
R h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h
Bankiespuit / Berm sprayer 34 667 280 21 7 28 8 29 36
Onkruidspuit / Weed sprayer 36 270 280 22 7 29 8 30 38
Blower 1 ry / row (Hoë volume / High volume) 124 426 280 75 26 100 29 104 129
Nozzle 1 ry / row (Lae volume / Low volume) 165 250 280 99 34 133 39 138 172
Nozzle 2 ry / row (Lae volume / Low volume) 332 760 280 200 69 268 78 277 346
Nozzle 3 ry / row (Lae volume / Low volume) 397 193 280 238 82 320 93 331 413
SELFAANGEDREWE PARSMASJIEN / SELF-PROPELLED HARVESTER
Aankoopprys / Purchase price: R3 500 000
TonnegeparsTons
harvest
JaarliksegebruikAnnual usage
Waarde-verminderingDepreciation
Versekering& lisensieLicence &insurance
RenteInterest
Totale vastekoste
Total fixedcost
Herstel &onderhoudRepair &
maintenance
BrandstofFuel
Veranderlikekoste
Variablecost
TotalekosteTotalcost
Ton h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h
1 000 91 630 212 2 223 3 065 245 156 401 3 466
1 250 114 630 169 1 779 2 578 245 156 401 2 979
1 500 136 630 141 1 482 2 253 245 156 401 2 654
1 750 159 630 121 1 271 2 022 245 156 401 2 423
2 000 182 630 106 1 112 1 848 245 156 401 2 249
2 250 205 630 94 988 1 712 245 156 401 2 113
2 500 227 630 85 889 1 604 245 156 401 2 005
2 750 250 630 77 809 1 516 245 156 401 1 917
3 500 318 630 61 635 1 326 245 156 401 1 727
4 000 364 630 53 556 1 239 245 156 401 1 640
SLEEPWAENS / TRAILERS
Model
Aankoop-prys
Purchase value
JaarliksegebruikAnnual usage
Waarde-verminderingDepreciation
RenteInterest
Verseke-ring &
lisensieLicence &insurance
Totale vastekoste
Total fixedcost
Herstel &onderhoudRepair &mainte-nance
BandeTyres
Verander-like
kosteVariable
cost
TotalekosteTotalcost
R h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h
2 - wiel / 2 - wheel 3 ton 55 000 500 4.95 6.35 3.33 14.63 2.20 0.46 2.66 17.29
2 - wiel / 2 - wheel 4 ton 49 900 500 4.49 5.76 3.23 13.48 2.00 0.73 2.72 16.21
2 - wiel / 2 - wheel 6 ton 66 900 500 6.02 7.73 3.57 17.32 2.68 0.73 3.40 20.72
4 - wiel / 4 wheel 6 ton 126 200 500 11.36 14.58 4.76 30.69 5.05 1.46 6.51 37.20
4 - wiel / 4 wheel 8 ton 129 100 500 11.62 14.91 4.81 31.34 5.16 1.46 6.62 37.97
4 - wiel / 4 wheel 10 ton 140 200 500 12.62 16.19 5.04 33.85 5.61 3.47 9.07 42.92
Lugremme / Air brakes 10 ton 219 900 500 19.79 25.40 6.63 51.82 8.80 4.69 13.49 65.31
Lugremme / Air brakes 15 ton 242 000 501 21.78 27.90 7.06 56.73 9.68 4.69 14.37 71.10
IMPLEMENTE / IMPLEMENTS
Model
Aankoop-prys
Purchase value
JaarliksegebruikAnnual usage
Waarde-verminderingDepreciation
RenteInterest
Totale vastekoste
Total fixedcost
Herstel &onderhoudRepair &
maintenance
Totale kostesonder rente
Total costexcl
interest
TotalekosteTotalcost
R h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h
Top masjien (1 ry) / Trimmer (1 row) 187 500 200 113 54 167 44 156 210
Ontblaarder / Leaf remover 215 000 200 129 62 191 50 179 241
Mulching 86 333 200 52 25 77 20 72 97
Bankieskoffel / Mechanical weeders 190 923 200 115 55 170 45 159 214
Krag eg / Power plow 115 000 200 104 33 137 40 144 177
Bossieslaner / Slasher 31 250 200 28 9 37 11 39 48
Snoei masjien (1 ry) / Pruner (1 row) 233 000 200 210 67 277 82 291 359
Snoei masjien (halwe ry) / Pruner (half row) 206 600 200 186 60 246 72 258 318
60 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 61
BA
KK
IES
/ P
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-UP
S
Mod
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Aan
koop
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sB
TW u
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luit
Pur
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4 0
.34
0.6
0 2
.28
1.2
6 3
.54
Ran
ger
2.2
4X4
XL
376
900
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.6
2 0
.41
0.7
3 2
.76
1.5
3 4
.28
Ran
ger
2.2
Hig
h R
ider
XLS
357
900
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.5
3 0
.39
0.6
9 2
.62
1.4
5 4
.07
Ran
ger
2.2
4X4
XLS
424
900
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.8
2 0
.47
0.8
2 3
.11
1.7
2 4
.83
Ran
ger
3.2
Sup
erC
ab H
i-R
aid
er X
LS 4
12 9
00
30
000
210
000
1
.77
0.4
5 0
.79
3.0
2 1
.67
4.6
9
Nis
san
NP
300
2.5
Td
i 2
29 9
00
30
000
210
000
0
.99
0.2
5 0
.44
1.6
8 0
.93
2.6
1
NP
300
2.5
TD
i 4X
4 3
36 9
00
30
000
210
000
1
.44
0.3
7 0
.65
2.4
6 1
.36
3.8
3
NP
300
Hi-
Rid
er 2
.5TD
i 3
14 9
00
30
000
210
000
1
.35
0.3
5 0
.61
2.3
0 1
.27
3.5
8
Nav
ara
2.5d
Ci K
ingC
ab X
E 3
76 9
00
30
000
210
000
1
.62
0.4
1 0
.73
2.7
6 1
.53
4.2
8
Pat
rol 3
.0D
Ti B
akki
e 5
63 9
00
30
000
210
000
2
.42
0.6
2 1
.09
4.1
2 2
.28
6.4
0
VR
AG
MO
TO
RS
/ T
RU
CK
S
Mod
el
Aan
koop
pry
sP
urch
ase
pric
e
Jaar
likse
geb
ruik
Ann
ual
usag
e
Leef
tyd
Life
time
Waa
rde-
verm
ind
erin
gD
epre
ciat
ion
Vers
eker
ing
& li
sens
ieLi
cenc
e &
in
sura
nce
Ren
teIn
tere
st
Tota
leva
ste
kost
eTo
tal
fixed
cos
t
Bra
ndst
of /
Fue
lH
erst
el &
ond
erho
udR
epai
r &
mai
nten
ance
Vera
nder
like
kost
eVa
riab
le
cost
Tota
leko
ste
Tota
lco
stVe
rbui
k C
onsu
mp
tion
Kos
te
Cos
t
R
kmkm
R/k
mR
/km
R/k
mR
/km
km/L
R/k
mR
/km
R/k
mR
/km
Enk
el D
ryf
as /
S
ing
le D
iffer
enti
al
3.0
Ton
458
722
3
5 00
0 3
00 0
00
1.3
8 0
.43
0.7
6 2
.57
6.6
7 1
.80
1.3
0 3
.10
5.6
6
4.0
Ton
498
250
3
5 00
0 3
00 0
00
1.4
9 0
.47
0.8
2 2
.78
6.6
7 1
.80
1.4
1 3
.21
6.0
0
6.0
Ton
596
933
4
0 00
0 3
00 0
00
1.7
9 0
.49
0.8
6 3
.14
4.0
0 3
.00
1.6
9 4
.69
7.8
4
7.0
Ton
570
845
6
0 00
0 3
00 0
00
1.7
1 0
.31
0.5
5 2
.57
3.5
7 3
.36
1.6
2 4
.98
7.5
5
8.0
Ton
818
750
6
0 00
0 3
00 0
00
2.4
6 0
.45
0.7
9 3
.70
3.3
3 3
.60
2.3
2 5
.92
9.6
2
Dub
bel
dry
f-as
/
Do
uble
diff
eren
tial
14 T
on
1 0
57 1
00
70
000
300
000
3
.17
0.5
0 0
.87
4.5
4 2
.50
4.8
0 3
.00
7.8
0 1
2.34
Dub
bel
dry
f-p
erd
/
Do
uble
diff
eren
tial
ho
rse
25 T
on 1
322
600
7
0 00
0 7
00 0
00
1.7
0 0
.62
1.0
9 3
.42
2.0
8 5
.77
1.6
1 7
.38
10.
79
BA
KK
IES
/ P
ICK
-UP
S
Mod
el
Aan
koop
pry
sB
TW u
itges
luit
Pur
chas
e p
rice
VAT
excl
uded
Jaar
likse
geb
ruik
Ann
ual
usag
e
Leef
tyd
Life
time
Waa
rde-
verm
ind
erin
gD
epre
ciat
ion
Vers
eker
ing
& li
sens
ieLi
cenc
e &
in
sura
nce
Ren
teIn
tere
st
Tota
leva
ste
kost
eTo
tal
fixed
cos
t
Her
stel
&on
der
houd
Rep
air
&m
aint
enan
ce
Tota
le k
oste
(bra
ndst
of u
itges
luit)
Tota
l cos
t(fu
el e
xclu
ded
)
R
kmkm
R/k
mR
/km
R/k
mR
/km
R/k
mR
/km
Maz
da
BT-
50 2
.2 S
LX 2
85 9
00
30
000
210
000
1
.23
0.3
1 0
.55
2.0
9 1
.16
3.2
5
BT-
50 2
.2 F
reeS
tyle
Cab
SLX
299
900
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.2
9 0
.33
0.5
8 2
.19
1.2
1 3
.41
BT-
50 3
.2 F
reeS
tyle
Cab
SLE
349
900
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.5
0 0
.38
0.6
7 2
.56
1.4
2 3
.97
Volk
swag
en
Am
arok
2.0
TDI
274
700
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.1
8 0
.30
0.5
3 2
.01
1.1
1 3
.12
Am
arok
2.0
TDI 4
-Mot
ion
328
700
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.4
1 0
.36
0.6
3 2
.40
1.3
3 3
.73
Am
arok
2.0
BiT
DI T
rend
line
424
400
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.8
2 0
.47
0.8
2 3
.10
1.7
2 4
.82
62 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 63
KELDERKOSTES
CELLAR COSTS
KELDERKOSTES / CELLAR COST
2015
GrootmaatBulk Wine
VerpakPackaged
R/Ton R/L % R/Ton R/L %
Arbeid permanenteLabour permanent R221.9 R0.29 18% R1 001.00 R1.30 7%
Arbeid tydelikeLabour temporary R32.0 R0.04 3% R30.80 R0.04 0%
VersekeringInsurance R20.6 R0.03 2% R38.50 R0.05 0%
Bemarking en verkope uitgawesMarketing and sales expenses R51.3 R0.07 4% R3 103.10 R4.03 22%
Bottelering en verpakkingBottling and packaging R0.6 R0.00 0% R6 991.60 R9.08 51%
Chemikalieë, skoonmaak en filter materiaalChemicals, cleaning and filtration materials R215.9 R0.28 17% R92.40 R0.12 1%
VerspreidingDistribution R72.1 R0.09 6% R924.00 R1.20 7%
Diverse administratiewe uitgawesSundry administrative expenses R96.2 R0.12 8% R639.10 R0.83 5%
Diverse kelder uitgawesSundry cellar expenses R56.9 R0.07 5% R415.80 R0.54 3%
Elektrisiteit en waterElectricity and water R96.0 R0.12 8% R69.30 R0.09 1%
FinansieringskosteFinance charges R116.7 R0.15 9% R238.70 R0.31 2%
Huur betaalRent paid R19.9 R0.03 2% R77.00 R0.10 1%
Herstelwerk,instandhouding en kelder verbruikartikelsRepairs, maintenance and cellar consumables R110.1 R0.14 9% R92.40 R0.12 1%
Telefoon en posgeldTelephone and postage R3.5 R0.00 0% R23.10 R0.03 0%
WaardeverminderingDepreciation R146.6 R0.19 12% R92.40 R0.12 1%
TotaalTotal R1 260.3 R1.64 100% R13 829.20 R17.96 100%
Verhaling per tonRecovery per ton 770 770
KELDERKOSTES / CELLAR COSTSPwC voer sedert 2003 jaarliks ’n opname in die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf uit. Hierdie hoofstuk sluit ’n uittreksel uit die ontleding van kostes verbonde aan grootmaat- en verpakte wyn in.
Die bevindinge is op die uitslae van ’n wesenlike aantal Suid-Afrikaanse produsentekelders geskoei, en word as ’n nasionale gemiddeld uitgedruk.
PwC has conducted an annual survey in the South African wine industry since 2003. This section includes an extract of the analysis of expenses attributable to bulk and packaged wine.
The findings are based on the results of a significant number of South African producer cellars and are presented on a national average basis.
64 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE
Met vergunning van PwC / Courtesy of PwC.
Tel : 021-873 2026 E-Pos : [email protected]
Web : www.hauptfleisch.co.za
Sedert 1933
Grondbewerking
Dambou
Presisie boerdery
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
R/T
on
811.83
970.69 958.16
1 058.2 1 075.85
1 224.31 260.25
Kelderkostes (Grootmaat) Cellar Cost (Bulk wine)
1 400
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
200
0
Grootste uitgawes per ton gepars / Major expenses per ton pressed
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
R/t
on
Arbeid/labour Chemikalieë/Chemicals Finansieringskoste/Finance Charges Elektrisiteit en water/Electricity and Water
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
178.21
221.86225.24
216.63230.98
244.18 253.91
154.35164.12
176.5
199.21 202.23
229.03
215.89
101.53 107.22 96.6288.58
76.42
95.06
116.69
36.48
54.2563.33
71.9 72.9982.68
96.02
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