Institutional conditions for biodiversity offsetting
Eeva Primmer, Finnish Environment Institute
Ecological compensation: Greenwashing or washing-proof green? Scientific, societal and cultural
approaches to biodiversity offsetting 9-10 June 2017
Twitter @EevaPrimmer
Rules: what can, should or should not be done
Institutions
● Compensations imply changes in rules○ Or in the interpretations of existing rules
► Expectations on these changes depend on the currentand historical rights and positions of different actors
● This presentation draws on:○ The Habitat Bank of Finland workshops○ A review of habitat bank regulation and mechanism○ A Bioeconomy survey○ An EU Public consultation○ Earlier work on conservation payments and mechanisms2
4
Biodiversity continues to decline
Source: WWF 2016. Gobal living planet index.
5
7
8
1000 Eur
9
Biodiversity conservation is a public goaland activity but is increasingly scarce
Source: Finnish state budget
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Environmental administration
Environemental and nature protection
Protected area establishment
BiodiversityConvention AichiTargets: Offset
EU Biodiversity StrategyNo net loss through
compensations or offsets
Ecological compensation
10
The actors degrading habitatscompensate the damage they
generate by conservingbiodiversity or restoring nature
11
Rules set roles for actors: mitigation hierarchy andno net loss
12
Biod
iver
sity
degr
adat
ion
impa
ct+
-Prevention
Mitigation
Remaining impact
No net loss
Land-owners’ conserve and
restore
Researchprovides metrix
Companies’ mitigateand compensate
Authoritiescontrol
HabitatBank
mediates
Citizens and consumers
generate demand
Offset
● Do you see that practices reducing sustainability could becompensated?
13
Finnish bioeconomy authorities moreinterested than permit holding companies
% o
f res
pond
ents
010203040506070
Voluntary Mandatory No compensation
Authorities (n=52)Companies (n=68)
Holma, A., Leskinen, P., Primmer, E. 2015.Lainsäädännön esteet ja pullonkaulat viranomaisten ja toiminnanharjoittajien näkökulmista. Julkaisussa: Punta, Eeva – Alaranta, Joonas (toim.) Niukat resurssit viisaasti käyttöön - sääntelystä biotalouden edistäjä Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 6/2016.
14
EU consultation on no net loss shows sectoraldivergence on role division expectations
020406080
Business (n=177)Very important
Important
No opinion
Not very important
Not at all important
020406080
Government (n=24)
020406080
NGO (n=154)
020406080
Research (n=9)
Source: EC 2014 No Net Loss of
Biodiversity public consultation
15
Matching institutions andexpectations
From a system that serves different sectors, different gradients of habitat loss to much more:
Institutional challenges we need to meet
● Managing expectations: ○ easing regulatory burden ○ generating additionality in biodiversity conservation
● Choosing governance mechanisms:○ voluntary offsets & reputational benefits ○ mandatory compensations & requirements
● Drawing the line between: ○ existing precautionary or sustainable management principles and new
compensation requirements
● Negotiating fairly between different: ○ actors ○ Administrative levels○ geographical areas
► Identifying rights and changing and rules 16
More on institutional constraints on conservation policy● Holma, A., Leskinen, P., Primmer, E. 2015.Lainsäädännön esteet ja pullonkaulat viranomaisten ja toiminnanharjoittajien
näkökulmista. Taustaraportti. Julkaisussa: Punta, Eeva – Alaranta, Joonas (toim.) Niukat resurssit viisaasti käyttöön -sääntelystä biotalouden edistäjä Valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoiminnan julkaisusarja 6/2016. http://tietokayttoon.fi/documents/1927382/2158283/Lains%C3%A4%C3%A4d%C3%A4nn%C3%B6n+esteet+ja+pullonkaulat+viranomaisten+ja+toiminnanharjoittajien+n%C3%A4k%C3%B6kulmista.pdf/754e9722-2eb7-492d-850d-8a7a2cee43ce
● Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge UK.
● Primmer, E. 2017. Institutional constraints on conservation auction: organizational mandate, competencies and practices. Land Use Policy 63, Pages 621–631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.05.011
● Primmer, E., Jokinen, P., Blicharska, M., Barton, D.N., Bugter, R., Potschin, M. 2015. A framework for empirical analysisof ecosystem services governance. Ecosystem Services 16, 158-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.05.002
● Primmer, E., Paloniemi, R., Similä, J., Tainio A. 2014. Forest owner perceptions of institutions and voluntary contractingfor biodiversity conservation: Not crowding out but staying out. Ecological Economics 103, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.04.008
● Primmer, E., Paloniemi, R., Similä, J., Barton, D.N. 2013. Evolution in Finland's forest biodiversity conservationpayments and the institutional constraints on establishing new policy. Society & Natural Resources 26(10), 1137-1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2013.820814
● Primmer, E., Similä, J., Salokannel, V., Raitanen, E. 2016. Habitaattipankkiin liittyvä sääntely ja toimintamalli Selvitys. 27.2.2017. http://www.ym.fi/download/noname/%7BE8DC5E9F-1D8F-4FD2-BF5E-B87C4EF6BCDF%7D/125763
● Raitanen, E., Similä, J., Siikavirta, K., Primmer, E. 2013. Economic Instruments for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Conservation & the EU State Aid Regulation. European Environmental & Planning Law 10(1), 6-28. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01001002
● Rinne, J., Primmer, E. 2016. A Case Study of Ecosystem Services in Urban Planning in Finland: Benefits, Rights and Responsibilities. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 18:3, 286-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2015.1076721
17
BANK
Email: [email protected]: @EevaPrimmerHabitat Bank: @NOWBiodiversity
Thank you, kiitos!
● The Habitat Bank of Finland project● The Helsinki Challenge award by the
University of Helsinki● Ministry of the Environment● Finnish Environment Institute● Colleagues:
○ Jukka Similä○ Elina Raitanen○ Veera Salokannel○ Jussi Kauppila○ Olli Ojala○ Markku Ollikainen○ Minna Pekkonen○ Janne Kotiaho○ Anne Holma
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