Frontier in Civil Engineering
Integrated River Basin Management
Dept. Civil Engineering, Nagoya University15 June 2012
Prof. Tetsuro TSUJIMOTO
Elementary Concepts and Definitions:Elementary Concepts and Definitions:
①Precipitation ⇔ Evapo-transpiration ←weather, climate……meteorology
②Divide→ River basin (Catchment, Watershed)←geography
③Run-off process surface runoff, subsurface runoff (intermediate), groundwater ←hydrology
④River flow ←hydraulics
⑤Flux (flow) and stockWater, sediment, materials (biophilic elements)
⑥Landscape connected one another by flux networks in river basinGeographical characteristics – Land use with human activities
related to ecosystem
⑦Ecosystem ←interrelating system
Ecosystem structure
physical background - habitat suitability - biological aspect space-peculiar elementary events production and decomposition
material cycle
Ecological function →Ecosystem service
River basin = various landscapes are connected bynatural water/material flux network
⑧River basin complex=multiple river basins connected by artificial networks
Bio aspect
life historygrowth, breedingFood webCompetition
Material Cycleassimilationfiltering(de)nitrificationdecomposition
Habitat
Energy supply
Ecosystem function
Peculiar landscapefor material cycle
Physical basementPhysical basementSediment
Flow transport
Vegetation Morphology
Ecosystem function
EcosystemEcosystemA
B C
Each Landscape has Structures and Functions as Ecosystem
Concepts of River Basin and River Basin Complex
Distributing landscapes connected by flux networks(water, sediment, materials)
Artificial flux net works connected multiple river basins → River Basin Complex
Several Viewpoints Several Viewpoints on on IntegrationIntegration in River Basin Managementin River Basin Management①Functions:
Human activities:Safety against flood (heavy rainfall) ←Flood mitigation (flood control, drainage, disaster management)
Water resources against draught←Water resources management
(demand management, supply management)Preferable environments←Basin environment management
(pollution control, amenity & recreation, ecosystem)
Sustainability :Resources depletion (fossil fuels)Global warming ←Green gas emissionBio-diversity loss
Functions↑
②Institutions (responsible organizations)laws, funds, organizations “Governance”Central and/or local government, community, NGO, individuals
Public → Private↑
③Spatial Scale:Community - region - along a river - river basin - river basin complex
④Time (Temporal Scale)Long term – short term
Safety against FloodSafety against Flood
①Local flood managementLevee (discontinuous)
“Waju tei”=embankment asurrounding village against river flood
Drainage from agricultural area ←Agricultural administrationUrban drainage
Sewage system(drainage + waste water treatment) ←Municipality
Pumping station←Local rainfall density (mm/hr) 50mm,Return period 1/10
Flood fighting team bridging hardware and software
Evacuation system ← Municipality, Community↓↑ Inter-villages along river, Inter-agency
②Flood protection along a river
②Flood protection along a riverFlood protection of the area with higher activities
in the downstream of major rivers↓ (infrastructure equipped in upstream)Continuous flood levee + Flood control dam ←River
+ Sabo projects (erosion control) management←Mountain sediment management
Planning procedures:Design rainfall (basin average accumulated rainfall during event)↓ ←Return period 50-200yrs↓ (long term plan, master plan within 20-30years)Runoff analysis↓ ←rapid runoff due to land use of catchment↓ hostile land-use should be regulated!Design flood discharge without dam control (peak cut)↓
Design flood discharge without dam control↓ Design of dam & reservoir or Detention pond (Retarding basin)
Design flood discharge after dam control↓
HWL (high water level) → Levee design ←Channel design (cross section) ←dredging
Height of levee (HWL+free board), cross section geometrychannelization
discontinuity between river and floodplain →habitat degradation
Safe flood convey without over-topping and levee breach←revetment, groyns (overflow, erosion or scouring, seepage)
Flood control to avoid inundation↓
③Disaster management←Local government, Municipality, Flood fighting team
Flood Protection for target reach (area)by Levee and Dams
Urban Area
Levee Urban Drainage(Pumping Station)
Retention Pond
Dam & ReservoirTarget Area
Hazard Level(Rainfall-Return period)5 years 20 years 100
Present Defense
Master plan for 30 years
Long-term goal
Protection (Hardware) Software (Evacuation)
Response forExtra-Hazard
Temporal stepwise flood protection
③Disaster management←Local government, Municipality, Flood fighting team
Disaster= Discharge or rainfall > infrastructurally equipped levelLevel of design, Achievement level
↑Depending on “Exposure” (population, property, productivity,...)
Propagation of disaster:Local disaster Ex. Over topping levee, Levee breach
↓Propagation of inundation (wide area) vulnerable region
Risky (masochistic) land-use should be regulated!
④Risk management, Incident ManagementRisk = occurrence probability of hazard (magnitude)
Equipment level of infrastructure Preparedness for evacuation (survival) ⇔Vulnerability
Self assist, community assist, public assistPotential for rescue, recovery, restoration, … (Resilience)
Risk management by Hazard map←Inundation map :Design flood (rainfall) in long-term vision
Present preparedness (infrastructures) Appropriate guide for evacuation = Evacuation order by Mayor
↑ coordination of city office and river managerAppropriate information on rainfall and river discharge (stage)
↓ by weather bureau by river managerAppropriate performance for evacuation (inhabitants)
Extraordinary weather = guerilla heavy rainfall locally concentrated heavy rainfall
Not included in statistical discussion related to “return period”
Unrealized dangerous spots (dangerous tarp) ←Risky action, masochistic land-use
Insufficient resolution of weather monitoring→higher resolution ←X band MP radar
Difficulty of weather-runoff-flood forecasting →no lead-time for response
C-type Guerrilla rainfall ← >100mm/hr
Iga River (Okazaki city) Toga River (Kobe city)
“Pitfall” or “trap” which were not recognized before disaster.But, it is possible to recognize them carefully, and remove them.
Excess heavy rainfall or flood (including storm surge) for vulnerable area (super typhoon)
(area below sea level with high population)
↓catastrophe with lower frequency than designed return period↑accurate forecasting of super typhoon landing (1.5days before)↓
①pre-evacuation strategy in wide area←agreements among communities
(evacuation means, shelter and refuge, emergency response resources) ↑
United command②Emergency response ←ESF (Emergency Support Functions)
SWEAT (security, water, energy, access, telecom)↑
Coordination of various organizations in various stages
エリア8
50000
エリア1
エリア2エリア3
エリア4
エリア5
エリア6 エリア7
エリア9エリア内で収容
エリア内で収容
エリア内で収容
25400
31700
78400
160500
5700
桑名市川越町朝日町
大垣市海津市養老町輪之内町
津島市愛西市稲沢市
七宝町,美和町甚目寺町,大治町
名古屋市北,西,中,中村,熱田,中川区
名古屋市瑞穂,緑区
弥富市木曽岬町飛島村
名古屋市港区
東海市
Area 1 with inside Shelter
Area 2 Area 3 withInside shelter
Area 4
Area 5
Area 6 Area 7 Area 8
Area 9
Inundation Areacity function will be damagedthen, evacuation is necessary
Zoning of evacuation strategy・direction of evacuation・with possible inside shelter
In action program, there are “4 Phases”:One for before Typhoon landing: Phase 0;three for after disaster happens: Phases I~III
復興
施設(堤防・交通・ライフライン)応急復旧
排水、緊急輸送路確保
救命・救助医療・救護
水防活動避難活動
復興
施設(堤防・交通・ライフライン)応急復旧
排水、緊急輸送路確保
救命・救助医療・救護
水防活動避難活動
フェーズⅠ1日~3日
フェーズⅡ4日~2週間
フェーズⅢ2週間~1ヶ月
フェーズ0
自然排水 ポンプ排水発災発災発災
フェーズⅠ1日~3日
フェーズⅡ4日~2週間
フェーズⅢ2週間~1ヶ月
フェーズ0
自然排水 ポンプ排水発災発災発災
フェーズⅠ1日~3日
フェーズⅡ4日~2週間
フェーズⅢ2週間~1ヶ月
フェーズ0
自然排水 ポンプ排水発災発災発災
RestoraionProcess
Phase 0 Phase I 1-3 days
Phase II4days-2weeks
Phase III 2-4 weeks
Natural drainage Pumping drainage
Flood fightingEvacuation
Rescue, Relief,Medical support
Unwatering,Emergency acess
Emergent Recovery of InfrastructuresLevees, Roads, Lifelines,…..
TyphoonLanding
Pre-FEO(proposed) FEO (legally to be organized)
Phase 0 (=Before typhoon landing isSeparated into “Stages 0~4”
名古屋
■09:00時点■北緯29.9度,東経136.4度
■18:00時点■北緯33.4度,東経135.9度伊勢湾岸にて高潮越流
による浸水開始
■ステージ0(1日半前~1日前の18:00)情報共有本部を設立し、関係機関で情報を共有する。
■12:00時点■北緯31.0度,東経136.0度
■ステージ4(12:00-18:00)避難指示を発令する。間に合わない地区や時間によっては緊急避難を指示する。
■ステージ3(9:00-12:00)避難勧告を発令する。広域避難を行う。
■ステージ2(6:00-9:00)要援護者の避難を準備・開始・完了する。
■ステージ1(1日前18:00-当日の6:00)自主避難を呼びかける。精度の高い台風進路予測、高潮予測が発表される。
名古屋
■09:00時点■北緯29.9度,東経136.4度
■18:00時点■北緯33.4度,東経135.9度伊勢湾岸にて高潮越流
による浸水開始
■ステージ0(1日半前~1日前の18:00)情報共有本部を設立し、関係機関で情報を共有する。
■12:00時点■北緯31.0度,東経136.0度
■ステージ4(12:00-18:00)避難指示を発令する。間に合わない地区や時間によっては緊急避難を指示する。
■ステージ3(9:00-12:00)避難勧告を発令する。広域避難を行う。
■ステージ2(6:00-9:00)要援護者の避難を準備・開始・完了する。
■ステージ1(1日前18:00-当日の6:00)自主避難を呼びかける。精度の高い台風進路予測、高潮予測が発表される。
Stage 4 (-6:00~0:00)Evacuation command
Stage 1 (-24:00~-12:00)Voluntary evacuation
Stage 3 (-3:00~-6:00)Wide Range Evacuation
Stage 2 (-12:00~-9:00)Evacuation of HC
Stage 0 (-36:00~-24:00)Set Pre-JFO
18:00Inundation
12:00
09:00
Water Resources ManagementWater Resources Management←IWRM (Integrated Water Resources Management
including flood management, ecosystem management
Water resources management = Drought risk managementWater resources: (many stakeholders)
agriculture, industry, hydropower, city water,…….+ ←”water rights”
Traditional water use, navigation, environment, etc.=”normal discharge”↑ 10days minimum discharge is shared
by issuing “water rights” through river managerRiver flow (surface flow)
fairness=visible distribution10years return period for draught risk
New demand of water resources is authorized (users’ side)Necessary water resources development
New demand of water resources is authorized (users’ side)↓
Dam & reservoir to release water to share water among usersis planned, constructed and operated.
(by river manager)
Integrated management of river flow discharge ←”New river law” (1964)
“multi-purpose” damwith reservoir capacities for water-use and flood control
(resources) (peak cut)
From capacity of reservoir, two purposes are in “trade-off” relation.
Integrated management (operation) in multi-purpose damalso among several dams along the same river system
↓ Environmental impacts as another trade-off in functions
Multi-purpose dam (flood control, water resources)↓Environmental impacts
No environmental flow (downstream of water withdrawal facilities)Instream flow discharge regulation in downstream river
→ Degradation of habitat, scenery
Changes of water quality (turbidity, temperature, eutrophication)
↑←countermeasures in reservoir, release pattern improvement※agreements among river manager and water users
Guideline release of water based on agreement among MLIT and METI
EIA (environmental impact assessment) before constructionMitigation of environmental degradation (follow-up)
Environmental Management of Environmental Management of River and River BasinRiver and River Basin
①Preferable environmentUse of river space for citizen
(public space, privately owned space)Recreation, sports, amenity, joy with nature, nature preservation
↓②Eco-compatible management river and river basins
↓③River ecosystem conservation
→preferable river basin environment↑
Ecosystem serviceBio-diversity conservation
Ecosystem Service
Key of river ecosystem①River landscape – river ecosystem
Structure and functions②Connectivity supported by water/material flux networks
Longitudinal connectivity headwater→various segments→river mouth
Transverse connectivity river⇔various landscape units⇔floodplain
Vertical connectivity surface water⇔subsurface flow (hyphoreic zone)
③Hierarchy in scales of landscapesRiver basin⇔river⇔segment⇔reach⇔unit⇔sub-unit scale
(micro habitat)
④Disturbance for renewal and maintenance(flood and draught)
Segment A Segment B Segment CHead-Water
River-Mouth
Reach B1 Reach B2
Reach B3
Reach B2 or Unit B2-1
Subunit B21Subunit B23
Subunit B22 Subunit B23
Subunit B24
Subunit B25
Surface flowSubsurface flow
River River
River BasinRiver Basin Flood plainFlood plain
Farmland(paddy field)
Forest
Wet landUrban area
植生
本流旧二次流路二次流路ワンドたまり
分級
伏流筋
vegetation
main streamsecondary channelembaymentside pools
sorting
subsurface flow route“TextureTexture”
Ecosystem degradationdirect change
aquatic →terrestrialbrackish→fresh water
Indirect change ←discontinuity of water/material flux network
Human activities in floodplain
↑
mitigation against ecosystem degradationin river management
Close-to-nature river improvementRiver restoration (rehabilitation) on siteRiver ecosystem refreshment along a river
Advanced Integrating Management of River BasinsAdvanced Integrating Management of River Basins①River basin=unit of hydrological cycle② Hydrological cycle is closely related to functions
required in river basinflood mitigation, water resources and environment
③Hydrological cycle is most dynamic in river, and river management is most powerful to maintain the above functions.
④Even for each function, various organizations (agencies) are responsible in respective aspects. Inter-agency
⑤Each functions are in relation of trade-off Inter-function⑥Problems cannot be completely solved
only in river management but river basin management is necessary for the next step.(land-use, agricultural area, urban area management)
⑦Particularly under the situation of Aging and population decreasingLow development in economicsDangers in sustainability
(global warming, resources depletion, bio-diversity loss)⑧Coordination of hardware (infrastructures) and software⑨New governance
Inter-agencies (governmental structure) without hierarchyNGO
Forests
River
Upper Rea
ch
Water Intake Sluice
AgricultureLand
+
out
River
Middle Rea
ch
+out=in+
Brackish waterArea
out
Brackish Lake
Reservoir
inEstu
ary
Tideland
Tideland
Bay Area Coastal Area
B
Precipitation
ES ES
ES
ES
ES
ESES
Background(Tool Box 1)
Precipitation in
Precipitation
Forests
River
Upper Rea
ch
Water Intake Sluice
AgricultureLand
+
out
River
Middle Rea
ch
+out=in+
Brackish waterArea
out
Brackish Lake
Reservoir
inEstu
ary
Tideland
Tideland
Bay Area Coastal Area
B
Precipitation
ES ES
ES
ES
ES
ESES
Background(Tool Box 1)
Precipitation in
Precipitation
Ex.1) Forested AreaModeling the quantity of CO2 extractionby the treesES: CO2 extraction: water (Q), T-N,SSPM: Change of the tree class, Forest
thinning (Forest Management)
Ex.3) Tidal AreaModeling the quantity of ecological production due to the conditions of physical basementES: Food provision, Water purification: water (Q), T-NPM: Creation of tideland, Settled of Nori-net
Ex.2) Sand River -Middle Reach-
Modeling the effect of water purification by attached algaeES: water purificationwater (Q), T-NPM: Control of water discharge by dam operation change
ES: Ecosystem ServiceFlux changePM: Policy Menu
Image of Coupling various Landscapes with Flux NetworksImage of Coupling various Landscapes with Flux Networks
Top Related