Introduction to Chemistry
Chapters 1 & 2
Unit 1
• Laboratory Management:
• Experiments are designed for
students to learn chemistry by
doing chemistry.
• Each experiment provides the
opportunity to interact with matter,
make observations, and interpret
what is seen.
• In the laboratory safety is the
responsibility of the STUDENT
• The ONLY acceptable safety goal is
100%
Rules are essential for keeping
you safe in the laboratory
General guidelines
1. Conduct yourself in a
responsible manner at all
times in the laboratory
2. Follow all written and verbal
instructions carefully. If you do not
understand a direction or part of a
procedure, ASK YOUR TEACHER
BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE
ACTIVITY
3. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or
chew gum in the laboratory.
4. Never fool around in the laboratory. Horseplay, practicaljokes, and pranks are dangerous and prohibited.
5. Keep hands away from face, eyes, mouth, and body while using chemicals or lab equipment. Wash your hands with soap and water after performing all experiments.
6. Dispose of all chemical waste
properly. Never mix chemicals in sink
drains. Sinks are to be used only for
water. Check with your teacher for
disposal of chemicals and solutions
7. Know the locations and operating
procedures of all safety equipment
including: first aid kit(s), and fire
extinguisher. Know where the fire alarm
and the exits are located.
CLOTHING
1.Any time chemicals, heat, or glassware are
used, students will wear safety goggles. NO
EXCEPTIONS TO THIS RULE!
2. Dress properly during a laboratory
activity. Long hair, dangling jewelry, and
loose or baggy clothing are a hazard in the
laboratory. Long hair must be tied back, and
dangling jewelry and baggy clothing must be
secured. Shoes must completely cover the
foot. No sandals allowed on lab days.
ACCIDENTS AND
INJURIES
1. If a chemical should splash in your eye(s) or on your skin, immediately flush with running water for at least 20 minutes. Immediately (and loudly) yell out the teacher's name to get the teacher's attention
2. Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the teacher immediately, no matter how trivial it seems. Do not panic
3. Do not taste, or smell any
chemicals
4. Check the label on all chemical
bottles twice before removing
any of the contents. Take only
as much chemical as you need.
Handling Glassware and Equipment
& Heating Substances:
1. Never handle broken glass with your bare hands. Use a brush and dustpan to clean up broken glass. Place broken glass in the designated glass disposal container.
2. Examine glassware before each use. Never use chipped, cracked, or dirty glassware
3. If you do not understand how
to use a piece of equipment,
ASK THE TEACHER FOR HELP!
4. Never look into a container
that is being heated.
5. Do not operate a hot plate by yourself. Take care that hair, clothing, and hands are a safe distance from the hot plate at all times. Use of hot plate is only allowed in the presence of the teacher.
6. Heated glassware remains very hot for a long time. They should be set aside in a designated place to cool, and picked up with caution. Use tongs or heat protective gloves if necessary
a) Fire Extinguisher
b) safety blanket
c) Eye wash
d) safety shower
e) fume hood
Why is it important to
know where to find the
safety equipment in the
lab?
Use of Instrumentation:
Measuring volume:
• Graduated cylinder
• Pipette
• Buret
Measuring Temperature:
• Thermometer
Measuring mass:
• Triple beam balance
Holding glassware or apparatus:
• test tube holder
• tongs
• test tube rack
Heating or mixing substances
• Beaker
• Test tube
• Erlenmeyer flask
• Scientific
Method – one
logical
systematic
approach to
solving
problems
Step to the Scientific
Method
1. Observation – use senses
2. Hypothesis – educated guess or proposal explanation for what is observed
3. Experiment – running tests to see if hypothesis is true
4. Conclusion – report the results of your experiment
• Theory – a broad and extensively tested explanation of why experiments give certain results
• Scientific Law – a concise statement that summarizes the result of many observations and experiments.
• Chemistry→ science that deals
with the identification of the
substances of which matter is
composed; the investigation of
their properties and the ways in
which they interact, combine,
and change; and the use of
these processes to form new
substances
5 Major areas of Chemistry
1. Organic → study of all substances containing carbon
2. Inorganic → study of substances not containing carbon
3. Analytical → study of the composition of substances
4. Physical → concerned with theories & behavior of chemicals
5. Biochemistry → the chemistry of living organisms
Why Study Chemistry?
**What activities do you do during the
day that involves chemical
processes or chemical products?
**What environmental problems involve chemistry?
• Ozone, global warming, pollution
Knowledge of the basics of chemistry and other sciences can help you arrive at informed opinions and take appropriate actions on these questions.
Applied Chemistry
• Scientific
knowledge is
used in ways to
answer
questions.
(Technology)
Pure Chemistry
• Accumulates
knowledge of
chemicals
Chemistry Far & Wide
Uses of Chemistry:
• Materials
--Metals: steel (iron & carbon), brass, bronze
--Plastics (polymers): gigantic molecules with important properties
Uses of Chemistry
• Plastics have a high strength to weight ratio. Example: a piece of plastic that weighs the same, as a piece of steel is 5 to 6 times stronger
--Photographs
--Silicon memory chips
--Optical fibers
Energy
• Fossil Fuels –
coal, oil, natural
gas
- Non renewable
- Pollution
More Energy
• Sun light
-Photosynthesis
Light + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Solar
More Energy
• Batteries
- dry cell, alkaline, lithium - iodine
• Nuclear
-Fusion - sun – combining of subatomic particles
- Fission - nuclear power plants –breaking apart
Medicine & Biochemistry
• Penicillin, aspirin
• Materials for
pace makers,
synthetic blood,
skin
• Cloning →
producing an
exact genetic
copy of its parent
Agriculture
• Fertilizers
• Pesticides
• Genetic altering plants
Environments
• Pollutants
• Clean up of toxic waste
• Smog
• Carbon Dioxide
• Ozone
Astronomy & Space
• Chemical
composition of
moon and other
celestial objects
• Rockets
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