CMP-001 1 2nd
Semester - 2011-2012
Information
Technology
PRINCESS NOURA BINT ABDUL RAHMAN UNIVERSITY
PREPARATORY YEAR
SECOND SEMESTER (2011 – 2012 / 1432 – 1433)
Computer skills (CMP-001)
MODULE : 1
Prepared by:
Ms. Saleha Ziauddin
Ms. Humaira Siddiqui
Terminology translation by:
Reviewed and Approved by:
Ms. Azra Jabeen
(Director of IT Department)
CMP-001 2 2nd
Semester - 2011-2012
Ms. Abeer Helwa
Table of Contents
COMPUTER GENERATIONS: ................................................................................................ 9
First generation computers (Vacuum tubes): ................................................................ 9
Second generation computers (Transistors): ................................................................ 9
Third Generation (Integrated Circuits): ...................................................................... 10
Fourth Generation computers (Present Microprocessor): ....................................... 10
BASIC CONCEPTS ................................................................................................................. 12
Computer: ............................................................................................................................. 12
Data: ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Information:......................................................................................................................... 12
Information Technology .................................................................................................... 12
Advantages of computers: ................................................................................................ 12
TYPES OF COMPUTERS ....................................................................................................... 12
Super computer: ................................................................................................................. 12
Mainframe computers: ...................................................................................................... 12
Minicomputers: .................................................................................................................... 13
Microcomputer: ................................................................................................................... 13
PARTS OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER ............................................................................... 13
HARDWARE ............................................................................................................................. 13
1. Input devices .............................................................................................................. 14
Keyboard ............................................................................................................................... 14
Mouse ..................................................................................................................................... 14
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Scanner: It allows you to scan pictures, text and images and save it to your
computer in a digital form. ............................................................................................... 14
2. Output devices: .......................................................................................................... 14
Printer: .................................................................................................................................. 14
Plotters: ................................................................................................................................ 14
Speaker/Headphones: ....................................................................................................... 14
-Note- .................................................................................................................................... 14
Touch Screen:...................................................................................................................... 15
Storage Devices: Hardware devices which are used to record and store data
are called storage devices. They are of two types – Internal storage and
External storage. Some examples of storage devices are as follows: .................. 16
Internal storage: ................................................................................................................ 16
Hard Disk: ....................................................................................................................... 16
External storage: ................................................................................................................ 16
Flash Memory (USB): ................................................................................................... 16
CD (Compact Disk): ....................................................................................................... 16
DVD (Digital Versatile Disk): ..................................................................................... 17
Disk and memory capacity: ............................................................................................... 18
Computer Performance: .................................................................................................... 18
SOFTWARE ............................................................................................................................. 18
Operating System .............................................................................................................. 18
Application Software: ...................................................................................................... 22
NETWORKS ............................................................................................................................ 22
Network: .............................................................................................................................. 23
Types of Networks: ......................................................................................................... 24
LAN: ...................................................................................................................................... 24
WAN: .................................................................................................................................... 24
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Main Parts of Network architecture:........................................................................... 26
- Client: .............................................................................................................................. 26
- Server: ............................................................................................................................ 26
- Resources ....................................................................................................................... 26
INTERNET, INTRANET AND EXTRANET: ............................................................... 26
Internet (Interconnected Network): ........................................................................... 26
INTERNET .............................................................................................................................. 26
World Wide Web (WWW) .............................................................................................. 26
ISP ........................................................................................................................................ 27
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) .................................................................................. 28
Web Browsers .................................................................................................................... 28
Home Page ........................................................................................................................... 28
Search Engines ................................................................................................................... 28
Downloading ......................................................................................................................... 30
Uploading ............................................................................................................................. 30
Cookie ................................................................................................................................... 30
Computers in Education: .................................................................................................. 30
Computers in Management: ............................................................................................. 30
Computers in Banks: ........................................................................................................... 31
Computers in Medical Fields: ........................................................................................... 31
Computers in Pharmacy: .................................................................................................... 31
Computers in Industry Field: ........................................................................................... 31
Tele-working: ....................................................................................................................... 31
E-Documents: ...................................................................................................................... 32
E-Commerce: ....................................................................................................................... 33
SAFETY AND HEALTH ........................................................................................................ 33
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Right methods to deal with the computer: ................................................................. 33
Health Problems which are caused by the wrong use of computers: ................... 34
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROTECTION: .......................................................... 35
Information Security: ...................................................................................................... 35
VIRUSES ................................................................................................................................. 35
Virus spreading ways: ....................................................................................................... 35
Virus protection ways: ...................................................................................................... 35
Fill in the blanks: .................................................................................................................... 36
Write True or False (T / F) ................................................................................................ 36
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................................................... 38
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Vocabulary
Computer Generations أجيال الحاسب
Vacuum Tubes األنابيب المفرغة
Integrated Circuits الدوائر المتكاملة
Silicon chips رقائق السليكون
Process معالجة
logical operations العمليات المنطقية
Information معلومات
Data بيانات
Speed and accurate السرعة والدقة
Hardware الوحدات المادية
Input devices أجهزة االدخال
Keyboard لوحة المفاتيح
The Mouse الفأرة
Scanner الماسح الضــوئي
Barcode Reader الشيفرات شريط قارئ
Joystick عصا التحكم
Output devices أجهزة االخراج
Monitor (Computer Screen ) الشــاشة
Laser Printer الطابعة الليزرية
Ink-jet Printer الطابعة الحبرية
Speaker/Head phones السماعات
Text نص
pictures الصور
Voice الصوت
Resolution دقة الشاشة
Touch Screen لوحة اللمس
Central Processing Unit وحدة المعالجة المركزية
Memory unit وحدة الذاكرة
Random Access Memory الوصول العشوائيذاكــرة
Read Only Memory ذاكــرة القراءة فقط
Temporary memory الذاكرة المؤقتة
Permanent memory الذاكرة الدائمة
Volatile – non Volatile غير متطايرة –متطايرة
Storage Device أجهزة التخزين
Internal Unit وحدات التخزين الداخلية
External Unit وحدات التخزين الخارجية
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Hard Disk القرص الصلب
Floppy Disk األقراص المرنة
CD –Compact Disk القرص المضغوط
Software البرمجيات
Operating System نظام التشغيل
Application Software البرمجيات التطبيقية
Graphical User Interface واجهة المستخدم الرسومية
Command Line Interface واجهة األوامر المكتوبة
Verify التحقق
charts الرسوم البيانية
Database قواعد البيانات
Design تصميم
animated pictures الصور المتحركة
Network الشبكات
share resources مشاركة المصادر
Local Area Network الشبكات المحلية
Wide Area Network الشبكات الموسعة
Client العميل
Server الخـــادم
Resources المصادر
Cables األســالك
Network Cards كرت الشبكــة
MIS (Management Information
System)
نظم إدارة المعلومات
CML (Computer Managed Learning) ادراة التعليم بواسطة الكومبيوتر
CAL (Computer Aided Learning) التعلم بمساعدة الكمبيوتر
Reducing التقليل
Financial transactions المعامــالت المالية
Industry Field الحقل الصناعي
Medical Fields الحقل الطبي
Artificial Intelligence الذكــــــــاء االصطناعي
Packing التعليب
Welding and plumbing السباكة والتلحيم
Fire fighting اطفاء الحرائق
Defusing bombs نزع فتيل القنابل
E-Commerce التجارة االلكترونية
Risks المخــاطر
Tele working العمل عــن بعد
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Adjust ضبط
screen lights brightness اضاءة الشاشة
radiation اشعاعات
Download تنزيل –تحمــيل
Adopt اعتماد -اتخاذ
fingerprint بصمة اليد
eye print بصمة العين
voice print بصمة الصوت
Fraud االحتيال
Individuals rights حقوق األفراد
Privacy الخصوصية
civil cases القضايا المدنية
threaten تهدد
Data Encryption تشفير البيانات
unreliable source مصدر غير موثوق
World Wide Web الشبكة العنكوبتية العالمية
ISP (Internet Service Provider) مزود خدمة االنترنت
Web Browser مستعرض االنترنت
Website موقع انترنت
Web Page صفحة انترنت
Home Page الصفحة الرئيسية
Search Engine محرك بحث
Downloading تنزيل
Uploading رفع
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COMPUTER GENERATIONS:
The present computer system that we see today has evolved through various
development stages. These stages are illustrated
below:
First generation computers (Vacuum tubes):
o They relied on the machine language to perform operations.
o They were huge in size.
o They had very low processing speed.
o They were very expensive.
Second generation computers (Transistors):
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o The transistors replaced vacuum tubes.
o They were smaller, faster, and cheaper than the first generation
computers.
Third Generation (Integrated Circuits):
o The Integrated Circuits replaced the transistors in the third generation.
o The Integrated circuits increased the speed and efficiency of the
computer.
Fourth Generation computers (Present Microprocessor):
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o The present microprocessor chip is the most powerful till date.
o These computers can be linked together to form networks.
o These computers are the fastest and the most efficient.
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BASIC CONCEPTS
Computer:
A computer is an electronic machine that receives input, stores and automatically
processes data, and provides output in a useful format.
Data:
Data is raw & unorganized facts and figures that need to be processed.
Information:
When data is processed and organized so as to make it useful and meaningful, it
is called Information.
Information Technology
A term that refers to both the hardware and software that is used to store,
retrieve and manipulate information.
Advantages of computers:
o Speed and accuracy of calculations and processing.
o Saves huge amounts of data.
o Economic in cost and time.
o Network communications.
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Super computer:
o They are the biggest and the most powerful computers.
o They are rare because of their cost and size.
o Used by companies like NASA.
Mainframe computers:
o Great processing speed and data storage.
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o Often connected to many individual PCs with limited processing capabilities
called dumb terminals.
o Used in Banks, Airlines etc.
Minicomputers:
o These computers minimized in size and power.
o They are not used very commonly these days.
Microcomputer:
o It is called the personal computer (PC) which is popular everywhere.
o It is small enough to fit on top of a desk, which can be used by one user at a
time.
o Used in homes, schools etc.
Workstation Computer :
o A workstation is a high-end microcomputer .
o Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly
connected to a local area network.
o The term workstation has also been used to refer to a PC connected to
a network.
Control Computer:
These computers are used for controlling operations in industrial, medical devices
and travel media like planes and cars, to alert in any dangerous case.
PARTS OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER
A Personal Computer is broadly categorized into two parts – Hardware and
Software. These will be illustrated in detail as follows:
HARDWARE
The physical parts of a computer which you can see and touch are called
Hardware. Hardware is classified further into the following:
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1. Input devices
Devices used to translate data into a form that the computer can process are
called Input devices. Some examples of input devices are as follows:
Keyboard: It is a board containing the keys of letters, numbers and some
functions which allows you to type information into the computer.
Mouse: A small hand-held device used to point, select, click on items and to drag
and drop items from one place to another.
Scanner: It allows you to scan pictures, text and images and save it to your
computer in a digital form.
Bar Code Reader: It is a photoelectric scanner that translates the bar code
symbols into digital form.
Joystick: Small hand lever that can be moved in any directions to control
movement on the screen. It can be used for playing games.
2. Output devices:
Devices used to translate the processed information into a form that humans can
understand. Some examples of input devices are as follows:
Monitor (Computer Screen): Monitor displays the output in terms of text,
information or pictures. They come in different sizes and resolution.
Printer: A printer produces a hard copy of the material you are working on. For
example, Laser Printer and Ink-jet Printer.
Plotters: They are similar to printers but allow you to print larger images.
Speaker/Headphones: They are used to output voice from a computer.
-Note-
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Touch Screen: It can be used as both Input and output device at the same time.
It receives input from the touch of a finger. For example - smart phones, ATM
machines etc.
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU):
It is the most important part of a computer system. It is usually referred to
as the brain of a computer. It determines the speed of your computer, which
is measured in GHz (Giga Hertz).
The two main components of CPU are:
a) CU -Control Unit: It tells the computer system how to carry out program
instructions from the memory. It controls and coordinates all activities of
the computer.
b) ALU-Arithmetic and Logic Unit: It performs mathematical and logical
operations.
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4. Memory Unit:
Memory Types
RAM
(Random Access Memory)
ROM
(Read Only Memory)
Data and programs stored in
RAM are volatile (the
information is lost when you
switch off the computer).
This chip is where the operating
system is loaded to when you
switch on your computer.
Used to store applications that
you are currently working with.
It is a temporary memory
Data and programs stored in
ROM are non-volatile (the
information is not lost when
you switch off the computer).
This chip has special
programs which are built-in
when you buy the computer.
Used to store control
programs.
It is a permanent memory.
Storage Devices: Hardware devices which are used to record and store data are
called storage devices. They are of two types – Internal storage and External
storage. Some examples of storage devices are as follows:
Internal storage:
Hard Disk: It is the most important storage media located inside the
computer, which stores operating system and programs.
External storage:
Flash Memory (USB): A compact and easy-to-use device for transferring
data between computers.
CD (Compact Disk): An optical disk which uses laser technology to read
information. It can store data up to 750 MB.
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DVD (Digital Versatile Disk): A high-density video disc that stores large
amounts of data, especially high-resolution audio-visual material like movies,
encyclopaedia etc. In DVD, the capacity is upto 17 GB.
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Disk and memory capacity:
The smallest unit of storage is called bit. The bit is a binary numbering system
which consists of 0 or 1.
8 bits = 1 Byte
1024 bytes = 1 Kilo Byte (KB)
1024 KB = 1 Mega Byte (MB)
1024 MB = 1 Giga Byte (GB)
1024 GB = 1 Tera Byte (TB)
Computer Performance: The computer performance depends on the following:
- The speed of the processor, which is measured in Giga Hertz.
- The capacity of RAM, which is measured in Giga Bytes.
- The speed and capacity of the Hard Disk.
SOFTWARE
Software, or programs, are instructions that tell the computer what to do and
how to do it. It is divided into two types – Operating system and Application
Software.
Operating System
An interface between hardware and user, which is responsible for the
management of activities and the sharing of the resources of a computer .
It is the main software in any computer. Some examples are:
- DOS (Disk Operating system)
- Windows (98 – Me – 2000 – XP – Vista – 7)
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- MAC OS
- UNIX
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Two main types of Operating Systems:
a. CLI (Command Line Interface): A user interface in which you type commands
instead of choosing them from a menu or selecting an icon.
b. GUI (Graphical User Interface): A visual way of interacting with a computer
using items such as windows, icons, and menus. It is user-friendly.
Functions of Operating System:
- Interface: It provides an interface between the user and the machine.
- Resource management: The resource management function of an OS
allocates computer resources such as CPU time, main memory, secondary
storage, and input and output devices for use.
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- Input/Output management: This checks the input and output of the data,
their location, storage, and retrieval.
- File management: Setting up directories to organize your files according to
their type and displaying a list of files stored on a particular disk.
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Application Software:
They are programs used to perform some specific tasks. Some examples are as
follows:
1. Word Processor: It is used to write and format texts, insert
tables and pictures.
Eg: Microsoft Word
2. Spreadsheet: It is used for automatic calculations and creating charts.
Eg: Microsoft Excel
3. Database: A structured set of data held in a computer.
Eg: Microsoft Access
4. Presentation: It is used to design slides for business and education.
Eg: Microsoft PowerPoint
5. Web Browser: It is defined as a program designed to enable users to
access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on
the Internet. Eg: Internet explorer
NETWORKS
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Network: It is a set of two or more computers connected to share information
and resources.
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Advantages of using networks:
- Information sharing.
- Resources sharing (printers).
- Software sharing
- Information protection (user names and passwords)
- Emails
Types of Networks: There are mainly two types of networks – LAN and WAN.
LAN: It means Local Area Network; they are group of computers connected
together in the same region or a limited area.
WAN: It means Wide Area Network; which is a network that connects
computers over wide geographical area or may be other countries using telephone
lines or satellite.
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Main Parts of Network architecture:
- Client: It is a computer connected to the network and doesn’t have any control
or privilege.
- Server: It is a computer that is responsible for controlling network
resources.
- Resources: All files, printers and other hardware or software that the
network users can share.
INTERNET, INTRANET AND EXTRANET:
Internet (Interconnected Network): It is a global network of inter-connected
networks.
Intranet (Internal Network): An Intranet is a network of computers within a
private company.
It is a close version of the Internet but can only be accessed by authorized
members in the same organization.
Extranet (External Network): It is similar to an Intranet but it can be accessed
by outsiders who have the permission to access the company’s network.
Note: All of the above networks need a modem to work.
Transfer Rate: The speed of modem is called Transfer rate, and is measured in
bps (bits per second). New modem speed is measured in Mbps or Gbps.
INTERNET
A system of connected computers that allows your computer to exchange data,
messages and files with any of the millions of other connected computers.
World Wide Web (WWW)
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A collection of web pages and related resources which are linked together
across the internet is called World Wide Web (WWW).
ISP
It is a company that provides individuals and other companies access to the
Internet, and other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting
. For eg:
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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Every page has its own unique address known as URL. The different parts of an
URL are illustrated below:
http://www.pnu.edu.sa
Web Browsers
A web browser is a software application used for retrieving and presenting an
URL on the World Wide Web. Examples are:
Web Site
A computer storage area that contains one or more web pages
Home Page
The first web page you see when you launch internet explorer
Search Engines
Search engines are designed to search for information on the World Wide Web.
The search results are generally presented in a list of results.
Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator Mozilla Firefox Google Chrome
Protocol
Domain
Name Top Level Domain
DomaDomain
Country Domain
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Downloading
The process of transferring a file from a network computer to your local
computer is called downloading.
Uploading
The process of transferring a file from
your local computer to a network computer is
called uploading.
Cookie
A file created by an internet site to store information on your computer.
Computers in Education: The use of computers in the academic setting has been
growing with the increase in computing power and the lowering of the cost. Now
schools have computer labs that give students access to resources they may not
have at home. Some classes even have a computer at every desk for the use of
the students.
Computers in Management: It is a computer based system that drives data from
all departments of an organization and produces reports of the organization's
performance.
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Computers in Banks: Computers are used for various purposes in banks such as
ATM machines, online banking, etc .
Computers in Medical Fields: Computers help in the management of hospital files
and records including files of all types of patients. Computers assist doctors in
diagnosing diseases and help them during surgery.
Computers in Pharmacy: Computers help in regulation of the pharmacy work like
financial transactions and storage system.
Computers in Industry Field:
Artificial Intelligence (AI): It is a part of Computer Science which aims to
design intelligent computer systems to help in solving problems. One of these
systems is Robot.
Robot: It is a machine created to simulate the human being
activities in a fast and organized manner. Works that can be
performed by the Robot are:
- Welding and plumbing
- Handling dangerous materials
- Defusing bombs
Tele-working: Working from home and communicating with the office by phone,
fax and computer is called Tele-working.
Advantages:
1. Reduced or zero commuting time
2. Greater ability to focus on one task
3. Flexible schedules
4. Reduced office space requirements
Disadvantages:
1. Lack of human contact and competition
2. Negative impact on teamwork
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3. No Self-discipline
E-Documents: Documents or files which are created by the computer
applications, e.g. text documents, are referred to as e-documents.
Advantages:
1. Reduces the need for printed material (books) which reduce the cost of
printing.
2. Easy to share these files online.
3. Easy to browse or search for a file on the computer. You can also use the
search facility.
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E-Commerce: Buying or selling via the internet usually using a credit card is
called
E-commerce. Payment method of E-commerce involves the use of Visa Card or
Master Card.
The Advantages of the E-Commerce:
1. Global Market: you can buy from any country.
2. Open 24 hours a day.
3. Saves the client's time.
The Disadvantages of E-Commerce:
1. Risk in payment due to disclosure of credit card number or bank account.
2. The risk of information leakage during transport, to a hacker who might
change the name of the buyer.
SAFETY AND HEALTH
Right methods to deal with the computer:
1. The screen: Adjust the screen's brightness
settings and position so that it is
comfortable for your eyes.
2. The keyboard: It should be in front of you,
and under your hand. It should not be in the
same level or above your hand.
3. You should put the mouse over a mouse pad
to save it from dust.
4. The chair and the table should be
adjustable and in good height.
5. Use cleaning tools to clean up the computer.
6. Use original ink and good paper for printing.
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Health Problems which are caused by the wrong use of computers:
1. Eye problems can arise because of the wrong distance from the computer
screen like vision problems and eye inflammation.
2. Neck pain, back pain and leg pain can be caused because of unhealthy sitting
in front of the computer due to cheap chairs and tables.
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROTECTION:
Information Security: It is a science which focuses on how to provide protection
to the information and to avoid misuse of data.
How to provide protection for Information System:
- Put password to log in for information.
- Ensure that the source of e-mail attachments is genuine.
- Adopt fingerprint, eye print or voice print systems in your Information
system.
- Create a backup copy of your work outside the system.
- Use of encryption techniques.
- Don’t leave your computer open when not in use.
- Don’t leave your devices with any person.
Encryption: It is the altering of data so that it is not usable to prevent it from
unauthorized users.
VIRUSES
They are software programs which are written with the intention of causing
damage in a computer system.
Virus spreading ways:
- Computer networks.
- Copying and distribution of illegal software through the internet.
Virus protection ways:
- Don’t use flash or CDs from unreliable sources.
- Use only registered software.
- Never open e-mail attachments from unreliable source.
- Install an anti-virus program and always keep it up-to-date.
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Assignment -1 (IT)
(Due date : (11/02/2012)
Name : ___________________________Group : ___________ Marks :
________/20
Fill in the blanks:
Output devices Cookie Information Scanner
Network First Generation Data Input devices
1. The __________________________ computers relied on machine language
to perform operations.
2. When data is processed and organized so as to make it useful, it is called
________________
3. Devices used to translate processed information into a form that humans can
understand are called ___________________.
4. ____________________allows you to scan pictures, text and images and
save it to your computer in a digital form
5. ______________________ is a file created by an internet site to store
information on your computer.
Write True or False (T / F)
1. Monitor is the most important storage media located inside the computer,
which stores operating system and programs. (
)
2. Robot is a machine created to simulate the human being activities in a fast and
organized manner. ( )
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3. Artificial Intelligence is the altering of data so that it is not useable to
prevent
it from unauthorized users. (
)
4. We should adjust the screen's brightness settings and position so that it is
comfortable for our eyes. (
)
5. Search engines are designed to search for information on the World Wide
Web. ( )
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Multiple Choice Questions
1. A term that refers to both the hardware and software that is used to
store, retrieve and manipulate information is called_______
a) Hardware
b) Software
c) Information Technology
d) Operating System
2. Which of the following is the biggest and the most powerful type of
computer?
a) Micro computer
b) Super computer
c) Workstation computer
d) Control computer
3. Which of the following is a visual way of interacting with a computer
using items such as windows, icons and menus?
a) CLI
b) GUI
c) Ms. Word
d) Paint
4. The company that provides individuals and other companies access to the
internet is ___________________
a) WWW
b) ISP
c) URL
d) Protocol
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5. RAM stands for
a) Random Asset Memory
b) Random Access Memory
c) Readable Access Memory
d) Random Account Memory
CMP-001 40 2nd
Semester - 2011-2012
6. ________________ is a computer storage area that contains one or
more web pages .
a) Website
b) Web Browser
c) Home page
d) ISP
7. 1 GB = ______________
a) 1024 KB
b) 1024 MB
c) 1000 MB
d) 1024 bytes
8. Which of the following is a global network of inter-connected networks?
a) Intranet
b) Extranet
c) WAN
d) Internet
9. Buying or selling via the internet usually using a credit card is called
_______
a) E-Documents
b) E-mail
c) Tele-working
d) E-Commerce
10. Which of the following is a disadvantage of Tele-working?
a) Decrease the employees traveling time.
b) Increase the focus on the work
CMP-001 41 2nd
Semester - 2011-2012
c) Negative impact on team work
d) Decrease the company area
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