Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM)
African Water WeekDakar 27th May 2014
Kala Vairavamoorthy
Patel College of Global Sustainability
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA
~2.5 Billion without access to improved sanitationd
~780 million without access to improved water
Bad News: Developing World
Managing urban water will become more challenging in the future
• 155,000 persons per day
• 90% in developing countries
• ~90% in urban areas
• ~850,000 per week in urban settings
The Urban Arithmetic for 2050
Growing but also ‘Growing Up’
Source: UN (2003)
Growth in emerging towns -Opportunity to do Things Differently
Source: World Bank (2010) World Development Report 2009 Reshaping Economic Geography , second edition, pp. 35
Opportunity to do Things In Africa and Asia
Shenzhen
Fishing village of several thousand
City of 7 million – big in electronic manufacturing
1980 Today
Rapid Urbanization in Africa and Asia
Need to think differently
IUWM is not a methodology but a mindset - a different way of thinking
IntegrationProductive UseBeneficiation
Doing more with less ‘Integration the key’
Holistic systems approach
to the urban watershed
Surface water
Demand management
Leakage management
Stormwater/ Rainwater
Black water
Groundwater
Grey water
Productivity requires an integrated perspective of the urban water cycle
Integrated modelling allows us to connect all flows with productive uses
SURFACE WATER/GROUNDWATER/DESALINATION)
WATER SUPPLY
COMM/DOM/IND/USEIRRIGATION
GREYWATER REUSE
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
RECEIVING BODY (SUSRFACE/GROUNDWATER)
RAINWATER/ STORMWATERHARVESTING
POTABLE WATER
RAIN/STORMWATER
GREY WATER
BLACK WATER
KEY
RECLAIMED WATER
TransitioningExploring alternative urban water solutions to rapid population growth
Water demand will at least double until 2035
NAIROBI
Typical solutions - import more water to meet growing needs
• Unit costs of US$ 0.36/m3
New
GW
Existing
Demand
(2010)
637X103 m3/d deficit
New SW-1
New SW-2
Demand
(2035)
Improving productivity measure reduces unit costs
• Unit costs of US$ 0.31/m3 (cf. to 0.36)
Demand
(2035)
New SW-1R
ain
wat
er
har
vest
ing(
Clu
ster
)
New
GW
Dem
and
Mgt
.Leakage
Mgt.
Gre
ywat
er(C
lust
er)
Demand
(2010)
637X103 m3/d deficit
Further productivity measures can postpone investments
• Unit costs of US$ 0.40/m3 (cf. to 0.36)
Rai
nw
ater
h
arve
stin
g(C
lust
er)
New
GW
Dem
and
Mgt
.Leakage
Mgt.
Gre
ywat
er(C
lust
er)
Demand
(2010)
637X103 m3/d deficit
Rec
laim
wat
er(C
lust
er)
Rai
nw
ater
(H
H)
Gre
ywat
er(H
ou
seh
old
)
Demand
(2035)1.21
WN
It’s already happening: Namibia
Reclaimed Dam Water Groundwater
Domestic
Consumers
Industrial
Irrig. -Parks
WW Treatment
26% 66% 8%
45%
7%
6%
10% Unaccountedfor Water
WW Treatment
Irrig. - Fodder
River
Reuse for Irrigation
Re
use
fo
r d
rin
kin
g w
ate
r
Reclaimed (old)
13%
83%
Consumed38%
26%
90%
Security through diversity
Conveyance
Treatm.(pump)
Treatm.(process)
Local catchment Import NEWater Desal Total
0.480.42
1.03
kw
h/m
3
0.56
4.09
NEWRI 2010
Unconventional water sources: more energy intensive
bank filtration,
soil-aquifer treatment, constructed wetlands,
hybrid systems
Natural systems can help close the water cycle
River
Natural systems can help close the water cycle
$0.067/m3 (cf 0.28/m3)
0.012 -0.024 $/m3
(cf 0.05-0.15 $/m3)
(0.17 $/m3)
Lake Bank
Filtration
River Bank Filtration
Primary Treatment
and/or Constructed
Wetlands
Stabilization Ponds
Water for Irrigation
Riv
er
Dam
Reservoir
Ecohydrology
Low Energy – Water Efficient’ Closed Loop
Soil Aquifer Treatment
Artificial Recharge Recovery
Kibera
Nairobi Dam
Ngong River
Greywater from unservicedhouseholds
Polluted runoff from streets
Overflow from pit latrines
Flows from Kibera pollute Nairobi Dam No longer used as a water source
Cost for provision of drainage and sanitation for Kibera
• EAC US$ 1.0M
Condominium sewers
Condominium sewers
DEWATS
DEWATS
Potential water resources after slum improvement
• Yield 17,300m3/d
• Cost of water (0.16$/m3)
• US$800,000/year reduction
SUDS
SUDS
Urban water infrastructure provision to Kibera benefit all of Nairobi
Ben
Manage water supply, wastewater & stormwatertogether (one urban water cycle)……. and think creatively about what could be your water sources (and don’t focus on the obvious ones).
Take home message
(educate future urban leaders on the integrated perspective of the urban water cycle and contextualize each component of the water system within this perspective)
Need to recognize that main challenges are political and institutional in nature
Path to
Implementation
Political &
Institutional Barriers
Need collaboration, cooperation, and coordination between institutions
The water sector can’t do it alone
Land plannersArchitectsDevelopers
Gov’t officialsFinanciersEnergy experts
We need to break down barriers
Bogota, Colombia
Issue:
• pollution of upper Rio Bogota (tanneries)
Key players:
• Association of tanners, Regulator, Local government, NGO, University,…
Outcomes:
• 1/2 of small enterprises implemented cleaner production principles removing 90% pollution
We need to put water in the minds of people?
Create a favorable enabling environment (institutional landscape, regulations etc.) that allows the effective and sustainable urban water management
Take home message
Think about Harvesting
Looking from downstream up
Perspective of productive use and beneficiation
Productive Use Beneficiation
Quality
B
Quality
AQuality
C
Grey water
Brownwater
Urine
Solid waste
Surface Water
Ground Water
Rain Water
Energy
Potable
Water
Reclaimed
non-potableIndustry
Use
HygienizedSludge
Nutrients Bioplastic
These perspectives lead to a more decentralized type of thinking?
Decentralization well suited for:
• Energy recovery (heat recovered and used close to source)
• Minimizing energy consumption (for moving water)
• Source separation (to maximize nutrient recovery)
• Adjusted growth (to deal with rapid growing cities)
• Increased resiliency (dampens the propagation of failures)
Water machine to deal with growing cities - Qingdao, China
• 12,000 PE clusters
• Source separation and water quality matched to intended use
• Net energy positiveWater
Resource
Look for opportunities to create new paradigms (not extended old ones)
Formalised
Water System
Small scale providers
Growth
Decentralized
community based
Expansion of existing
system to serve new
demand
New demand
Qujiang New District
North lake
South lake
Associated
wetland
District
wastewater
treatment
plant
District wastewater
network
District storm water
drainage
(Secondary treatment)
(Tertiary treatment)
(Regulation
lakes)
Gardening
Forestation
Miscellaneoususes
Car washing
• New cluster for 10,000 PE
• Environmental buffers used before reuse
• Clusters boundaries determined through spatial optimization process
Cities ring-fencing central core and decentralizing in new areas - Xi’an
Xi’anCentral
Cities ring-fencing central core and decentralizing in new areas - Xi’an
Siyuan College
• 18,000 students
• Decentralized water and wastewater
• 50% less potable water
Xi’anCentral
Quick growing emerging towns
Exploring opportunities to do thinks differently in emerging cities
UGANDA
C1
C2
C3
C4
C7
C6
C5
Look for opportunities to create new paradigms (not extended old ones)
Semi-centralized is cheaper?
Average Annual Costs
3,787,000 US$Average Annual Costs
5,148,000 US$
One size does not fit all – Different solutions for different drivers & applications
Centralized Decentralized
Cluster In SituSemi CentralizedLarge Scale
A Continuum of Options
EXTREME EVENTS –
RESILIENT WATER SYSTEM
Driver for water management should be beneficiation –maximize value added
(institutions & regulations to support and not hinder)
‘All water is good water: fit for purpose’
Take home message
(educate future urban leaders on all benefits of water – public
health, aesthetics, economic development, green economy)
Transitioning
Graph Theory Transition Systems
Existing System
Future System Based on Old System
Future System Totally New System
Transitioning
0 10 20 30 40
0 10 20 30 40
0 10 20 30 40
0 10 20 30 40
0 10 20 30 40
0 10 20 30 40
0 10 20 30 40
0 10 20 30 40
0 10 20 30 40
0 10 20 30 40
0 10 20 30 40
Sempewo, J., Vairavamoorthy, K. and Grimshaw, F. (2010)
We need Champions of Change
Train new urban leaders!
Training program needs to be holistic and promote integration
Technology Selection
Building Effective Institutions
Stakeholder Engagement
Economics and Finance
IUWM Toolbox
IUWM Diagnostics
Water Balance Model
There are many technologies suited for developing countries – but what are they?
What technologies exist to allow me to
reuse & recycle?
How can I capture nutrients from my
water?
What technologies will help me
generate energy from my water?
What technologies exist to help me
harvest stormwater?
What technologies will help me convert
faecal sludge into money?
?????
Greywater Treatment:Household
DEWATS
Horizontal Flow WetlandsAlgal Culture Ponds:
Harvest Micro-algae
Fecal sludge into safe fertilizer:
LaDePa machine (Durban)
We need a catalogue to help us understand what technologies exist (and where/when to apply)
Medium Level for Senior Managers
Expert Training for Managers & Practitioners
A strategy that cascades change
Choices Before Us
What You
Know..
What You
Don’t Know..What You
Know..
Stay in Lane
Business as Usual
Try Harder
Spend More for Traditional Sys
Paradigm Shift
Truly Different Approach
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