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Introduction to
Microbiology
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Microbiology
• Study of microscopic (living ) things
• E.g.
viruses, bacteria, algae, protists, fungi
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History of Microbiology
• 159 ! "irst compound light microscope
#acharias $anssen
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History
• 1%&% !first observation of bacteria'animalcules
nton *on +eeuenhoe-
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History
• 1&9% ! "irst vaccine (smallpo)
Edard $enner
http://www.digitalcentury.com/ebcyclo/update/comp.html
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History
• 1/5& ! 0erm heory of 2isease+ouis 3asteur
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History
• 1/%& ntiseptic Surgery
$oseph +ister
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History
• 1//4 och6s 3ostulates of
2isease ransmission
7obert och
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8si postulat och adalah
• 1. :rganisme (parasit) harus ditemu-an
dalam hean yang sa-it, tida- pada yangsehat.
• ;. :rganisme harus diisolasi dari heansa-it dan dibia--an dalam -ultur murni.
•
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History
• 1//5 = *accine against
7abies, +ouis 3asteur
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History
• 19;9 2iscovery of 3enicillin (first antibiotic)
leander "leming
http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/microbes/media/penicil.jpg
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History
• 19
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History
195< Structure of 2? 7evealed
@atson A Bric-
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History
1954 3olio *accine
$onas Sal-
http://www.sandiegohistory.org/bio/salk/images/salk2.jpg
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Recent History
• 0enetic engineering
• Bloning
•Cuman 0enome 3roDect
• iotechnology
• @ho -nos hat is netF
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Sizes of Microbes
• *irus = 1 G1 nanometers H
• acteria = .1 G 5 micrometers HH (Cuman eye ) can see .1 mm (1 1 =
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Tools of Microbiology
• Bompound light >icroscope
= live specimens= 1, mag. or less
• Electron >icroscope
= non=living specimens
= I 1, J mag.
• 8ncubator ! -eep microbes
arm for groth
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Techniques of
Microbiology• Staining ! to better see structures• >icrobial Bulture•
Bontainer for microbe culture = usually 3etri dish• Bulture media
= "ood for the microbes
= E.g. gar ! (from red algae)= :thers such as nutrient broths
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Pure Culture Techniques
1. 8noculation
;. 8solation
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• >icroorganisms are organismsthat are too small to be seen ith
the unaided eye.
• '0erm refers to a rapidly groingcell.
>icrobes in :ur +ives
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WHY STUDY
MICR!I"#Y
• 3ublic Cealth pplications
• "ood pplications
• 8ndustrial pplications• iofuels pplications
• iopharmaceuticalapplications
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Microorg$nis%s
• 2ecompose organic aste
• re producers in the ecosystem by
photosynthesis
• 3roduce industrial chemicals such
as ethanol and acetone
• 3roduce fermented foods
such as vinegar, cheese,and bread
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Microorg$nis%s
"igure 1.1
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Microorg$nis%s
• 3roduce products used in
manufacturing (e.g., cellulase)
and treatment (e.g., insulin)
• fe are pathogenic,
disease=causing
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• +innaeus established the system of scientific
nomenclature.
• Each organism has to names the genusand specific epithet.
($%ing $nd Cl$ssifying
Microorg$nis%s
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Scientific ($%es
• re italiciLed or underlined. hegenus is capitaliLed and the specific
epithet is loer case.
• re '+atiniLed and used orldide.• >ay be descriptive or honor a
scientist.
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Scientific ($%es
• Staphylococcus aureus
! 2escribes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo=) and the
golden color of the colonies (aur =).
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Scientific ($%es
• Escherichia coli
! Conors the discoverer, heodor Escherich, and
describes the bacterium6s habitat!the large
intestine or colon.
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Scientific ($%es
• fter the first use, scientific names
may be abbreviated ith the first letter
of the genus and the specific epithet
! Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichiacoli are found in the human body. S.
aureus is on s-in and E. coli in the large
intestine.
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!$cteri$
• 3ro-aryotes
• 3eptidoglycan cell alls
• inary fission
• "or energy, use organic
chemicals, inorganic
chemicals, or
photosynthesis
"igure 1.1a
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)rch$e$
• 3ro-aryotic
• +ac- peptidoglycan
• +ive in etreme environments
• 8nclude
!>ethanogens
! Etreme halophiles
! Etreme thermophiles
"igure 4.5b
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*ungi• Eu-aryotes
• Bhitin cell alls
• Mse organic chemicals for
energy.• >olds and mushrooms are
multicellular consisting of
masses of mycelia, hich arecomposed of filaments called
hyphae.
• Neasts are unicellular. "igure 1.1b
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Protozo$
• Eu-aryotes
• bsorb or ingest
organic chemicals
• >ay be motile via
pseudopods, cilia,
or flagella
"igure 1.1c
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+iruses
• cellular • Bonsist of 2? or 7?
core
• Bore is surrounded bya protein coat.
• Boat may be enclosed
in a lipid envelope.
• *iruses are replicated
only hen they are in a
living host cell. "igure 1.1e
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"inn$eus,s Cl$ssific$tion
• Cierarchical system• inomial ?omenclature ncient 0ree-s
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Cl$ssific$tion ofMicroorg$nis%s
• hree domains ! acteria
! rchaea
! Eu-arya
• 3rotists
• "ungi
• 3lants
• nimals
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• ncestors of bacteria ere thefirst life on Earth.
• he first microbes ere observed
in 1%&
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The *irst bser-$tions
• 8n 1%%5, 7obert Coo-e reported that living
things ere composed of little boes or cells.
• 8n 1/5/, 7udolf *ircho said cells arise from
preeisting cells.
• Bell theory ll living things are composed of
cells and come from preeisting cells.
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"eeu'enhoe.
• Early :bservations
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The Deb$te -er
S/ont$neous #ener$tion• he hypothesis that living organisms arise
from nonliving matter is called spontaneous
generation. ccording to spontaneousgeneration, a 'vital force forms life.
• he alternative hypothesis, that the living
organisms arise from preeisting life, iscalled biogenesis.
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• 1&%5 +aLLaro SpallanLani boiled nutrient
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0-idence Pro $nd Con
1&%5 +aLLaro SpallanLani boiled nutrient
solutions in flas-s.
Bonditions 7esults
?utrient broth placed in flas-,
heated, then sealed
?o microbial groth
S pontaneous generation or biogenesis?
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0-idence Pro $nd Con
Bonditions 7esults
?utrient broth placed in flas-,
heated, not sealed
>icrobial groth
?utrient broth placed in flas-,
heated, then sealed
?o microbial groth
S pontaneous generation or biogenesis?
• 3asteur6s S=shaped flas- -ept microbes out
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The Theory of!iogenesis
3asteur s S shaped flas- -ept microbes out
but let air in.
"igure 1.<
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• 1/5&=1914
• eginning ith 3asteur6s or-,discoveries included the
relationship beteen microbesand disease, immunity, andantimicrobial drugs
The #olden )ge of Microbiology
*er%ent$tion $nd
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*er%ent$tion $nd
P$steuriz$tion
• 3asteur shoed that microbes are
responsible for fermentation.
• "ermentation is the conversion of sugar to
alcohol to ma-e beer and ine.
• >icrobial groth is also responsible for
spoilage of food.
• acteria that use alcohol and produce acetic
acid spoil ine by turning it to vinegar (acetic
acid).
*er%ent$tion $nd
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*er%ent$tion $nd
P$steuriz$tion• 3asteur demonstrated that
these spoilage bacteria
could be -illed by heat that
as not hot enough to
evaporate the alcohol inine.
• 3asteruiLation is the
application of a high heat for
a short time.
"igure 1.4 (1 of
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The #er% Theory of
Dise$se
• 1/
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P$steur
• Spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis
• 0erm heory
• "ather of aseptic techniKues
• 3asteuriLation
• "ermentation research
• *accination (rabies)
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&och
• och6s 3ostulates• 3ure Bulture Boncept
• uberculosis
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M$gic !ullets
• Bhemotherapy ith chemicals !
synthetic drugs and antibiotics
• Ehrlich and salversan
• Sulfonamides
• "leming and penicillin
• 2rug resistance issues today
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+$ccin$tion
• 1&9% Edard $enner inoculated a person ith copo virus.
he person
as then protected from smallpo.• *accination is derived from
vacca for co. he protection
is called immunity.
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The !irth of Modern
Che%other$/y
• reatment ith chemicals is chemotherapy.
• Bhemotherapeutic agents used to treat
infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or
antibiotics.• ntibiotics are chemicals produced by
bacteria and fungi that inhibit or -ill other
microbes.
The !irth of Modern
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The !irth of Modern
Che%other$/y• 19;/ leander "leming
discovered the first antibiotic.
• Ce observed that Penicillium
fungus made an antibiotic,penicillin, that -illed S.
aureus.
• 194s 3enicillin as tested
clinically and mass
produced.
"igure 1.5
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Modern De-elo/%ents
in Microbiology
• acteriology is the study of bacteria.
• >ycology is the study of fungi.
• 3arasitology is the study of protoLoa andparasitic orms.
• 7ecent advances in genomics, the study of
an organism6s genes, have provided ne
tools for classifying microorganisms.
Modern De-elo/%ents
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Modern De-elo/%ents
in Microbiology• 8mmunology is the study of
immunity. *accines and
interferons are being
investigated to prevent and
cure viral diseases.• he use of immunology to
identify some bacteria
according to serotypes(variants ithin a species)
as proposed by 7ebecca
+ancefield in 19
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Modern De-elo/%ents
in Microbiology• *irology is the study of viruses.
• 7ecombinant 2? is 2? made from to
different sources. 8n the 19%s, 3aul erginserted animal 2? into bacterial 2? and
the bacteria produced an animal protein.
• 7ecombinant 2? technology, or geneticengineering, involves microbial genetics and
molecular biology.
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Modern De-elo/%ents
in Microbiology• Msing microbes ! 0eorge eadle and Edard atum shoed that
genes encode a cell6s enLymes (194;).
! :sald very, Bolin >ac+eod, and >aclyn
>cBarty shoed that 2? as the hereditary
material (1944).
! "rancois $acob and $acKues >onod discoveredthe role of m7? in protein synthesis (19%1).
Mi b d H W lf
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• >icrobial ecology
• acteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and
phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals.
Microbes $nd Hu%$n Welf$re
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!iore%edi$tion
• acteria degrade
organic matter inseage.
• acteria degrade or
detoify pollutants such
as oil and mercury.
M? ;.1
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!iologic$l Insecticides
• >icrobes that are pathogenic to insects are
alternatives to chemical pesticides in
preventing insect damage to agricultural
crops and disease transmission.
• Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in
many insects but harmless to other animals,including humans, and to plants.
Modern !iotechnology $nd
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Modern !iotechnology $nd
#enetic 0ngineering
• iotechnology, the use of microbes toproduce foods and chemicals, is centuries
old.
• 0enetic engineering is a ne techniKue forbiotechnology. hrough genetic engineering,
bacteria and fungi can produce a variety of
proteins including vaccines and enLymes.
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Modern !iotechnology $nd
#enetic 0ngineering1continued2• >issing or defective genes in human cells
can be replaced in gene therapy.• 0enetically modified bacteria are used to
protect crops from insects and from freeLing.
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Microbes $nd Hu%$n
Dise$se
• acteria ere once classified as plants
giving rise to use of the term flora for
microbes.
• his term has been replaced by
microbiota.
• >icrobes normally present in and on thehuman body are called normal microbiota.
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(or%$l Microbiot$
• ?ormal microbiota prevent groth of pathogens.
• ?ormal microbiota produce groth factors such as
folic acid and vitamin .
• 7esistance is the ability of the body to ard offdisease.
• 7esistance factors include s-in, stomach acid, and
antimicrobial chemicals.
• iofilms are etremely important in microbial
ecology
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Infectious Dise$ses
• @hen a pathogen overcomes the host6s
resistance, disease results.
• Emerging infectious diseases (E82) ?e
diseases and diseases increasing in incidence.
I f ti Di
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Infectious Dise$se
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0%erging Infectious Dise$ses
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0%erging Infectious Dise$ses
• vian 8nfluenLa C5?1
• Severe acute respiratorysyndrome (S7S)
• @est ?ile encephalitis (@?E)
• ovine spongiform encephalitis(SE)
• BreutLfeld=$acob disease (B$2)• 15&C& E. coli
• "lesh eating bacteria
• Ebola
• >arburg
• Bryptosporidiosis• 82S
• C8* virus
0 i I f ti
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0%erging Infectious
Dise$ses
• ovine spongiform encephalopathy
! 3rion
! lso causes BreutLfeldt=$a-ob disease
(B$2)
! ?e variant B$2 in humans is related to
cattle fed sheep offal for protein
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0%erging InfectiousDise$ses
• Escherichia coli :5&C& ! oin=producing strain of E. coli
! "irst seen in 19/;
! +eading cause of diarrhea orldide
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0%erging InfectiousDise$ses
• 8nvasive group Streptococcus ! 7apidly groing bacteria that cause etensive
tissue damage
!8ncreased incidence since 1995
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0%erging Infectious
Dise$ses• Ebola hemorrhagic fever ! Ebola virus
! Bauses fever, hemorrhaging, andblood clotting
! "irst identified near Ebola 7iver, Bongo
! :utbrea-s every fe years
!IT0RRRISM
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!IT0RRRISM• ?C7J
• S>++3:J• M+7E>8
• 3+0ME
• :CE7 0E?S
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TH)(&YU