JUTE
BY SUNIL TALEKAR-M. SC.
HISTORY OF JUTE
Jute has been used since ancient
times in Africa and Asia to
provide a cordage and
weaving fiber from the stem
and food from the leaves. In
several historical documents (
Ain-e-Akbari by Abul Fazal in
1590) during the era of the
great Mughal Emperor
Akbar (1542 –1605) states
that the poor villagers of India
used to wear clothes made of
jute.
JUTE A NATURAL FIBER
JUTE A NATURAL FIBER
• Jute is a natural fibre with golden and silky shine and hence called The
Golden Fibre.
• It is the cheapest vegetable fibre procured from the bast or skin of the
plant's stem and the second most important vegetable fibre after
cotton, in terms of usage, global consumption, production, and
availability.
• It has high tensile strength,
low extensibility, and ensures
better breath ability of
fabrics.
• Jute fibre is 100% bio-
degradable and recyclable
and thus environmentally
friendly.
JUTE TRADE
• Jute trade is currently centered around the Indian subcontinent.
• Bangladesh is the largest exporter of raw jute, and India is the largest producer as well as largest consumer of jute products in the world.
• Nearly 75% of Jute goods are used as packaging materials, burlap (Hessian), and sacks. Carpet Backing Cloth, the third major Jute outlet, is fast growing in importance.
JUTE TRADE
• Currently, it consists of roughly
15% of the world’s Jute goods
consumption.
• The remaining products are
carpet yarn, cordage, felts,
padding, twine, ropes,
decorative fabrics, and
miscellaneous items for industrial
use.
JUTE TRADE
• Jute has entered the non-woven
industry as it is one of the most cost
effective high tensile vegetable
fibre.
• Therefore, the demand for Jute has
made its way into the automotive
industry. Jute is now being used to
manufacture more eco-friendly
interiors for cars and automobiles.
TYPES
OF
JUTE
•
TYPES OF JUTE
jute products fall into four classes of
manufacture:
1. HESSIAN or BURLAP: A plain
woven fabric of 5 to 12 ozs. a yard,
made of good quality jute yarn. It is
used for a wide range of applications
as in cloth form and in the form of
bags.
•
TYPES OF JUTE
2. SACKING: It is also
known as "heavy
goods," made from
lower grades of
fiber, loosely woven
cloth, in plain or twill
weave, weighing
from 12-20 ozs. per
yard of different
widths. It is used for
bags of all types.
•
3. CANVAS - The finest jute
product, closely woven of the
best grades of fiber widely
used in India for protection from
the weather.
TYPES OF JUTE
•
4. JUTE YARN and TWINE - Most
of the single strand jute yarn
produced is consumed by the
mills themselves in fabric and
twine manufacture. Jute twine in
varying weights and thickness is,
used extensively both in India
and abroad for sewing, tying,
and for a variety of industrial
applications such as packing
pipe joints, cable binding, etc.
TYPES OF JUTE
JUTE
CULTIVATION
JUTE CULITVATION
Jute is a rainy season
crop, sown from March
to May according to
rainfall and type of
land. It is harvested
from June to September
depending upon
whether the sowings are
early or late.
JUTE CULITVATION
Climate and Soils
Jute requires a warm
and humid climate with
temperature between
24° C to 37°
C. Constant rain or
water-logging is
harmful. The new
gray alluvial soil of
good depth, receiving
salt from annual
floods, is best for
jute. Flow ever jute is
grown widely in sandy
loams and clay loams.
JUTE CULITVATION
Sowing of jute
Sowing of jute in midlands and high
lands starts with showers in March or
April and continues till early June in
the western part of the jute
belt. Compost or firm yard manure,
Phosphorus and Potash, Nitrogen
fertilizers are used as a
fertilizer. Interculturing is essential in
the early stage. Pasts are also
require for plant protection.
JUTE CULITVATION
Harvesting
Jute is harvested any time
between 120 days to 150 days
when the flowers have been shed,
early harvesting gives good
healthy fibers. The plant from 8
to 12 feet high are cut with stickles
at or close the ground level. In
flooded land, plants are up
rooted. The harvested plants are
left in field for 3 days for the
leaves to shed.
The stems are then made up into
bundles for steeping in
water. Steeping is carried out
immediately after harvest.
THE
FIBRE
EXTRACTION
:
THE FIBRE EXTRACTION
The Fibre Extraction
The jute plant's fibres lie beneath the bark and surrounded the woody
central part of the stem. To extract the fibres from the stem, the process
is carried out in the following stages
THE FIBRE EXTRACTION
Retting
Retting is a process in which the tied bundles of jute stalks are taken to
the tank by which fibres get loosened and separated from the woody
stalk. The bundles are steeped in water at least 60 cm to 100 cm
depth. The retting process is completed in 8 to 30 days, when the barks
separate out easily from the stick or wood and the fibres are ready for
extraction.
A development in recent years is
adoption of ribbon retting
technology in jute growing trade
of the country.
RETTING
STRIPPING 1
Stripping(Fibre Extraction) Stripping is the process of removing the fibres from the stalk after the completion of retting. Fibres are removed from the stalk by any one of the following methods : (i) Single plants are taken and their fibers are taken off. (ii) Taken off a handful of stalks, breaking it in a to and fro motion in water. (iii) Washing the stalks first by standing in waist deep water and then stripping afterwards.
STRIPPING 2
STRIPPING 2
STRIPPING 3
WASHING AND DRYING
After squeezing excess water the fibres are hang on bamboo railing for sun drying for 2-3 days.
Extracted fibres are washed in clean water. The dark colour of fibres can
be removed by dipping them in tamarind water for 15 to 20 minutes and
again washed in clean water.
THE FIBRE EXTRACTION
When there is a plenty of water, bundles
of stalks are laid in the pond ditches or
slow moving streams and left for 5-15
days under water. The bunch of stem is
held in one hand and the root end
tapped lightly with a mallet. After
loosens the rest of fibres, fibres are
extracted and washed.
WASHING AND DRYING
BAILING AND PACKING
Bailing and Packing The jute fibre is graded into tops, middles, B, C and X-bottoms. Packing into Kutcha bales about 250 pounds for use in the home trade. they are transported to jute market or direct to jute mills.
STANDARD
CONSTRUCTIONS
CLASSIFIED
STANDARD CONSTRUCTIONS CLASSIFIED
Basic Jute products fabrics produced in jute mills in India are of standard constructions classified as the following : 1) Hessian Cloth 2) Sacking Cloth 3) Jute Yarn and Twines 4) D. W. Tarpaulin 5) Canvas 6) Bags 7) Hydrocarbon Free Jute Cloth 8) Geotextiles
HESSIAN CLOTH
• Hessian cloth is a finer quality jute fabric, a plain woven fabric of 5 to 12 ozs, a yard. Hessian is also called Burlap. • Hessian cloth is used for a wide range of applications and is exported all over the world both in cloth form and in the form of bags. • Bags are used to store and pack varieties of goods and commodities such as pulses grain, potato, onion, sugar and tobacco. •The bags are available for packing goods up to 60 kg. of weight.
HESSIAN CLOTH
SACKING CLOTH
* Sacking cloth also known as heavy goods, made from
lower grades of jute fibres.
* Sacking is heavy, loosely woven cloth in plain or twrill
weave, weighting from 15-20 ozs per yard of different
widths.
•Sacking cloth is used for jute bags to pack food grains,
sugar and Cement etc. in a weight range from 50 to 100
kg.
•The different qualities of this category are A. Twill, B.
Twill, hy Cees, D.W Flocer, Cement Bags etc.
SACKING CLOTH
JUTE YARN AND TWINES JUTE YARN
Jute Yarn and Twines Jute Yarn
manufactured is consumed by
jute mills in fabric and twine
manufacture. Fine Yarn is
manufactured exclusively for
export purpose and utilised for
making jute blended fabrics,
diversified jute goods ropes and
decorate wall covering.
Jute Twine is varying weights and
thickness is extensively used in
India and abroad for sewing,
tying and other industrial
applications.
JUTE YARN AND TWINES JUTE YARN
Jute Yarn and Twines Jute Yarn
Tarpaulin are used mainly for coverings on a multidimensional scale.
D.W. TARPAULIN
CANVAS
Canvas is the finest jute product, closely woven with best grades of fibre. Jute canvas is widely used in India for protection from weather. Canvas and Screin lamination with paper polythene is used in mines.
JUTE USE
USE OF
JUTE
•hopping Bags are made from hessian or sacking cloths
with handles, straps, chains in different shapes and
dimensions.
• They are used specially for marketing.
• They are bleached and decorated with different artistic
designs.
• Promotional bags are generally sample bags to promote
items for sale.
• Polylined / Polylamined bags are hessian or sacking
bags with a coated polythene film.
BAGS
BAGS
HYDROCARBON FREE JUTE CLOTH
Hydrocarbon free jute cloth is a hessian fabric free from the presence of
hydrocarbon. it is made by treating jute with vegetable oil. These type of bags
are extensively used for packing of coffee, cocoa, peanut beans or other food
material. The bags are free from any kerosene smell.
GEOTEXTILE
Geotextiles are jute cloths helps to prevent soil erosion and
landslides. The Geotextiles are laid along the river embankments, sides,
hill slopes etc. to prevent soil erosion Sacking cloth also known as heavy
goods, made from lower grades of jute fibres. Sacking is heavy, loosely
woven cloth in plain or twill weave, weighting from 15-20 ozs per yard of
different widths. Sacking cloth is used for jute bags to pack food grains,
sugar and Cement etc. in a weight range from 50 to 100 kg. The
different qualities of this category are A. Twill, B. Twill, hy Cees, D.W
Flocer, Cement Bags etc.
JUTE USE
Serim cloth is an extremely light weight Hessian cloth. It is used
in the felt industry to reinforce the non-woven fabric. It is also
used for strengthening paper with lamination.
Tobacco Sheets
Tobacco sheets are made with Hessian cloths used for
wrapping tobacco leaves for safe transit.
Hessian tapes and Gaps
Hessian tapes and Gaps are made with Hessian cloth. Hessian
cloth is woven with gaps at regular intervals and the cloths cut
between the gaps to make small width taps.
JUTE USE
Serim cloth is an extremely light weight Hessian cloth. It is used
in the felt industry to reinforce the non-woven fabric. It is also
used for strengthening paper with lamination.
Tobacco Sheets
Tobacco sheets are made with Hessian cloths used for
wrapping tobacco leaves for safe transit.
Hessian tapes and Gaps
Hessian tapes and Gaps are made with Hessian cloth. Hessian
cloth is woven with gaps at regular intervals and the cloths cut
between the gaps to make small width taps.
JUTE USE
Decorative Items
Several decorative items, toys, wall hanging, paper, decorative
bags, table lamps, furniture, and many more is made from jute
fabrics.
Hessian tapes and Gaps
Hessian tapes and Gaps are made with Hessian cloth. Hessian
cloth is woven with gaps at regular intervals and the cloths cut
between the gaps to make small width taps.
FLOORING
RUGS
TABLE MATS
TABLE RUNNER
FOR FURNITURE
Thanks
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