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FYH - ERDS 1
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FYH - ERDS 2
Includes : - the lung
- a system of tube
Divided into 2 principal regions :
- conducting portion :
nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles & terminal bronchioles
- rerspiratory portion :
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli(alveoli : the greater part of the lung)
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FYH - ERDS 3
The main divisions of therespiratory tract. The natural
proportions of these structureshave been altered for clarity; therespiratory bronchiole, forexample, is in reality a shorttransitional structure.
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FYH - ERDS 4
RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM
CiliatedPseudostratifiedColumnar Epithelium
5 types of cell :
1. ciliated columnarepithelium
2. mucous goblet cells
3. brush cells4. basal cells
5. small granule cells
Photomicrograph illustrating the main components of therespiratory epithelium. Pararosanilinetoluidine blue (PT)stain. High magnification.
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FYH - ERDS 5
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FYH - ERDS 6
NASAL CAVITY
Consists of : - vestibule (external)- nasal fossae (internal)
VESTIBULE Is the most anterior and dilated portion of nasal
cavity
Numerous sebaceous & sweat glands, vibrisae
Within the vestibule keratinized (-)respiratory epithelium before entering the nasalfossae
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FYH - ERDS 7
NASAL FOSSAE
Conchae :
- superior : specialized
olfactory epithelium- middle respiratory
- inferior epithelium
The olfactory epitheliumolfactory chemoreceptorlocated
Ciliated PseudostratifiedColumnar Epithelium
3 types of cells :
1. supporting cells2. basal cells
3. olfactory cellsOlfactory mucosa showing the 3 cell types (supporting,olfactory, and basal) and a Bowmans gland.
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FYH - ERDS 8
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FYH - ERDS 9
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FYH - ERDS 10
PARANASAL SINUSES
Closed cavities in the : frontal, maxillary,ethmoid, sphenoid bones
Lined with a thinner respiratory epithelium, fewgoblet cells
Communicate with nasal cavity through smallopenings
Mucous product drain in to the nasal
passages by ciliated epithelial cells
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FYH - ERDS 11
NASOPHARYNX
First part of the pharynx
Lined with respiratory epithelium
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FYH - ERDS 12
LARYNX
Connects the pharynx to the trachea
The larger cartilge : hyaline cartilage
The smaller cartilage : elastic cartilage
Cartilage participate in producing sounds forphonation
Below the epiglottis : - false vocal sound
- true vocal sound
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FYH - ERDS 13
TRACHEA
Mucosa :- Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
with goblet cells
- Lamina propria Sub mucosa : loose connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage : 16-20 C-shaped rings
Smooth muscle fibers
Adventisia (fibrosa)
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FYH - ERDS 14
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FYH - ERDS 15
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FYH - ERDS 16
Section of trachea showing therespiratory epithelium with gobletcells and columnar ciliated cells. Alsoshown are serous glands in thelamina propria and hyaline cartilage.The mucous fluid produced by thegoblet cells and by the glands formsa layer that permits the ciliarymovement to propel foreign particles
out of the respiratory system. PTstain. Medium magnification.
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FYH - ERDS 17
Light photomicrograph of the trachea in a monkey (270).
There are numerous cilia (Ci) as well as goblet cells (GC) inthe epithelium. Also observe the mucous glands (MG) in thesubepithelial connective tissue and the hyaline C-ring (HC)in the adventitia. L, lumen; PC, perichondrium.
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FYH - ERDS 18
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FYH - ERDS 19
BRONCHIAL TREE
TRACHEA
BRONKUS PRIMER BRONKUS PRIMER
ka : 3 CAB. BRONKUS ki : 2 CAB.BRONKUS
BRONKIOLUS
BRONCHIOLUS TERMINALIS
BRONCHIOLUS RESPIRATORIUS
DUCTUS ALVEOLARIS
ALVEOLUS ALVEOLUS
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FYH - ERDS 20
BRONCHUS 5 mm
Mucosa : similar to the mucosa of the trachea(Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium)
The bronchial cartilage are more irregular shape
Larger bronchi : cartilage rings completely encirclethe lumen
Smaller bronchi : cartilage rings are replaced with
isolated plates or islands of hyaline cartilage
Lamina propria : smooth muscle layer, rich inelastic fiber, abundance of mucous & serous gland
ducts bronchial lumen
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FYH - ERDS 21
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FYH - ERDS 22
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
CARTILAGE
MUSCULARIS
ADIPOSE TISSUE
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FYH - ERDS 23
Hyaline cartilage
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FYH - ERDS 24
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FYH - ERDS 25
BRONCHIOLES
5 mm Mucosa : - cartilage & glands (-)
- scattered goblet cells
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
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FYH - ERDS 26
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FYH - ERDS 27
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FYH - ERDS 28
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium CiliatedSimple Cuboidal Epithelium
Clara cells :
- (-) cilia
- (+) secretory granules in their apex
- secrete proteinprotect the bronchiolar lining
against oxidative pollutants and inflamation
- lamina propria : smooth muscle, elastic fiber
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FYH - ERDS 29
Clara cells in the epithelium of a terminalbronchiole. These cells show secretorygranules and a bulging apical cytoplasm. PTstain. High magnification.
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FYH - ERDS 30
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FYH - ERDS 31
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
Transition between conducting and respiratory
Mucosa : identical to the terminal bronchioles,except their walls are interrupted by numeroussacklike alveoli proceeding distally alveoli
Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium & Clara cells
Smooth muscle and elastic fiber
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FYH - ERDS 32
Section of a terminal bronchiole with a small portion of a respiratory bronchiole continuous with an alveolarduct and many alveoli. PT stain. Low magnification.
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FYH - ERDS 33
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FYH - ERDS 34
ALVEOLAR DUCTS
Proceeding distally the number of alveolar
openings
alveolar ducts Alveolar duct & alveoli lined with squamous cells
Lamina propria : smooth muscle disappears at thedistal ends of alveolar ducts
Alveolar ducts
atria that communicate with alveolarsacs
Elastic fiber : - enable the alveoli to expand
- contract passively with expiration
Reticular fibers :- prevent overdistention
- prevent damage to the delicate capillaries andthin alveolar septa
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FYH - ERDS 35
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FYH - ERDS 36
Transition of a terminal bronchiole into an alveolar duct (arrow). Note theClara cells (arrowheads). PT stain. Medium magnification.
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FYH - ERDS 37
ALVEOLUS
Sacklike evaginations of the respiratory bronchioles,alveolar ducts, alveolar sacks
Resemble small pockets that are open on one sidesimilar to the honeycombs of a beehive
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air & blood
Each wall lies between 2 alveoli interalveolarseptum
An interalveolar septum consists of 2 thin squamousepithelial layers :
- type I cells = squamous alveolar cells
- type II cells = surfactant cells
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FYH - ERDS 38
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FYH - ERDS 39
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FYH - ERDS 40
TYPE I CELLS
Line the alveolar surface Cells are so thin (25nm)
Desmosomal & occluding junctions preventleackage of tissue fluid into alveolar air space
To provide a barrier minimal thickness that isreadily permeable to gases
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FYH - ERDS 41
TYPE II CELLS
Interspersed among the type I cells Desmosomal and occluding junctions
Divided by mitosisreplace type I & II pupolation
Exhibit a characteristic vesicular or foamycytoplasm, by presence of lamellar bodies
Lamellar bodies pulmomary surfactant alveolarsurface tension
Without surfactant alveoli collaps (expiration)
Surfactant appears in the last week of gestation
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FYH - ERDS 42
Secretion of surfactant by a type II cell. Surfactant is a protein-lipid complex synthesized in the roughendoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex and stored in the lamellar bodies. It is continuously secreted bymeans of exocytosis (arrows) and forms an overlying monomolecular film of lipid covering an underlyingaqueous hypophase. Occluding junctions around the margins of the epithelial cells prevent leakage of tissuefluid into the alveolar lumen.
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FYH - ERDS 43
LUNG MACROPHAGE
= alveolar macrophage = dust cells Found in the anterior of the interalveolar septum,
often seen on the surface of the alveolus
The alveolar macrophage never passed through
the epithelial liningthat scavenge the outersurface of the epithelium carried to the pharynx swallowed
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FYH - ERDS 44
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FYH - ERDS 45
ALVEOLAR PORES
To connect neighboring alveoli
Equalize air pressure in the alveoli
Promote the collateral circulation of air when abronchiole is obstructed
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FYH - ERDS 46
BLOOD AND LYMPH CIRCULATIONBlood and lymphcirculation in a pulmonary
lobule. Both vessels and
bronchi are enlarged out
of proportion in this
drawing. In the
interlobular septum, only
one vein (on the left) andone lymphatic vessel (on
the right) are shown,
although both actually
coexist in both regions. At
the lower left, an
enlargement of the pleurashows its mesothelial
lining. (Modified and
reproduced, with
permission, from Ham AW:
Histology, 6th ed.
Lippincott, 1969.)
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