Kingdoms of the Living Kingdoms of the Living World World
Classically 2 KingdomsClassically 2 Kingdoms They were :They were : PlantsPlants AnimalsAnimals
Kingdoms of the Living Kingdoms of the Living WorldWorld
Today 5 Kingdoms:Today 5 Kingdoms: Monera – Bacteria and Blue-green Monera – Bacteria and Blue-green
AlgaeAlgae Fungi – Fungi and Slime-moldsFungi – Fungi and Slime-molds Protista – ProtozoansProtista – Protozoans Plants Plants AnimalsAnimals
KINGDOM PROTISTAKINGDOM PROTISTA
What is a Protozoan ???What is a Protozoan ???
Single celled Single celled EukaryoticEukaryotic organismsorganisms
Eu – TrueEu – True Karyotic - NucleusKaryotic - Nucleus
Possess organelles to carry out Possess organelles to carry out complex functionscomplex functions
Respiration – Cell membraneRespiration – Cell membrane Water Balance – Contractile vacuolesWater Balance – Contractile vacuoles Digestion – Food VacuolesDigestion – Food Vacuoles Locomotion – Cilia, Flagella, Locomotion – Cilia, Flagella,
PseudopodiaPseudopodia
LocomotionLocomotion FlagellaFlagella Present in Flagellates Present in Flagellates
(Euglenozoa, (Euglenozoa, Dinoflagellata)Dinoflagellata)
Built like a cableBuilt like a cable Arise from Kinetosome – Arise from Kinetosome –
provides energyprovides energy Beats like an OarBeats like an Oar Jerky movementJerky movement
LocomotionLocomotion CiliaCilia Present in Ciliates Present in Ciliates
(Ciliophora)(Ciliophora) Identical to Flagella – Identical to Flagella –
Only shorterOnly shorter Kinetosomes connected Kinetosomes connected
by Kinetodermal fibersby Kinetodermal fibers Allows for coordination Allows for coordination
– smooth movement– smooth movement
LocomotionLocomotion PseudopodiaPseudopodia Present in AmoebaPresent in Amoeba Moves on substrate, rather than Moves on substrate, rather than
swimmingswimming
AutotrophsAutotrophs- self feeding- self feeding Heterotrophs – Heterotrophs – eat otherseat others HolozoicHolozoic- eat pieces of food- eat pieces of food SaprozoicSaprozoic- absorb nutrients - absorb nutrients
across cell membrane - molecular across cell membrane - molecular levellevel
NutritionNutrition
Nutrition in various groupsNutrition in various groups Chlorophyta - Autotrophs Chlorophyta - Autotrophs Ameoba-like animalsAmeoba-like animals
PhagocytosisPhagocytosis PinocytosisPinocytosis
Ciliophora – HeterotrophsCiliophora – Heterotrophs Apicomplexa - ParasitesApicomplexa - Parasites
OsmoregulationOsmoregulation Water balanceWater balance Contractile VacuoleContractile Vacuole Freshwater – Cells Hypertonic to Freshwater – Cells Hypertonic to
surroundings – Pick up watersurroundings – Pick up water Marine – Cells Hypotonic to Marine – Cells Hypotonic to
surroundings – loose watersurroundings – loose water Parasites - IsotonicParasites - Isotonic
ReproductionReproduction AsexualAsexual Binary fissionBinary fission BuddingBudding Multiple fissionMultiple fission
SchizogonySchizogony Sporogony – multiple fission preceded Sporogony – multiple fission preceded
by union of gametesby union of gametes
ReproductionReproduction Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction Union of gametesUnion of gametes IsogametesIsogametes AnisogametesAnisogametes
ReproductionReproduction Encystment vs. ExcystmentEncystment vs. Excystment During harsh environmental During harsh environmental
conditionsconditions Build a thick coat – EncystmentBuild a thick coat – Encystment Conditions favorable – break the coat Conditions favorable – break the coat
- Excystment- Excystment
Phylum: ChlorophytaPhylum: Chlorophyta Asexual – Binary fissionAsexual – Binary fission Colonial forms - VolvoxColonial forms - Volvox
CiliatesCiliates ParameciumParamecium Asexual – Binary fissionAsexual – Binary fission
CiliatesCiliates ParameciumParamecium Sexual Reproduction – ConjugationSexual Reproduction – Conjugation 2 types of Nuclei2 types of Nuclei
MacronucleusMacronucleus MicronucleusMicronucleus
ApicomplexaApicomplexa Most are parasiticMost are parasitic Usually 2 types of hostsUsually 2 types of hosts
Definitive host – Final hostDefinitive host – Final host Intermediate host – mode of transportIntermediate host – mode of transport
Plasmodium causes MalariaPlasmodium causes Malaria
Sensory / Defense Sensory / Defense StructuresStructures
Ciliates – TrichocystsCiliates – Trichocysts Euglenozoa – Stigma / EyespotEuglenozoa – Stigma / Eyespot Apicomplexa – Parasitic (so no Apicomplexa – Parasitic (so no
structures)structures)
Higher Classification of Higher Classification of ProtozoansProtozoans
Phylum SarcomastigophoraPhylum Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum SarcodinaSubphylum Sarcodina (e.g., (e.g., AmoebaAmoeba))
Subphylum MastigophoraSubphylum Mastigophora
Class Phytomastigophora (e.g., Class Phytomastigophora (e.g., EuglenaEuglena and and VolvoxVolvox))
Class Zoomastigophora (e.g., Class Zoomastigophora (e.g., TrypanosomaTrypanosoma))
Higher Classification of Higher Classification of ProtozoansProtozoans
Phylum ApicomplexaPhylum Apicomplexa
Class Coccidea (parasites of Class Coccidea (parasites of invertebrates)invertebrates)
Class SporozoaClass Sporozoa (e.g., (e.g., Plasmodium- Plasmodium- malaria)malaria)
Mosquito is the vector; human is the hostMosquito is the vector; human is the host
Higher Classification of Higher Classification of ProtozoansProtozoans
Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates)Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates) All have ciliaAll have cilia All have macronucleus (i.e., All have macronucleus (i.e.,
vegetative)vegetative) All have micronucleus (i.e., All have micronucleus (i.e.,
reproductive)reproductive) All have cytostomeAll have cytostome
Top Related