ISRO’S EXPERIENCES IN ISRO’S EXPERIENCES IN SATELLITE SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION
SHYAMAL MEHTASHYAMAL MEHTA
SATELLITE INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION EXPERIMENT (SITE)
• FIRST MAJOR EXPT. USING SATCOM FOR DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION - 1975-76
• RURAL DEVELOPMENT ORIENTED PROGRAMMES :
- 4 HOURS, DAILY
• DIRECT RECEPTION SETS (DRSs) :
- 2400 VILLAGES
- 6 STATES
APPLICATIONS
• BROADCAST OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT ORIENTED PROGRAMMES
• PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ TRAINING – 40,000 TEACHERS TRAINED
SITE IMPACT EVALUATION - MAJOR OBSERVATIONS
* IT IS POSSIBLE TO DEPLOY, OPERATE AND MAINTAIN COMMUNITY TV SETS AND DRS EVEN IN REMOTE AREAS OF A COUNTRY, AND THAT TOO WITH AN AVAILABILITY OF 80-90%.
* COMMUNITY VIEWING IS POSSIBLE, AND THAT AVERAGE AUDIENCE SIZES OF 80-100 CAN BE EXPECTED.
* INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMMES WERE PREFERRED, IN COMPARISON TO PURE ENTERTAINMENT PROGRAMMES.
* SUBSTANTIAL GAINS WERE POSSIBLE IN THE AREAS OF HEALTH, HYGIENE AND NUTRITION.
* DESPITE CASE STUDIES OF INNOVATIONS ADOPTED IN AGRICULTURE AS A RESULT OF TV PROGRAMMES, A LARGE SCALE SURVEY DID NOT SHOW STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT GAINS.
* COMMUNITY ACCESS TO TV TENDS TO NARROW THE COMMUNICATIONS - EFFECT GAP.
* MOST OF THE TEACHERS FELT THAT THE TRAINING WAS USEFUL.
* THEY ALSO FOUND THAT TV RATHER THAN RADIO WAS PREFERRED FOR THE TRAINING.
DISADVANTAGES OF BROADCAST FOR EDUCATIONAL & TRAINING
• RECEIVER HAS NO OPPORTUNITY TO INTERACT OR
ASK QUESTIONS TO CLARIFY DOUBTS.
• IT IS EPHEMERAL. BROADCAST ONCE MISSED IS LOST.
KHEDA COMMUNICATIONS PROJECT
• OBJECTIVE – DEVELOPMENT & NOT PROGRAMME PRODUCTION - 1975 – 1989
• LIMITED REGIONAL REBROADCAST
• LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER IN PIJ VILLAGE (KHEDA DISTT./GUJARAT)
• LINKED TO A STUDIO & EARTH STATION COMPLEX
• ALLOWED PROGRAMMES FROM STUDIO OR ANY OTHER PROGRAMMES RECEIVED AT EARTH STATION
• 600 COMMUNITY SETS INSTALLED IN VILLAGES
• CONTENT GENERATION - ISRO’S RESPONSIBILITY – TOPICS :
- AGRICULTURE
- HEALTH
- ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
- UNTOUCHABILITY
- WOMEN’S STATUS
- CHILDREN’S PROGRAMMES
• REGULAR FEEDBACK & IMPROVEMENT
KHEDA PROJECT IMPACT
• SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCES IN AWARENESS IN TV AND NON-TV VILLAGES PERTAINING TO :
- HEALTH
- DISEASES – SYMPTOMS, PREVENTION
- AGRIICULTURE :- SOIL TESTING - SOIL IMPROVEMENT MEASUREMENT- PRECAUTIONS IN BUYING HYBRID SEEDS- PROPER USE OF FERTILIZERS
- PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES
- SOURCE FOR AGRICULTURAL CREDIT
- MINIMUM WAGE STRUCTURES
- COOPERATIVE FARMING
TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION CHANNEL (TDCC)
• EXPERIMENT & DEMONSTRATION OF INTERACTIVE TRAINING & EDUCATION - 1995
• BROADCAST NOT THE OBJECTIVE
• ONE WAY VIDEO & TWO WAY AUDIO
• AUDIO FROM RECEPIENT VIA TELEPHONE LINE
• HUB ON RECEIVING RECEPIENT’S AUDIO :- RETRANSMITS IT ON SATELLITE CHANNEL - ALL IN THE NETWORK CAN LISTEN TO THE
INTERACTION
• 500 DRSs EXPECTED TO GROW TO ABOUT 1500 – 2000
• TEACHING END AT SAC, AHMEDABAD & IGNOU, NEW DELHI, GANDHINAGAR, BHOPAL, MYSORE
• NEW USERS - HP, ORISSA
• INTEREST SHOWN BY NER STATES, SIKKIM, WEST BENGAL AND OTHER STATES
• TEACHING END - CONSISTS OF SMALL STUDIO & EARTH STATION- ORIGINATES PROGRAMMES EITHER :
- LIVE LECTURES OR- PRE RECORDED VIDEO PROGRAMMES OR- MIX OF BOTH
MAJOR AREAS OF APPLICATION
• DISTANCE EDUCATION - IGNOU, AIMA FOR DEGREE & DIPLOMA COURSES
• RURAL DEVELOPMENT-- NGOs FOR CONDUCTIING TRAINING PROGRAMMES IN HEALTHCARE- PANCHAYATI RAJ- WATERSHED MANAGEMENT FOR RURAL AUDIENCES- TRAINING OF RURAL WOMEN UNDER DEVELOPMENT
OF WOMEN & CHILD IN RURAL AREAS (DWACRA)- PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS & INTEGRATED CHILD
DEVELOPMENT SCHEME (ICDS)
• INDUTRIAL TRAINING - MULTI LOCATION ORGANIZATIONS LIKE - SBI, NPC
ADVANTAGES OF TDCC
* TRAINING SIMULTANEOUSLY IN THE SHORTEST TIME A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO ARE GEOGRAPHICALLY DISPERSED.
* MULTIPLIER EFFECT BY TRAINING OF TRAINERS.
* UNIFORMITY OF THE TRAINING CONTENT.
* ACCESS TO THE BEST AVAILABLE LEARNING RESOURCES,
* REPEATABILITY OF TRAINING COURSES & EDUCATIONAL PACKAGES, EASY UPDATING AND DISSEMINATION.
* CAPABILITY TO SHARE THE SAME NETWORK BY DIFFERENT USER GROUPS.
* SPECIFIC TOPICS FOR SPECIFIC LOCATIONS FOR SPECIFIC GROUPS ALSO POSSIBLE.
* SIGNIFICANT SAVINGS IN EXPENDITURE DUE TO ECONOMIES IN TRAVEL, LOGISTICS AND REPLICATION OF TEACHING INFRASTRUCTURE.
* IT CAN EFFECTIVELY SUPPLEMENT CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM OF TRAINING & IN SOME CASES CAN
ITSELF BECOME THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE TRAINING SYSTEM.
TEACHERS' TRAINING
- 7 PROGRAMMES OF ABOUT 2 DAYS EACH. TOTAL OF MORE THAN 6900 PARTICIPANTS ATTENDED.
- AREAS COVERED INCLUDED SCIENCE TEACHING, DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHING-LEARNING MATERIALS, EDUCATIONAL COORDINATION, GEOGRAPHY TEACHING, ETC.
- ON AN AVERAGE 100 QUESTIONS WERE ANSWERED IN EACH PROGRAM.
- TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS, PRE-POST ACHIEVEMENT TESTS CONDUCTED AND OBSERVATION & OPINION SCHEDULES ADMINISTERED.
- 82 % PARTICIPANTS FOUND THIS METHOD BETTER THAN THE TRADITIONAL METHOD OF TRAINING.
- THIS MODE OF TRAINING FOR OTHER AREAS SUGGESTED
- ACHIEVEMENT TESTS INDICATED SIGNIFICANT GAIN IN KNOWLEDGE IN FIVE OUT OF THE NINE THEMES COVERED.
- LISTENING TO QUESTIONS OF FELLOW COLLEAGUES OF OTHER CENTRES AND ANSWERS WAS A THRILLING EXPERIENCE FOR MOST OF THE PARTICIPANTS.
- PARTICIPANTS FOUND THE PROGRAMME MORE INTERACTIVE, INTERESTING & EFFECTIVE COMPARED TO TRADITIONAL MODE. SUGGESTED EXTENDING IT TO OTHER SUBJECTS
- IN THE TRAINING PROGRAMME OF MP :
- OVER 1800 PARTICIPANTS
- AN AVERAGE 100 QUESTIONS RECEIVED DAILY ON TELEPHONE
- A TOTAL 2000 QUESTIONS WERE RECEIVED ON FAX IN 3 DAYS.
- IN GOA, FOR A 10-DAY PROGRAMME :
- ATTENDANCE WAS 45 TO 150 PER RECEIVE CENTRE
- 10 TO 25 QUESTIONS PER SESSION.
JHABUA DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATIONS PROJECT (JDCP)
• COMBINES SATELLITE BROADCASTING & INTERACTIVE TRAINING – 1996 ONWARDS
• TARGET AREA – - JHABUA DISTRICT - ONE OF THE MOST BACKWARD AREAS IN INDIA - 85 % TRIBAL POPULATION- 14% LITERACY
• APPLICATIONS –- EDUCATION- HEALTH- AGRICULTURE- PANCHAYATI RAJ- FORESTRY
• PHASE – I- 150 VILLAGES - DRS- 12 BLOCKS – TALK BACK TERMINALS
• PHASE – II- 200 DRS & 7 TALK BACK TERMINALS EACH IN ADJOINING DHAR & BIDWANI DISTRICTS
• BROADCAST OF DEVELOPMENT ORIENTED PROGRAMMES
• TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR :- VILLAGE/BLOCK LEVEL FUNCTIONARIES LIKE :
- TEACHERS- ANGANWADI WORKERS- JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES- PANCHAYATI KARMIS
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