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INTRODUCTION TO
NANOTECHNOLOGY
BY
Dipak subedi
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NANOMETER«««..(nm)NANOMETER«««..(nm)
A nanometer is one billionth of a meter A nanometer is one billionth of a meter
(10(10--9 m). This is roughly ten times the size9 m). This is roughly ten times the size
of an individual atom.of an individual atom.
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SO WHAT IS nanotechnologySO WHAT IS nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is basicallyNanotechnology is basically
mechanisms that have been built bymechanisms that have been built by
nanoscale components using to placenanoscale components using to placeevery atom and molecule in a desiredevery atom and molecule in a desired
placeplace
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UNDERSTANDING SIZEUNDERSTANDING SIZE
How big (small) are we talking about?How big (small) are we talking about?
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UNDERSTANDING SIZEUNDERSTANDING SIZE
1 meter 1 meter
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UNDERSTANDING SIZEUNDERSTANDING SIZE
10 centimeters10 centimeters
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UNDERSTANDING SIZEUNDERSTANDING SIZE
1 centimeter 1 centimeter
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UNDERSTANDING SIZEUNDERSTANDING SIZE
100 micrometers100 micrometers
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UNDERSTANDING SIZEUNDERSTANDING SIZE
10 micrometers10 micrometers
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UNDERSTANDING SIZEUNDERSTANDING SIZE
1 micrometer 1 micrometer
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UNDERSTANDING SIZEUNDERSTANDING SIZE
100 nanometers100 nanometers
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UNDERSTANDING SIZEUNDERSTANDING SIZE
10 nanometers10 nanometers
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UNDERSTANDING SIZEUNDERSTANDING SIZE
1 nanometer 1 nanometer
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SO WHAT I
SIT?
SO WHAT I
SIT?
Anything smaller than Molecular Anything smaller than Molecular
technologytechnology
Size of nanoscaleSize of nanoscale
Every atom in the right placeEvery atom in the right place
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What makes work at the nanolevel
more than just a natural progression
of earlier
work at the micro and macro levels of
matter? For one thing the basic building
blocks of
matter and life occur at the nanolevel.
Molecular chemistry, genetic reproduction,
cellular processes, and the current frontier
of electronics all occur on the nanolevel.
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Use of nanotechnology in COMPUTERS
�Tiny nano-engineered ferroelectric crystals could
realize of creating nonvolatile random access memory
(NVRAM).
�Each logic elements made from a few atoms
�Mass storage device in size of a sugar cube
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Now imagine a digital camera whichNow imagine a digital camera which
doesn¶t incur any of the following timedoesn¶t incur any of the following time
waste..waste..
This is possible if the flash disk that we r This is possible if the flash disk that we r
using can be replaced by RAM..using can be replaced by RAM..
But we know that a ram is a volatileBut we know that a ram is a volatile
memory and everything gets deleted whenmemory and everything gets deleted when
it is switched off..it is switched off..So what's the solution ?So what's the solution ?
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Before finding the solution let us discussBefore finding the solution let us discuss
something about computers..something about computers..
All of u know what is booting: it is aAll of u know what is booting: it is a
process in which the operating systemprocess in which the operating system
gets loaded in the active memory or thegets loaded in the active memory or the
RAM..RAM..We all know that most of the time isWe all know that most of the time is
wasted while the ram accesses thewasted while the ram accesses the
secondary memory for the information's itsecondary memory for the information's itneeds. So how can we reduce this time..needs. So how can we reduce this time..
Also due to the volatile nature of the RAMAlso due to the volatile nature of the RAM
there is need of the backup power«there is need of the backup power«
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The solution is :a nonThe solution is :a non--volatile and durablevolatile and durable
computer memory that can be erased andcomputer memory that can be erased and
reprogrammed electronically.reprogrammed electronically.
Can this thing be achieved any time?Can this thing be achieved any time?
The answer to all our problem isThe answer to all our problem is
nanotechnology..nanotechnology..
Let us find out how?
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The use of phase memoryThe use of phase memory
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PhasePhase--change memorychange memory (also known as(also known as PCMPCM,),)
is a type of is a type of nonnon--volatile computer memoryvolatile computer memory..
PRAM uses the unique behavior of PRAM uses the unique behavior of chalcogenide glasschalcogenide glass, which can be "switched", which can be "switched"
between two states,between two states, crystallinecrystalline andand amorphousamorphous,,
with the application of heat. Recent versionswith the application of heat. Recent versionscan achieve two additional distinct states,can achieve two additional distinct states,
effectively doubling its storage capacity.effectively doubling its storage capacity.
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PRAM is one of a number of new memoryPRAM is one of a number of new memory
technologies that are attempting totechnologies that are attempting to
compete in the noncompete in the non--volatile role with thevolatile role with the
almost universalalmost universal Flash memoryFlash memory, which has, which has
a number of practical problems thesea number of practical problems thesereplacements hope to address.replacements hope to address.
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The crystalline and amorphous statesThe crystalline and amorphous states
of chalcogenide glass haveof chalcogenide glass havedramatically differentdramatically different electricalelectrical
resistivityresistivity, and this forms the basis by, and this forms the basis by
which data are stored. Thewhich data are stored. Theamorphous, high resistance state isamorphous, high resistance state is
used to represent aused to represent a binarybinary 0, and the0, and the
crystalline, low resistance statecrystalline, low resistance state
represents a 1.represents a 1.
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Failures of phase change memoryFailures of phase change memory
First of all till now the discovery of suchFirst of all till now the discovery of such
materials which are stable to be used asmaterials which are stable to be used as
phase change materials has not beenphase change materials has not been
found..found..
Moreover there is a high power required inMoreover there is a high power required in
changing the phase of such materials«changing the phase of such materials«
Thus the phase change memory fails..Thus the phase change memory fails..
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Is this the end «Is this the end «
Can we hope that the moore law has failedCan we hope that the moore law has failed
The moore law claimed that the computersThe moore law claimed that the computersperformance will be doubled every 18 toperformance will be doubled every 18 to
24 months..24 months..
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The best is yet to come«The best is yet to come«
Self Self--assembled phaseassembled phase--change nanowires,change nanowires,
as claimed to be created by Pennas claimed to be created by Penn
researchers, operate with less power andresearchers, operate with less power andare easier to scale, providing a useful neware easier to scale, providing a useful new
strategy for ideal memory that providesstrategy for ideal memory that provides
efficient and durable control of memoryefficient and durable control of memory
Nanotechnology researchers go ballisticNanotechnology researchers go ballistic
over graphene.over graphene.
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What is graphene?What is graphene?
Discovered only in 2004, graphene is a flatDiscovered only in 2004, graphene is a flat
oneone--atom thick sheet of carbon. Existingatom thick sheet of carbon. Existing
forms of carbon basically consist of sheetsforms of carbon basically consist of sheets
of graphene, either bonded on top of eachof graphene, either bonded on top of each
other to form a solid material like graphite,other to form a solid material like graphite,
rolled up into carbon nanotubesrolled up into carbon nanotubes
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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
Improvements and developments inImprovements and developments in
existing products, such as stronger andexisting products, such as stronger and
lighter materials.lighter materials.
Potential to initiate completely newPotential to initiate completely new
products and industries that do not existproducts and industries that do not exist
todaytoday
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OBSTACLESOBSTACLES
� Fragile and unstable nature of nanoparticles
� Fusing together of nano particles when
their surfaces touch
� Loss of special shape and properties
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Any questions!!!!
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