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CHAPTER 3
INVESTMENTS IN EQUITY ANDDEBT SECURITIES
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
Explain types and classification of investment
Record the investment using various methods
a) Cost method
b) Equity method
Account for changes in method
Distinguish between share dividend, share split
and share right Record investment in debt securities
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INVESTMENTS IN
EQUITY SECURITIES
Investment assets owned to acquire additional income,
increase capital and other benefits.
Types of investment:
a) Short-term investment
b) Long-term investment
Classification of Investment:
1) Investment in Subsidiary2) Invetment in Associate
3) Other Investment
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INVESTMENTS IN
EQUITY SECURITIES
Each category of investment can use different
accounting treatment in recording.
3 methods:
Cost method
Equity method
Acquisition method (Consolidation/Purchase)
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Investment in subsidiaries(MFRS10 & 127)
Subsidiary - an entity that is controlled by anotherentity(parent)
Parent (investor) will record Investment in subsidiary
Control (MFRS10 para 7):a) power over the investee (see para 1014);
ability to direct the relevant activities.
b) exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement
with the investee (see para 15 and 16);and
c) the ability to use its power over the investee to affect the
amount of the investors returns (see para 17 and 18).
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Investment in subsidiaries(MFRS 10)
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Rights that can give an investor power include but are not limited to:
(B15)
(a) rights in the form of voting rights (or potential voting rights) of an
investee (see paragraphs B34B50);
Hold more than half of the voting power of the enterprise(b) rights to appoint, reassign or remove members of an investees
key management personnel who have the ability to direct the
relevant activities;
(c) rights to appoint or remove another entity that directs the
relevant activities;
(d) rights to direct the investee to enter into, or veto any changes to,
transactions for the benefit of the investor; and
(e) other rights (such as decision-making rights specified in a
management contract) that give the holder the ability to direct the
relevant activities.
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Investment in subsidiaries(MFRS 127)
Parent should present
1) Its financial statement (MFRS 127)
2) a consolidated financial statement (parent and subsidiaries)
(MFRS 10)
In parents separate financial statements, it shall account forinvestments in subsidiaries either:
(a) at cost, or
(b) in accordance with MFRS 9.
The entity shall apply the same accounting for each category of
investments.
Investments accounted for at cost shall be accounted for in
accordance with MFRS 5Non-current Assets Held for Sale and
Discontinued Operations when they are classified as held for sale.
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Investment in
Associate companies (MFRS 128)
Associate companies an enterprise in which the
investor has significant influence
Significant influence - power to participate in the financial
and operating policy
decisions of an investee but not control over those
policies.
Ownership of voting share 20% - 50%
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Investment in
Associate companies (cont)
If investor does not present consolidated financial
statement (CFS), it has to use equity method
If it prepare CFS, investor should not use equity method
in its separate FS; If use equity method in CFS, it should use cost method @
MFRS 139 in its FS;
If use MFRS 5 (classified as held for sale) in CFS, it
should use MFRS 5 in its FS; If use MFRS 139 (because of cease significant influence)
in CFS, it should use MFRS 139 in its FS
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Cost method
Suitable for all categories of investment exceptcurrent investment
the investment is recorded at cost,
the income statement reflects income from theinvestment only to the extent that the investorreceives distributions from accumulated netprofits of the investee arising subsequent to thedate of acquisition.
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Cost method (cont..)
Cost of investment
= Purchase price + all charges involved while
acquiring (broker fees, bank charge)
Share of investees earning (SIE) = % of holdings x profit If dividend received < share of investees earning
recorded as investment income / dividend
If dividend is received > share of investees earning
investee give dividends more than retained earnings
they have.
Recorded as declining in carrying amount of investment.
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Cost method (cont..)
Example:
P Company has 20% (5,000 out of 25,000 shares) shares in S
Company. For 2011, S Company paid dividend RM0.80 per
share. S Company declared a net income of RM60,000.
Journal entries:
Dividend = RM0.80 x 5,000 = RM4,000
SIE = 20% x RM60,000 = RM12,000
Thus, Dividend < SIE
Dr Cash 4,000
Cr Investment Income 4,000
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Cost method (cont..)
Otherwise, if S Company paid dividend of RM2.50
per share:
Dividend = RM2.50 x 5,000 = RM12,500
SIE = 20% x RM60,000 = RM12,000 Dividend > SIE
Dr Cash 12,500
Cr Investment Income 12,000
Cr Investment in shares 500
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If there is a decline in the value of investment (not temporary innature), the cost of the investment will also be declined and the lossis charged to the Income Statement.
Dr Loss of declining in investment value XX
Cr Investment in shares XX
If there is a sale of investment in shares, gain or loss on disposalshould be recognized (Difference between selling price and cost ofinvestment)
Dr. Cash XX
Dr. Loss on securities sold XX
Cr. Investment in shares XX
Cr. Gain on Securities sold XX
Cost Method (cont.)
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Equity method
Used in the preparation of the Consolidated FinancialStatement
the investment is initially recorded at cost and adjustedthereafter for the post-acquisition change in the investors
share of net assets of the investee. The Income Statement reflects the investors share of
the results of operations of the investee.
Carrying Amount of Investment
= Cost
(+) Allocation of income in SIE, @ (-) Allocation of loss
(-) Dividend received from investee
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Equity method (cont..)
Adjustments are also needed to be made for:
eliminating gain / loss from the transactions between
companies
difference in amortization of goodwill between original
investors cost (purchase price) and investees net
book value at the date of acquisition
extraordinary items
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Equity method (cont..)
Example:
On January 2012, Firdaus Company owns 25% shares ofIdani Company at a price of RM700,000. At the date of the
ownership, fair value of the depreciable assets isRM100,000, and yearly depreciation of RM12,500. Thefollowings are the information taken from Idani Company in2000:
Net Income declared RM 90,000
Dividend issued RM 70,000
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Equity method (cont..)
Solution:
Dr Investment in shares 700,000
Cr Cash 700,000
(to record the acquisition/ownership of shares 25%)
Dr Investment in shares 22,500
Cr Investment Income 22,500
(to record SIE 25% x 90,000)
Dr Cash (25% x 70,000) 17,500Cr Investment in shares 17,500
(to record the dividend received)
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Equity method (cont..)
Solution (cont..):
Dr Investment Income 3,125
Cr Investment in shares 3,125
(to record the amortization of the depreciable assets)(25% x 12,500)
Thus;
Carrying amount of investment in shares:= RM700,000 + RM22,500 RM17,500 RM3,125
= RM701,875
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Acquisition method
MFRS 3 (para1) specifies that all business combinationsshould be accounted for by applying the acquisitionmethod.
Views a business combination from the perspective of
the acquirer. The acquirer is the combining entity that obtains control
of the other combining entities or businesses.
The acquirer purchases net assets and recognizes the
assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilitiesassumed, including those not previously recognized bythe acquiree.
The acquirer records the assets and liabilities at fairvalues. 20
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Acquisition method (cont..)
cost of the business combination - the fair values ofassets given, liabilities incurred or assumed, and equityinstruments issued by the acquirer, in exchange forcontrol of the acquiree;
any cost directly attributable to the businesscombinations (accounting, legal, consulting) should
be expensed when incurred (para 53)
allocating, at the acquisition date, the cost of the
business combination to the assets acquired andliabilities and contingent liabilities assumed.
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Acquisition method (cont..)
Example:
ABC acquired a 100% interest in the equity capital of WXY
SB on 1 January 2012. The purchased consideration was
satisfied as follows:
An immediate cash payment of RM1,000,000
An amount of RM2,000,000 to be paid on 1 January
2005
An issue of RM1,000,000 ABCs ordinary shares ofRM1.00 each. These shares have been valued at
RM4.00 each by Merchant Bank Bhd., the advisor to
the acquisition and agreed upon by the regularity
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Acquisition method (cont..)
Example (cont..)
Cost incurred that were directly attributable to the
acquisition totaled RM500,000 and these have not
been paid. The cost of registration for issuing sharesis RM100,000 paid by cash. ABCs incremental
borrowing cost was 8% per annum.
Required:
Calculate the COI and record the related journal entry.
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Acquisition method (cont..)
Solution:
Cost of Investment:
Immediate cash consideration 1,000
PV of deferred consideration (2,000/(1.08)^2) 1,715
Fair value of shares issued (1,000 x 4) 4,000
COI 6,715
Investment in Subsidiary 6,715
Cash 1,000Deferred liability 1,715
Share capital 1,000
Share premium 3,000
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Changes in Method
Changes from equity method to cost method
Changes of method when percentage of ownershipdecline.
Carrying amount of investment at the date of changing themethod will be a base for the investment cost.
Amortization of the excess ownership costs on net bookvalue of depreciable assets need not to be done again.
Not retroactive in nature (prior period adjustment)
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Changes in Method (Cont..)
Example:
On January 1, 2010, Alma Company purchased 250,000 unit sharesof Berjaya Company at the cost of RM8,500,000. Total shares of
Berjaya Company are 1,000,000 units. Assume that on 1/1/2011, Berjaya Company issued 1,500,000
ordinary shares to the public. This has caused percentage ofownership of Alma Company reduced from 25% (250,000 /1,000,000) to 10% (250,000 / 2,500,000).
Carrying value of investment of Alma Company in Berjaya Companyat 31/12/2010 is RM8,924,000.
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Changes in Method (Cont..)
Example (cont) The followings are the net income (loss) and dividend of
Berjaya Company (investee) from year 1996 1998.
Investors position
in investees Net Income
Dividend received
by investor
2011 RM600,000 RM400,000
2012 RM350,000 RM400,000
2013 - RM210,000
Assume that a change from equity method to the cost
method is effective at 1/1/2011.
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Changes in Method (Cont..)
Solution:
Calculation of cumulative net income on the investors
dividend
2011 RM600,000 RM400,000 RM200,000
2012 (RM350,000 RM400,000) + RM200,000 RM150,000
2013 (RM0 RM210,000) + RM150,000 (RM60,000)
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Changes in Method (Cont..)
Journal entries of recording dividend received:
2011Dr Cash 400,000
Cr Dividend Income 400,000
2012
Dr Cash 400,000
Cr Dividend Income 400,000
2013
Dr Cash 210,000
Cr Investment in shares 60,000
Cr Dividend Income 150,00029
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Changes in Method (Cont..)
Changes from cost method to equity method:
Retroactive in nature, i.e. prior period adjustment
should be made.
Unrealized profit / loss account and adjustment of the
fair value securities should be eliminated
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Issues in Investment in equity
securities1. Share Dividends
2. Share split
3. Share rights
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Share Dividends
Dividend received by investor in terms of shares notcash.
Implications:
Number of shares increased
% of ownership maintained
Total cost of investment as a whole remained
Carrying amount of shares per unit declined
If the shares are sold, profit / loss is recognized but thecarrying amount of shares per unit after the sale issimilar.
Journal not required for the investor
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Share Dividends (Cont..)
Example:
A corporation with 50,000 shares of RM5 par, gives a100% share dividends to existing shareholders.
Below is the shareholders equity before sharedividends distribution.
Ordinary shares:
RM5 par, 50,000 shares outstanding 250,000
Premium share 400,000Retained earnings 300,000
950,000
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Share Dividends (Cont..)
Below is the shareholders equity after dividendsshares distribution.
Ordinary shares:
RM5 par,100,000* shares outstanding 500,000
Premium share 150,000
Retained earnings 300,000
950,000
Solution:Dr Premium share 250,000
Cr Ordinary shares 250,000
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Exercise:Dividend Received in Shares
On 2 Feb 2010, Eagle Co. purchased 1,000 unitshares of Tiger Co. at RM7,500. In the beginning of2011, Tiger Co. paid dividend in shares to Eagle Co.totaling 20% of its ordinary shareholders.
On 1 June 2011, Eagle Co. retired 300 unit shares ofTiger Co. at RM2,000
Prepare the entries for Eagle Co.
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Solution for ExerciseEagle Co.
2 Feb 2010;Dr Investment in shares 7,500
Cr Cash 7,500
(to record purchase of investment in share)
Jan 2011; -no journal-
memo: No. of additional shares = 20% x 1,000 = 200
Cost per unit share = RM7,500/(1,000 + 200)
= RM6.25 per unit
1 June 2011
Dr Cash 2,000
Cr Investment in shares (6.25 x 300) 1,875
Cr Gain on sale 125
(to record sale of investment in shares)
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Share Split
Made when fair value of shares are too high.
Implications:
Number of shares increased
Cost of investment for each unit of share
reduced
Total cost of investment as a whole does not
change % interest does not change
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Share Split (Cont..)
Example:
On 1/1/2010, Syarikat Malim owns 10,000
unit shares in Syarikat Kundang at a cost ofRM9 per unit. At 31/12/2011, Syarikat
Kundang split the shares, 3 for 1.
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Share Split (Cont..)
Solution:
New number of shares = 3 x 10,000 = 30,000 units
Cost of share per unit = RM90,000/30,000
= RM3/share
In Syarikat Malims book:
1/1/2010 31/12/2011 Effect
Cost of share per unit RM9 RM3 Decline
No. of shares 1,000 30,000 Increase
Total costs RM90,000 RM90,000 unchanged
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Share Right
Investee offers additional shares to the existing
shareholders in accordance to the % of
ownership.
Certificate of warrant will be issued to buy theright share.
Warrant - stating the number of shares that the
holder of the right may purchase and also the
price of the right share at which they maypurchase (normally lower than the fair value).
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Share Right (Cont..)
Before the maturity date, shares and right can
be sold separately.
Investor has 3 choices:
Purchased additional shares (use right)
Sold right to other parties
Unused (purchased) or sold right until the
maturity date
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Share Right (Cont..)
Investor need to record this as Investment in right.
Investor need to allocate the cost of investment in
shares to cost of investment in right share
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Share Right (Cont..)
Example:
100 shares had been acquired before the issuance ofthe right. Original cost is RM50 per share. Issuance of
right: one share for each share held. Two rights areneeded to buy one additional share at a price ofRM50.
Fair value of share = RM60 / share
Fair value of right = RM3 / right
Prepare the journal entries relating to the issuance
of the right share.
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Share Right (Cont..)
Solution:
Total fair value of shares (100 x 60) = RM6,000
Total fair value of right = RM 300
RM6,300
Costs allocated to shares:
6,000 / 6,300 x RM5,000 = RM4,762
Cost per unit = RM4,762 / 100= RM47.62
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Share Right (Cont..)
Costs allocated to the right:
= 300 / 6,300 x RM5,000
= RM238
Cost per unit = RM238 / 100
= RM2.38
Dr Investment in right 238Cr Investment in shares 238
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INVESTMENTS IN DEBT SECURITIES
A debt security is an investment in bonds issued by thegovernment or a corporation
Bond a certificate issued to the public whereby the companywho issued the bonds (issuer) agreed to pay the bonds holder
(investor) the face value of the bonds at a certain maturitydate including the interest at the agreed rate.
Characteristics:
nominal value or face value of the bond
normally stated at RM1,000.
is the value that can be repaid at the maturity date.
maturity date
date whereby the issuer of the bonds has to pay backthe face value of the bond to the investor.
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INVESTMENTS IN
DEBT SECURITIES (CONT..)
coupon rate (fixed interest rate)
interest rate fixed by the issuer of the bond for the
payment of interest to the investor.
Can be issued at par, discount or premium Bond issuer company is the owner of the bond and
when the bond is issued recorded as bonds payable
Buyer of bond (investor) recorded as investment in bond
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Types of Debt Securities
Terms v. Ser ial Bond
Terms bonds issued and will mature at the same date. Issuer of
the bond has to pay certain amount of money at the maturity date
for all bonds issued.
Serial bonds has more than one maturity date (i.e. matureaccording to levels).
Registered v. Bearer (Coupon Bonds )
Registered bonds payment of interest and principal of the bondmatured will be paid to the owner of the bond according to the
name listed in the record of the trustee holder. Coupon bonds payment of interest will be paid to the person
who submitted the coupon interest to the issuer company.
Junk Bond
High-risk bond. Thus, high return.50
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Types of Debt Securities (Cont..)
Conver t ib le Bond
Bonds which can be converted to the shares within a certain
period of time.
Callable Bond
Bonds which can be settled before the maturity date. Issuer ofthe bond has option whether to settle the bonds at a fixed
maturity date or earlier than the date.
Zero- interest Bond
Bonds which has no coupon rate or a very low coupon rate. Normally issued at discount or lower price.
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Determining and Recording Initial
Cost for Bonds Purchased
Purchase price/selling price of the bond is determined by
calculating:
a) Present Value of the bond
b) Amount at the issuance rate given
Example:
ABC Bhd issues RM300,000 of 9% bonds, due in 10
years, with interest payable semiannually. At the time
of issue, the market rate for such bonds is 10%.Compute the issue price of the bonds.
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Determining and Recording Initial
Cost for Bonds Purchased (Cont..)
Solution:
n = 10 x 2 i = 10%/2
PV of the principal:300,000 x 0.37689 113,067
PVOA of interest payable:
[(9% x 300,000)/2] x 12.46221 168,240
Price f bond 281,307
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Determining and Recording Initial
Cost for Bonds Purchased (Cont..)
The price of a bond is determined by the interaction between
the bond's stated interest rate and its market rate.
A bond's price is equal to the sum of the present value of the
principle and the present value of the periodic interest.
If the stated rate = the market rate, the bond will sell at par.
If the stated rate < the market rate, the bond will sell at a
discount.
If the stated rate > the market rate, the bond will sell at a
premium.
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Example:
ABC Bhd issued RM200,000 of 8% bonds on 1 Jan2010. The bonds are due on 1 Jan 2015, withinterest payable each 1 July and 1 Jan. Compute theissue price at
a)100b) 97
c) 105
Prepare journal entries for investor.
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Solution:
a) At 100:
Dr Investment in Bonds 200
Cr Cash 200
b) At 97:
Dr Investment in Bonds 194
Cr Cash 194
c) At 105:
Dr Investment in Bonds 210
Cr Cash 210
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Amortization of Premiums and Discounts
Two methods:1. Straight-line method
l may be used if the results are not materiallydifferent from those produced by the effectiveinterest method.
2. Effective interest method
l is the preferred procedure used to calculateperiodic interest expense.
l The carrying amount of the bonds at the start of the
period is multiplied by the effective interest rate todetermine the interest expense.
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Amortization of Premiums
and Discounts (Cont..)
Interest Revenue (Effective interest method)
= Effective Interest Rate x Carrying Value of Bonds.
Journal entry:
If a premium exists:
Dr Cash/interest receivable XX
Dr Interest Revenue XXCr Investment in Bonds XX
If a discount exists:
Dr Cash/interest receivable XX
Dr Investment in Bonds XX
Cr Interest Revenue XX58
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Amortization of Premiums
and Discounts (Cont..)
Example (straight-line method):
ABC Bhd issued RM600,000 of 10%, 20-year bonds on1 Jan 2012, at 102. Interest is payable semiannually on1 July and 1 Jan. ABC Bhd uses straight-line method ofamortization for bond premium/discount.
Prepare the journal entries to record:
a) The issuance of the bonds
b) The payment of interest on 1 July
c) The accrual of interest on 31 Dec
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Amortization of Premiums
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Amortization of Premiums
and Discounts (Cont..)
Solution (straight-line method):a) Issuance of bonds:
Dr Investment in Bonds 612,000
Cr Cash 612,000
(600,000 x 1.02)b) Receive of interest on July 1:
Dr Cash 30,000
Dr Interest Revenue 29,700
Cr Investment in Bonds 300c) Accrual interest on 31 Dec
Dr Interest Receivable 30,000
Dr Interest Revenue 29,700
Cr Investment in Bonds 300 60
A i i f P i
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Amortization of Premiums
and Discounts (Cont..)
Example (effective interest method):
XYZ Bhd issued RM600,000 of 10%, 20-year bondson 1 Jan 2012. Interest is payable semiannually on 1July and 1 Jan. XYZ Bhd uses effective interestmethod of amortization for bond premium/discount.
Assume an effective rate yield of 11.5%
Prepare the journal entries to record:
a) The issuance of the bonds
b) The payment of interest on 1 July
c) The accrual of interest on 31 Dec
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Amortization of Premiums
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Amortization of Premiums
and Discounts (Cont..)
Solution (effective interest method):
a) Issuance of bonds:
i=11.5/2, n=20x2
PV 600,000 x 0.10685 = 64,110
PVOA 30,000 x 15.5330 = 465,990
Price on 1 Jan = 530,100
Dr Investment in Bond 530,100Cr Cash 530,100
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Amortization of Premiums
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Amortization of Premiums
and Discounts (Cont..)
Cash Interest
exp.
Amort. Disc Balance of
Bonds
530,100
1/7/12 30,000 30,481a 481b 530,581c
1/1/13 30,000 30,508 508 531,089
1/7/13 30,000 30538 538 531,627
a: 11.5% x 530,100 x 6/12 = 30,481
b: 30,481 30,000 = 481
c: 530,100 + 481 = 530,58163
Amortization of Premiums
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Amortization of Premiums
and Discounts (Cont..)
b) Interest expense on 1 July:
Dr Cash 30,000
Investment in Bonds 481
Cr Interest Revenue 30,481
c) Accrual interest on 31 Dec:
Dr Cash 30,000
Investment in Bonds 508
Cr Interest Revenue 30,508
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Bonds Acquired between Interest Dates
Adjustment for accrued interest should be done.
Accrued interest is calculated for the period in between
of the date of previous interest payment with date of
bond is sold.
Cash paid by buyer is the price of the bonds together
with the accrued interest.
Price of bonds is the present value of the bond at the
date of selling/buying.
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Bonds Acquired between
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Bonds Acquired between
Interest Dates (Cont..)
Date of bond June 30, 2009
Maturity date June 30, 2014
Date of selling the bond Sept 1, 2009
Date of interest payment Dec 31 and June 30
Stated interest rate 9%
Face value of bond RM200,000
Example: Berdesup Cahaya Bhd purchased bond from Sakinah
Bhd. The following is the information on the bond.
Prepare journal entries on 1 Sept and 31 Dec
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Bonds Acquired between
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Bonds Acquired between
Interest Dates (Cont..)
Issued at discount
Effective interest rate = 11%
Price of bond at 30/6/09
Face value [PV5.5%, 10 200,000 = 0.58543 x 200,000] 117,086
Interest [PVOA5.5%, 10 9,000 = 7.53763 x 9,000] 67,839Present Value 184,925
(+) Increment of bonds value from
30/6 1/9 [184,925 x 11% x 2/12] 3,390
Cash 188,315
(-) Cash paid for interest from
30/6 1/9 [200,000 x 9% x 2/12] (3,000)PRICE OF BOND AT 1/9/09 185,315
67
Bonds Acquired between
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Bonds Acquired between
Interest Dates (Cont..)
Journal Entries
Issuer:
Sept 1
Dr Cash 188,3151
Disc on Bond 14,6852Cr Interest Payable 3,0003
Bonds Payable 200,000
1. 185,315 + 3,000 (interest)
2. 200,000 185,315
3. 200,000 x 9% x 2/12
Buyer:
Sept 1
Dr Investment Bonds 185,315
Interest Receivable 3,000
Cr Cash 188,315
68
B d A i d b t
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Bonds Acquired between
Interest Dates (Cont..)
Amortization of discount schedule:
Date Cash Paid Interest
Expense
Amortization
of discount
Carrying amount
of bond1/6 - - - 184,925
31/12 9,000 10,171 1,171 186,096
30/6 9,000 10,235 1,235 187,331
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Bonds Acquired between
Interest Dates (Cont..)
Journal Entries
Dec. 31
Dr Interest Expense 6,781
1
Interest Payable 3,000
Cr Disc on Bonds 7812
Cash 9,000
1. 10,171 x 4/6
2. 1,171 x 4/6
Dec. 31
Dr Investment in Bonds 781Cash 9,000
Cr Interest Revenue 6,781
Interest Receivable 3,000
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End of the Chapter
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