Douglas-fir breeding in Germany
Partner N° 6, 7 and 8
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Folie 1
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
2
Introduction history of Douglas-fir to Germany
• 1831: Introduction to Germany by John R. Booth (owner of a tree nursery in Klein-Flottbeck near Hamburg)
• 1880 - 1985: First cultivation under forest conditions (supported a. o. by Bismarck)
• Failure and success
› Needle cast
› Frost
› Growth
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
3
Establishment of provenance trials
• Testing original provenances
› 1910 Douglas provenance trial
› 1932/33 Douglas Fir provenance trial
› 1958 International Douglas Fir provenance trial
› 1970 International IUFRO-Douglas Fir provenance trial (I./II phase)
• Testing introduced material mainly of unknown origin
› 1984 East-German provenance trial
› 1988 Hesse provenance trial
› 2006 German provenance trial
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
4
Distribution of Douglas-fir in Germany
• Species of „minor importance“ No distribution map available
• Total forest area of Germany: 11,075.799 ha = 31 % of land area (BWI² 2004)
• Douglas-fir area: 179.607 ha = 1,7 % of forest area (BWI²)
> Range from 46.271 ha in Rhineland-Palatinate (5,7 %) to 756 ha in Saxony (0,2 %)
> Main growing areas (> 2 %): Rhineland-Palatinate, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Hesse, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein
> Major reforestation areas: Rhineland-Palatinate, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Hesse
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
5
Major use of Douglas-fir
• Volume production/year: 660,000 m³ (1987-2002)
• Major uses
› Veneer- and plywood industry
› Constructional wood suitable for medium up to heavy demand,
› Wall covering, parquet
› Shipbuilding
› Lumber for roof truss
› Wood pulp industry
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
6
Procurement of Douglas-fir FRM
• Douglas fir under the „German Act of Forest Reproductive Material“ (FoVG from 22.05.2005)
Selected Qualified Tested
N° ha N° N°
Seed stands 2,293 3,000 --- 18
Seed orchards --- --- 9 1
Parent of families --- --- --- 3
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
7
Procurement of Douglas-fir FRM
• Data on seed procurement presented by H.-M. Rau
• Quality control of FRM according to FoVG
› Weight, purity, moisture content, germination capacity and viability
› No genetic control of seeds
• Availability
› 2,300 seed stands (3000 ha = 1.7%): mean area of 1.3 ha
› Regional differences regarding number of stands and seed harvest
• In most cases, unknown origin of older stands
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
8
In-situ conservation
Preservation measure until 2004 2005 -2007
In-situ-stands (N) 290 72
In-situ-stands (area in ha) 372,9 135,2
In-situ-single trees (N) 51 14
• Delineation not in every state• No coherent criteria
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
9
Ex-situ conservation
• Activities not in every state• Especially in states with breeding institutions
Preservation measure until 2004 2005 -2007
Ex-situ-stands (N) 108 1
Ex-situ-stands (area in ha) 172.3 3.1
Seed orchards (N) 12 1
Seed orchards (area in ha) 34.2 3.1
Seed orchards fam./clone 613 70
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
10
• Selection of provenances descending from seed sources originating from natural distribution area
• Selection of provenances descending from seed stands established in Germany
• Selection of intra-specific progenies descending from controlled crosses between and among the varieties
Current breeding programmes
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
11
• Regions with comparable site conditions (geology, soil, climate, altitude) called “Provenance area”
• Recommendations related to the use of Douglas-fir forest reproductive material based on Provenance areas
Breeding zones defined for Douglas-fir
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
12
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
13
• Around 2.300 stands in the category selected
• Regional distribution quite inhomogenous
• Stands mainly pure, homogenous and even-aged
• Hybrid-breeding populations
› About 850 clones of coastal and interior variety
› 104 full-sib-F1-families
› 3 full-sib-F2-families
Breeding populations
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
14
Provenance which contribute the most to the Douglas-fir breeding population
• Coastal variety in regions with climate influenced by the Atlantic
• Interior variety in regions with climate influenced by the continent
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
15
• Phenotypic selection of single trees/ populations: Establishment of seed orchards, basic material for crossings
• Genotypic selection of populations/ seed orchard progenies according to the results of field- and laboratory-experiments
Breeding methodology and strategy
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
16
• Controlled crossing of single trees
• Genotypic selection of progenies according to the results of field- and laboratory-experiments
• Establishment of clone-lines by development of in-vitro-propagation techniques based on selected and approved reproductive material
Breeding methodology and strategy
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
17
Establishment of clone-lines
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
18
• At minimum 2 trial sites
• Number of plants: 16-49/plot and 3-4 replications per population/progeny
• Minimum period for evaluation: 15 years
• Assessment of survival, height, diameter, volume, damages (frost, drought), pest and diseases, stem form, branchiness in the field
• Frost resistance, drought tolerance in the lab
• Allozyme based inventory of seed stands
Evaluation strategy
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
19
• Most investigated tree species in Germany
• For most states recommendations for the use Douglas-fir provenances do exist
• Limited number of seed stands, seed orchards, F1-progenies is already tested and some basic material is already approved for the procurement of FRM, category tested
• Still lack of knowledge regarding the origin of local artificial populations
Major results
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
20
• Coastal variety: high yield, different quality traits, low resistance against frost and Phaeocryptopus needle cast, high resistance against Rhabdocline needle cast
• Interior variety: low yield, different quality traits, high resistance against frost and Phaaeocryptopus needle cast, low resistance against Rhabdocline needle cast
• Big variation at provenance level within the variety
• Hybrids: in several progenies – high yield and frost resistance could be combined together with average branchiness and needle cast resistance
Results on genetic variability studies
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
21
Trial plot Kirchschneise: Height in the age 17 a
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,02014
2059
2060
2061
2067
2068
2015
2033
2057
2066
2011
2012
2013
2062
2065
2069
2077
58
2022
2025
2029
2035
2036
2037
2038
2040
2072
2030
2032
2039
2042
2043
2071
2000
2023
2028
2034
2041
2074
3105
3152
2003
2007
2055
2064
3093
3133
2001
2004
2080
2081
2091
1208
1209
1215
1255
c x c
c x g
c x v
g x c
g x g
g x vv x c
v x g
v x v
F2
Bestände
7,19
Height in m
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
22
• Achieved or expected gains depending on reference
> Standard
> Average
> Worst case
• Achieved gain
> Height growth 130 % to 200 %
> Diameter 145 % to 250 %
> Volume 180 % to 300 % (120 m³/ha – 366 m³/ha)
Expected/achieved gains
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
23
Significant failures
• Increase of needle cast infections also in selected material due to increasing infestation pressure
• Failure of plantation due to frost (early, winter)
• Unsufficient growth and quality of plantations
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
24
Deployment strategy
• Recommendations for the use of Douglas-fir FRM based on scientific results by the states
• Recommendations obligatory for public owned forest administrations and companies
• Recommendations only obligatory for private owned forest companies and private forest owners if tax payers money is involved by subsidies
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
25
Plans for the next years
• Assessment of genetic structures of Douglas-fir basic material to get information on
› Variety
› Composition of the mixture
› Approval of basic material
• Evaluation of approval and control system for FRM in the USA
• Evaluation of status and condition of IUFRO/EU-stands
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
26
Introduction of FRM: Example Alder Lake (IUFRO-provenance 1081)
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
27
Plans for the next years
• Establishment of new seed orchards
• Approval of populations in the category tested
• Development of clonal FRM based on in-vitro-propagation
• And the prospects???
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
28
Norway spruce – Norway spruce – Change of vitalityChange of vitality
Anbaueignung Fichte 0 - 10%
10 - 20%
20 - 30%
30 - 40%
40 - 50%
50 - 60%
60 - 70%
70 - 80%
80 - 90%
90 - 100%
1971 - 2000
2091 - 2100
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
29
• Climate change
• Role of Douglas-fir
• More applied research on provenance variation
• Taking regions of provenances into consideration which are not considered at present
Prospects
Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst
Author: Heino Wolf & Doris Krabel
30
Thank you very much
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