1
CIVITAS Forum 2017, Torres Vedras
Introducing e-buses in cities’ public transport systems
28.09.2017
ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
28.09.2017 2ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Your hosts for this workshop
■ Long-time experience in planning and
implementation of electric bus projects
□ Battery buses and fuel cell buses
■ Initiators of the electric bus project in
Münster (Germany)
□ Fast charging at terminal stops
□ 1. fast charging project in Europe
■ Application of and participation in the
large electric bus projects
□ SEB, ZeEUS, ELIPTIC, …
■ Founders of ebusplan
Philipp Sinhuber
Managing Director
Matthias Rogge
Managing Director
■ Customers
□ Public transport operators (PTO)
□ Public transport authorities (PTA)
□ Cities
□ Bus manufacturers
□ Consultants
■ Portfolio
□ Software-based planning of electric buses
(consultancy services)
□ Electric bus planning software
□ Workshops and seminars
28.09.2017 3ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
ebusplan GmbH
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28.09.2017 4ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Path to Electric Mobility in Public Transport…
ELECTRIFICATION
CONCEPTS
Reliable and cost-
optimized electrification
concepts including specs
FEASIBILITY STUDIES
Choice of the right concept
and of feasible bus routes
WORKSHOPS AND
SEMINARS
Kick-start into the topic
„Electric Buses“
IMPLEMENTATION
Funding opportunities,
procurement, monitoring
and optimization of
operation
28.09.2017 5ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Some of our customers…
STIB-MIVB
Operator of Brussels
NVG
Operator of Würzburg (Germany)
Movia
Transport authority
of Copenhagen
and eastern Denmark
Ruhrbahn
Operator of the cities Essen
and Mülheim (Germany)
West Verkehr
Operator of Heinsberg (Germany)
wupsi
Operator of Leverkusen and
Bergisch Gladbach (Germany)
DVG
Operator of Duisburg (Germany)
Stadtwerke Offenbach / OVB
Operator of Offenbach (Germany)
28.09.2017 6ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Other Projects and Partners
Norwood
Junction Station
London
Utrecht
Ijsselsteinlaan
Vechtsebanen
South Croydon
Bus Garage
Birmingham
Berlin
Project “Municipal E-Bus Planner“
■ Introduction
■ Electrification of public transport buses
■ Transformation of an entire fleet
■ Demonstration
■ Further project examples
28.09.2017 7ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Agenda
■ Introduction
■ Electrification of public transport buses
■ Transformation of an entire fleet
■ Demonstration
■ Further project examples
28.09.2017 8ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Agenda
■ Introduction
■ Electrification of public transport buses
■ Transformation of an entire fleet
■ Demonstration
■ Further project examples
28.09.2017 9ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Agenda
10
Transition to Electric Bus Transport
Zero Emission
Quiet
Sustainable
…has already begun!
Fuel Cell
Catenary
Depot Charging
Opportunity Charging
■ All concept utilize an electric motor for propulsion
■ Charging strategy makes the difference
28.09.2017 11ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Electric Bus Concepts
Sources: Sileo, Hochbahn,
wn.de, Vossloh Kiepe
28.09.2017 12ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
General market overviewBus market
Operation modes:
d) Full electric bus network
c) Operation in a part of the
bus network
b) Operation on a (special / single)
bus line
a) Operational trials
(redundant vehicles)
Ma
turi
ty a
nd
in
teg
rati
on
in
op
era
tio
n
Trials and test projects
(e.g. FC buses in HH, Pinneberg,
tests in Bonn and Bremen)
Demo projects (e.g. ZeEUS,
Braunschweig, Berlin, …)
Final goal:
(e.g. NL)
Demonstrated in
Eindhoven and London
28.09.2017 13ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
General market overviewBus market
■ London
□ 51 electric ADL/BYD buses
operated since 2016
■ Eindhoven
□ 43 electric VDL Citea buses
operated since 2016
Source: VDL Source: BYD
■ BYD as general contractor
28.09.2017 14ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
London – Electric Bus Route 507/521
■ Before…
28.09.2017 15ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
London – Electric Bus Route 507/521
□ 46 buses
□ Confined space
□ No option to expand
■ After…
□ 46 electric buses
□ 43 charging spots
□ 2 substations
□ 11 kV 400 V
■ 5 more buses at
another bus garage
28.09.2017 16ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
London – Electric Bus Route 507/521
28.09.2017 17ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
London – Electric Bus Route 507/521
28.09.2017 18ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Eindhoven – PTO Hermes TransdevFast charging buses from VDL
28.09.2017 19ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Eindhoven – PTO Hermes TransdevRoute structure
Special structure with
central hub
Bus depot close by
Business Case „Oberhausen“Scenario description
• 2 bus lines, one 12 m bus each
– ~ 14,5 km per circulation
– Passenger capacity: 70
– Li-Ion LFP-Battery
• 200 kWh energy capacity
• 5 modules
• Charging infrastructure
– opportunity charging at terminals
– overnight charging in depot
– Utilization of existing tram infrastructure
• catenary
• substation
Business Case „Barcelona“Scenario description
• 1 line with 2 articulated buses– Ca. 24 km per circulation
– Passenger capacity: 110
– Li-Ion-LTO-Battery
• 125 kWh
• 5 Module
• Charging infrastructure– opportunity charging at terminals
– Overnight charging in depot
– Power from public- and metro-grid
Business Case „Bremen“Scenario description
• 1 bus line with 1 standard bus– Ca. 60 km per circulation
– Passenger capacity: 79
– Li-Ion LFP-Batterie
• 230 kWh available energy
– Aux. Diesel-generator: 7 l/day
• Charging infrastructure– Overnight charging in depot
– Energy taken from public grid
■ Introduction
■ Electrification of public transport buses
■ Transformation of an entire fleet
■ Demonstration
■ Further project examples
28.09.2017 23ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Agenda
■ Ideal case: Minimizing operational efforts by a one-by-one replacement
of an diesel by an electric bus
□ Implementation of this strategy is limited by technical feasibility
□ Analysis and evaluation operational data (vehicle schedules) required
28.09.2017 24ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Operational expenses
Diesel Electric
1 : 1
□ „Opportunity Charging“
▪ High charging power („fast charge“)
▪ Infrastructure in the city
▪ Implemented in:
Münster, Cologne, Berlin, Hamburg,
Oberhausen, Braunschweig, …
London, Utrecht, …
28.09.2017 25ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Different Charging Concepts
forth
back
Terminal stop 1 Terminal stop 2
□ „Depot Charging“
„Overnight Charging“
▪ Large batteries
▪ Infrastructure only in bus depot
▪ Implemented in:
Aachen, Bonn, Bremen, …
London, …
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85
Daily
mile
age [
km
]
Vehicle schedule
28.09.2017 26ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Analysis of operational dataElectrification with depot charging buses
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85
Daily
mile
age
[km
]
Vehicle schedule
28.09.2017 27ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Analysis of operational dataElectrification with depot charging buses
Depot charging buses
25 %
75 %
Operational adjustments and
potentially additional buses
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85
Daily
mile
age
[km
]
Vehicle schedule
28.09.2017 28ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Analysis of operational dataElectrification with opportunity charging buses
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85
Daily
mile
age
[km
]
Vehicle schedule
28.09.2017 29ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Analysis of operational dataElectrification with opportunity charging buses
Vehicles passing by terminal stops which are
suited for installing charging infrastructure
66 % / 34 %
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85
Daily
mile
age
[km
]
Vehicle schedule
28.09.2017 30ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Analysis of operational dataElectrification with opportunity charging buses
34 % / 66 %
Vehicles with sufficient dwell
time at terminal stops
66 % / 34 %
Vehicles passing by terminal stops which are
suited for installing charging infrastructure
■ Electrification with opportunity charging requires sufficient dwell time at
terminal stops
□ Additional vehicle can increase charging time significantly
28.09.2017 31ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Operational expensesVehicle demand by opportunity charging
30min
30min
5min5min
30min
30min
Terminal
1
Terminal
2
5min
+10min
5min
Example:
10 min interval
7 Buses
Terminal
1Terminal
2
8 Buses
■ Vehicle demand directly influences the investment costs
□ but also…
■ Estimation of the vehicle demand is complex due to several influencing
factors
□ Technical constraints
□ Distance to the depot
□ Daily mileage of considered bus route
28.09.2017 32ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Operational expensesVehicle demand
Deadheading Driver working hours Space in depot
Quellen: celleheute.de, bdz.eu
Energy based vehicle scheduling
28.09.2017 33ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Technical and Operational Feasibility AnalysisExample: bus route 130
■ Diesel bus operation
□ 3 vehicles; total deadhead: 31,1 km Best case, minimum vehicle number
and minimum deadhead
28.09.2017 34ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Technical and Operational Feasibility AnalysisExample: bus route 130
■ Operation with Depot Charger (350 kWh) and additional fuel heater
□ 4 vehicles; total deadhead: 56,6 km additional vehicle and 2 charging
phases during the day required
28.09.2017 35ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Technical and Operational Feasibility AnalysisExample: bus route 130
■ Operation with Depot Charger (250 kWh) and additional fuel heater
□ 4 vehicles; total deadhead: 73,5 km additional vehicle and 4 charging
phases during the day required
28.09.2017 36ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Technical and Operational Feasibility AnalysisExample: bus route 130
■ Operation with Depot Charger (250 kWh) and pure-electric heating
□ 5 vehicles; total deadhead: 99 km el. heating reqiures 2 additional
vehicles and 6 charging phases during the day
■ Example: Roskilde / Kopenhagen
28.09.2017 37ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Electrification concept developmentExample project
202A
123
Roskilde St.
Margrethehåb
Musicon
Glostrup St.
Depot
Buses Route
distance
Yearly
mileage
4 7,5 km 0,32 Mio. km
12 23,5 km 1,14 Mio. km
Total 16 1,46 Mio. km
123
202A
■ Example: Roskilde / Kopenhagen
28.09.2017 38ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Electrification concept developmentExample project
202A
123
Roskilde St.
Margrethehåb
Musicon
Glostrup St.
Depot
Potential charging station
Buses Route
distance
Yearly
mileage
4 7,5 km 0,32 Mio. km
12 23,5 km 1,14 Mio. km
Total 16 1,46 Mio. km
123
202A
28.09.2017 39ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Electrification concept developmentOperational characteristics
Additional vehicles in peak hours
■ Some vehicles return to the
depot after the morning peak
■ Daily mileages per vehicle from
139 km to 395 km
Continuous operation
■ Vehicles return to the depot at
the end of the day
■ Daily mileages per vehicle from
207 km to 274 km
202A 123
28.09.2017 40ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Electrification concept developmentOperational characteristics
■ Technical feasibility of an electrification without operational adjustments
➢ Operational adjustments required to ensure technical feasibility of each
concept
Bus route Opportunity charging Depot charging
Insufficient battery
capacity
Insufficient dwell timeInsufficient battery
capacity
202A
123
28.09.2017 41ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Electrification concept developmentOperational adjustments
■ Energy based vehicle
scheduling under consideration
of technial constraints
- Vehicle schedule for depot charger -
blau Operation in passenger service
gelb Recharging in depot
Bus route Opportunity charging Depot charging
no additional vehicles
∑ 4 vehicles
+ 2 vehicles
∑ 6 vehicles
+2 vehicles
∑ 14 vehicles
+2 vehicles
∑ 14 vehicles
202A
123
28.09.2017 42ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Electrification concept developmentTCO calculation
123202A
■ Introduction
■ Electrification of public transport buses
■ Transformation of an entire fleet
■ Demonstration
■ Further project examples
28.09.2017 43ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Agenda
28.09.2017 44ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Demonstrator
28.09.2017 45ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Demonstrator
■ Read in operational data
□ Timetables, vehicle schedules,…
■ Determination of energy consumption
□ Modelling of impact of route and vehicle
properties
■ Simulation of electric bus operation
□ Feasibility, load profiles, costs (TCO) and
emission saving potential
■ Cost-optimized system design (techn. specs)
■ Energy-based vehicle scheduling
28.09.2017 46ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Software Electrification Planner
…Ops.
data
Interface
■ Introduction
■ Electrification of public transport buses
■ Transformation of an entire fleet
■ Demonstration
■ Further project examples
28.09.2017 47ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Agenda
28.09.2017 48ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Technical Feasibility Analysis
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
0 50 100 150 200
Time in s
Po
wer
in k
W
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Sp
eed
in
km
/h
power demand (drive)
vehicle speed
■ Modelling of bus routes■ Read in operational data
■ Energy consumption simulation
■ Energy-based vehicle scheduling
28.09.2017 49ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Technical Feasibility Analysis
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
0 50 100 150 200
Time in s
Po
wer
in k
W
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Sp
eed
in
km
/h
power demand (drive)
vehicle speed
■ Modelling of bus routes■ Read in operational data
■ Energy consumption simulation
■ Energy-based vehicle scheduling
➢ Vehicle schedules (incl. charging phases),
➢ Vehicle requirement, number of chargers required,
➢ Deadhead, driver hours,
➢ Technical specifications
28.09.2017 50ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Technical and Operational Feasibility AnalysisExample: bus network of 200 buses
■ Vehicle requirement
for each bus route
depending on
charging concept
Anz. Fahrzeuge
A B A B A B A B
… Solobus (SN) 5 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 0
… Gelenkbus (GN) 5 5 3 4 3 - - - -
… Solobus (SN) 3 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 0
… Solobus (SN) 3 2 1 1 1 - 0 - 0
… Solobus (SN) 3 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 0
… Gelenkbus (GN) 4 4 3 4 3 - - - -
… Gelenkbus (GN) 7 7 4 6 3 - 1 - 1
… Solobus (SN) 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
… Gelenkbus (GN) 4 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
… Solobus (SN) 2 2 1 2 1 - - - -
… Solobus (SN) 3 1 0 1 0 - 0 0 0
… Solobus (SN) 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
… Solobus (SN) 1 1 1 1 0 - - - -
… Solobus (SN) 2 1 1 1 0 - - - -
… Gelenkbus (GN) 2 0 0 0 0 - - - -
… Gelenkbus (GN) 2 2 1 2 1 - - - -
… Solobus (SN) 3 2 1 2 1 - - - -
… Gelenkbus (GN) 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
… Gelenkbus (GN) 6 7 6 6 4 2 1 1 1
… Solobus (SN) 4 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 0
… Solobus (SN) 5 4 2 4 2 - - - -
… Solobus (SN) 12 3 0 1 0 - 1 1 1
… Solobus (SN) 6 5 3 4 2 - 1 1 1
… Solobus (SN) 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
… Gelenkbus (GN) 7 7 5 7 4 - 1 1 1
… Gelenkbus (GN) 10 5 2 4 1 - - - 1
Linie Bustyp
Absoluter Fahrzeugmehrbedarf (Szenario heute)
Diesel Referenz
Depot-Lader
Typ 1
Depot-Lader
Typ 2
Gelegeneheits-
Lader Typ 1
Gelegeneheits-
Lader Typ 2
…list to be continued…
Entire bus network
• 200 buses
• 3 bus depots
• > 30 bus lines
28.09.2017 51ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)Example: bus network of 200 buses
■ TCO compared
to current
conventional bus
operation
spez. Kosten
A B A B A B A B
… Solobus (SN) 1,20 48% 39% 51% 33% 31% 25% 35% 18%
… Gelenkbus (GN) 1,53 92% 66% 87% 67% - - - -
… Solobus (SN) 1,27 62% 43% 61% 43% 40% 25% 44% 29%
… Solobus (SN) 1,38 69% 49% 55% 45% - 29% - 34%
… Solobus (SN) 1,19 73% 50% 71% 52% 44% 29% 36% 33%
… Gelenkbus (GN) 1,42 102% 74% 95% 73% - - - -
… Gelenkbus (GN) 1,58 96% 66% 89% 65% - 32% - 34%
… Solobus (SN) 1,13 63% 50% 60% 50% 35% 35% 41% 40%
… Gelenkbus (GN) 1,99 63% 39% 63% 42% 56% 35% 59% 39%
… Solobus (SN) 1,14 78% 53% 73% 49% - - - -
… Solobus (SN) 1,40 62% 33% 60% 37% - 29% 35% 34%
… Solobus (SN) 1,20 58% 48% 58% 53% 38% 37% 44% 40%
… Solobus (SN) 2,08 165% 165% 198% 82% - - - -
… Solobus (SN) 1,86 91% 90% 113% 58% - - - -
… Gelenkbus (GN) 3,50 57% 53% 68% 67% - - - -
… Gelenkbus (GN) 2,28 135% 90% 152% 101% - - - -
… Solobus (SN) 1,76 110% 69% 127% 85% - - - -
… Gelenkbus (GN) 4,95 41% 41% 54% 54% 71% 45% 82% 45%
… Gelenkbus (GN) 1,36 96% 79% 87% 68% 42% 32% 34% 34%
… Solobus (SN) 1,22 72% 49% 59% 45% 34% 23% 30% 25%
… Solobus (SN) 1,17 78% 49% 72% 50% - - - -
… Solobus (SN) 1,24 38% 24% 35% 28% - 23% 27% 21%
… Solobus (SN) 1,33 79% 52% 69% 44% - 27% 29% 29%
… Solobus (SN) 1,75 36% 24% 38% 34% 52% 35% 56% 38%
… Gelenkbus (GN) 1,53 107% 82% 102% 69% - 36% 44% 39%
… Gelenkbus (GN) 1,61 83% 60% 73% 49% - - - 29%
Linie Bustyp
Relative Mehrkosten in % (Szenario heute)
Diesel Referenz
Depot-Lader Typ 1 Depot-Lader Typ 2
Gelegeneheits-
Lader Typ 1
Gelegeneheits-
Lader Typ 2
…list to be continued…
Entire bus network
• 200 buses
• 3 bus depots
• > 30 bus lines
28.09.2017 52ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Concept for a Changeover for half of the FleetPhases (stepwise concept)
• 5 vehicles
• gainexperience
2020
Phase A
• 40 vehicles
• …
2022
Phase B
• 52 vehicles
• …
2024
Phase C
Investment costs for each phase
■ Electric buses will not replace conventional buses 1-by-1
■ Electric buses are not a solely technical issue Significant changes in many fields are required
□ Operation strategy: number of vehicles, deadhead and driver time
□ Workshops (vehicle maintenance)
□ Bus depot: additional space required
■ Each city (each bus network) has individual characteristics that impact the choice of the most suited electric bus concept.
■ Dedicated planning algorithms tailor the system to the local-specific requirements (route characteristics, infrastructure, timetables and current planning practice)
■ Experience from other cities available
28.09.2017 53ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
Summary and take-aways
54
CIVITAS Forum 2017, Torres Vedras
Introducing e-buses in cities’ public transport systems
28.09.2017
ebusplan GmbH - Aachen, Germany
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